冥想对注意能力的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00284

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

所有冥想方法都要对注意进行管理, 注意是冥想的核心机制。近期研究发现, 冥想显著提高了持续性注意、执行注意和选择性注意分配等多种注意能力。认知神经科学研究发现, 冥想使注意资源分配更有效; 长期冥想者表现出更高的失匹配负波波幅和更低的β波幅; 冥想增强了中央执行网络有关脑区的功能联结, 提高了突出网络有关脑区的活动; 注意聚焦冥想降低了默认网络有关脑区的活动。另外, 作为一种提高注意能力的方法, 冥想不仅适用于注意缺陷多动障碍患者和已康复的抑郁症患者等有注意相关障碍的临床群体, 也适用于儿童和老年人等多种年龄阶段的健康群体。未来应通过追踪研究探讨冥想的长期效果; 探索冥想中注意与情绪的交互作用; 根据群体特征设计出更有针对性的冥想。

关键词: 冥想, 注意, 聚焦注意冥想, 开放监测冥想, 正念

Abstract:

Regulation of attention is a commonality across the many divergent meditation methods, with attention being the main mechanism of meditation. Recent research has found that meditation can improve sustained attention, executive attention and selective attentional allocation. Cognitive neuroscientific research findings showed that meditation enabled more efficient use of attentional resources, and long-term meditators showed higher mismatch negativity amplitude and lower β power. Meditation enhanced the functional connection of the central executive network and strengthened the activation in the salience network. Focused attention meditation weakened activation of the default-mode network. In addition, the positive effects of meditation on attention were applicable to clinical groups with attention-related disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients and formerly depressed patients, as well as health groups of varying ages, such as children and older adults. Further follow-up studies need to be conducted to determine the lasting effects of meditation, as well as studies exploring the interaction between attention and emotion in meditation. Moreover, it is important to design more targeted meditation programs according to the characteristics of the group.

Key words: meditation, attention, focus attention, open monitoring, mindfulness

中图分类号:

R395

贺淇, 王海英. (2020). 冥想对注意能力的影响. 心理科学进展 , 28(2), 284-293.

HE Qi, WANG Haiying. (2020). The effects of meditation on attention. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(2), 284-293.

