社交焦虑注意偏向的动态变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01887

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

注意偏向是社交焦虑障碍(Social Anxiety Disorder, SAD)个体症状维持的重要因素, 其中注意警觉、注意回避、注意脱离困难三种注意模式得到了研究者最广泛的研究与讨论。随着研究深入, 有研究者提出SAD个体的注意模式不是单一、静态模式, 更有可能在不同注意模式间切换, 表现为动态的过程。目前, 依据相关研究结果和理论假设, 证据均指向SAD个体的注意偏向具有随着焦虑水平提高和注意控制能力受损而动态变化的倾向, 从注意警觉过渡到注意回避与注意脱离困难均如此。此观点还需研究进一步证实, 并且基于研究结果提出更具有针对性的干预方式。

关键词: 社交焦虑, 注意偏向, 警觉, 回避, 注意脱离困难

Abstract:

Attention bias is an important factor in the maintenance of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Attentional vigilance, attentional avoidance, and difficulty in disengagement are the most widely studied and discussed ones. With the deepening of research, some researchers have suggested that the attention mode of SAD individuals is not a single and static mode, and it is more likely to switch between different attentional modes