参考文献 63

[1]	陈语, 赵鑫, 黄俊红, 陈思佚, 周仁来 . ( 2011). 正念冥想对情绪的调节作用: 理论与神经机制. 心理科学进展, 19( 10), 1502-1510.
[2]	李泉, 宋亚男, 廉彬, 冯廷勇 . ( 2019). 正念训练提升3~4岁幼儿注意力和执行功能. 心理学报, 51( 3), 324-336.
[3]	刘雷, 王红芳, 陈朝阳 . ( 2016). 正念冥想训练水平对情绪加工的影响. 心理科学, 39( 6), 1519-1524.
[4]	王海璐, 刘兴华 . ( 2017). 开放监控冥想的特定影响效果. 心理科学进展, 25( 8), 1337-1348.
[5]	王玉正, 罗非 . ( 2017). 短期冥想训练研究进展、问题及展望. 中国临床心理学杂志, 25( 6), 1184-1190.
[6]	翟成, 盖笑松, 焦小燕, 于博充 . ( 2016). 正念训练中的认知转变机制. 东北师大学报, 280( 2), 182-187.
[7]	宗喀巴 . (2004). 菩提道次第略论. 西安: 西北大学出版社.
[8]	Arns, M., Conners, C. K., & Kraemer, H. C . ( 2012). A decade of EEG theta/beta ratio research in adhd: A meta- analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17( 5), 374-383.
[9]	Badart, P., McDowall, J., & Prime, S. L . ( 2018). Multimodal sustained attention superiority in concentrative meditators compared to nonmeditators. Mindfulness, 9( 3), 824-835.
[10]	Becerra, R., Dandrade, C., & Harms, C . ( 2017). Can specific attentional skills be modified with mindfulness training for novice practitioners?. Current Psychology, 36( 3), 657-664.
[11]	Biedermann, B., de Lissa, P., Mahajan, Y., Polito, V., Badcock, N., Connors, M. H., ... McArthur, G . ( 2016). Meditation and auditory attention: An ERP study of meditators and non-meditators. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 109, 63-70.
[12]	Bilevicius, E., Smith, S. D., & Kornelsen, J . ( 2018). Resting- state network functional connectivity patterns associated with the mindful attention awareness scale. Brain Connectivity, 8( 1), 40-48.
[13]	Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J . ( 2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132( 2), 180-211.
[14]	Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A . ( 2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 31( 3), 449-464.
[15]	Colzato, L. S., Sellaro, R., Samara, I., Baas, M., & Hommel, B . ( 2015). Meditation-induced states predict attentional control over time. Consciousness and Cognition, 37, 57-62.
[16]	Creswell, J. D . ( 2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 68( 1), 491-516.
[17]	Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J . ( 2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19( 9), 515-523.
[18]	Davidson, R. J., & Kaszniak, A. W . ( 2015). Conceptual and methodological issues in research on mindfulness and meditation. American Psychologist, 70( 7), 581-592.
[19]	de Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H . ( 2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10( 1), 50-70.
[20]	Elliott, J. C., Wallace, B. A., & Giesbrecht, B . ( 2014). A week-long meditation retreat decouples behavioral measures of the alerting and executive attention networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 69.
[21]	Felver, J. C., Tipsord, J. M., Morris, M. J., Racer, K. H., & Dishion, T. J . ( 2014). The effects of mindfulness-based intervention on children’s attention regulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21( 10), 872-881.
[22]	Fucci, E., Abdoun, O., Caclin, A., Francis, A., Dunne, J. D., Ricard, M., ... Lutz, A . ( 2018). Differential effects of non-dual and focused attention meditations on the formation of automatic perceptual habits in expert practitioners. Neuropsychologia, 119, 92-100.
[23]	Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., & Mangun, G. R . ( 2009). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind (3rd Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
[24]	Goldman-Rakic, P. S . ( 1995). Architecture of the prefrontal cortex and the central executive. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 769( 1), 71-84.
[25]	Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W . ( 2012). Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. Neuroimage, 59( 1), 750-760.
[26]	Jha, A. P., Morrison, A. B., Dainer-Best, J., Parker, S., Rostrup, N., & Stanley, E. A . ( 2015). Minds "at attention": Mindfulness training curbs attentional lapses in military cohorts. PLoS One, 10( 2), e0116889.
[27]	Khoury, B., Knäuper, B., Schlosser, M., Carrière, K., & Chiesa, A . ( 2016). Effectiveness of traditional meditation retreats: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 92, 16-25.
[28]	Kozasa, E. H., Balardin, J. B., Sato, J. R., Chaim, K. T., Lacerda, S. S., Radvany, J., ... Amaro Jr, E . ( 2018). Effects of a 7-day meditation retreat on the brain function of meditators and non-meditators during an attention task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 222.
[29]	Lim, X., & Qu, L . ( 2017). The effect of single-session mindfulness training on preschool children’s attentional control. Mindfulness, 8( 2), 300-310.
[30]	Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D . ( 2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48-59.
[31]	Lutz, A., Jha, A. P., Dunne, J. D., & Saron, C. D . ( 2015). Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness- related practices from a neurocognitive perspective. American Psychologist, 70( 7), 632-658.
[32]	Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J . ( 2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12( 4), 163-169.
[33]	Lymeus, F., Lindberg, P., & Hartig, T . ( 2018). Building mindfulness bottom-up: Meditation in natural settings supports open monitoring and attention restoration. Consciousness and Cognition, 59, 40-56.
[34]	Lymeus, F., Lundgren, T., & Hartig, T . ( 2016). Attentional effort of beginning mindfulness training is offset with practice directed toward images of natural scenery. Environment and Behavior, 49( 5), 536-559.
[35]	MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., ... Saron, C. D . ( 2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21( 6), 829-839.
[36]	Malinowski, P . ( 2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 8.
[37]	Malinowski, P., Moore, A. W., Mead, B. R., & Gruber, T . ( 2017). Mindful aging: The effects of regular brief mindfulness practice on electrophysiological markers of cognitive and affective processing in older adults. Mindfulness, 8( 1), 78-94.
[38]	Marzetti, L., Lanzo, C. D., Zappasodi, F., Chella, F., Raffone, A., & Pizzella, V . ( 2014). Magnetoencephalographic alpha band connectivity reveals differential default mode network interactions during focused attention and open monitoring meditation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 832.
[39]	Meyerhoff, H. S., Papenmeier, F., & Huff, M . ( 2017). Studying visual attention using the multiple object tracking paradigm: A tutorial review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79( 5), 1255-1274.
[40]	Moore, A., Gruber, T., Derose, J., & Malinowski, P . ( 2012). Regular, brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attentional control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 18.
[41]	Näätänen, R., Paavilainen, P., Rinne, T., & Alho, K . ( 2007). The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118( 12), 2544-2590.
[42]	Norris, C. J., Creem, D., Hendler, R., & Kober, H . ( 2018). Brief mindfulness meditation improves attention in novices: Evidence from erps and moderation by neuroticism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 315.
[43]	Prakash, R., Rastogi, P., Dubey, I., Abhishek, P., Chaudhury, S., & Small, B. J . ( 2012). Long-term concentrative meditation and cognitive performance among older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19( 4), 479-494.
[44]	Scheibner, H. J., Bogler, C., Gleich, T., Haynes, J. D., & Bermpohl, F . ( 2017). Internal and external attention and the default mode network. Neuroimage, 148, 381-389.
[45]	Schoenberg, P. L. A., Hepark, S., Kan, C. C., Barendregt, H. P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. M . ( 2014). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in adult attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125( 7), 1407-1416.
[46]	Schofield, T. P., Creswell, J. D., & Denson, T. F . ( 2015). Brief mindfulness induction reduces inattentional blindness. Consciousness and Cognition, 37, 63-70.
[47]	Schone, B., Gruber, T., Graetz, S., Bernhof, M., & Malinowski, P . ( 2018). Mindful breath awareness meditation facilitates efficiency gains in brain networks: A steady-state visually evoked potentials study. Scientific Reports, 8, 13687.
[48]	Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S . ( 2012). The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138( 6), 1139-1171.
[49]	Sibalis, A., Milligan, K., Pun, C., McKeough, T., Schmidt, L. A., & Segalowitz, S. J . ( 2017). An EEG investigation of the attention-related impact of mindfulness training in youth with ADHD: Outcomes and methodological considerations. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23( 7), 733-743.
[50]	Sperduti, M., Makowski, D., & Piolino, P . ( 2016). The protective role of long-term meditation on the decline of the executive component of attention in aging: A preliminary cross-sectional study. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 23( 6), 691-702.
[51]	Tanaka, G. K., Maslahati, T., Gongora, M., Bittencourt, J., Lopez, L. C. S., Demarzo, M. M. P., ... Velasques, B . ( 2015). Effortless attention as a biomarker for experienced mindfulness practitioners. PLoS One, 10( 10), e0138561.
[52]	Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ... Posner, M. I . ( 2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104( 43), 17152-17156.
[53]	Tang, Y. Y., Holzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I . ( 2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16( 4), 213-225.
[54]	Taren, A., Gianaros, P., Greco, C., Lindsay, E., Fairgrieve, A., Brown, K., ... Creswell, J . ( 2017). Mindfulness meditation training and executive control network resting state functional connectivity: A randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79( 6), 674-683.
[55]	Tarrasch, R . ( 2018). The effects of mindfulness practice on attentional functions among primary school children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27( 8), 2632-2642.
[56]	Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P . ( 2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135( 4), E994-E1001.
[57]	Tomasino, B., & Fabbro, F . ( 2016). Increases in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreases the rostral prefrontal cortex activation after-8 weeks of focused attention based mindfulness meditation. Brain and Cognition, 102, 46-54.
[58]	Tops, M., & Boksem, M. A. S . ( 2011). A potential role of the inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insula in cognitive control, brain rhythms, and event-related potentials. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 330.
[59]	Tsai, M. H., & Chou, W. L . ( 2016). Attentional orienting and executive control are affected by different types of meditation practice. Consciousness and Cognition, 46, 110-126.
[60]	van, Vugt, M., K., & Slagter, H. A . ( 2014). Control over experience? Magnitude of the attentional blink depends on meditative state. Consciousness and Cognition, 23( 1), 32-39.
[61]	Verhoeven, J. E., Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Speckens, A. E. M., & Rinck, M . ( 2014). Attention effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in formerly depressed patients. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 5( 4), 414-424.
[62]	Vialatte, F.-B., Maurice, M., Dauwels, J., & Cichocki, A . ( 2010). Steady-state visually evoked potentials: Focus on essential paradigms and future perspectives. Progress in Neurobiology, 90( 4), 418-438.
[63]	Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L . ( 2006). The meeting of meditative disciplines and western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61( 3), 227-239.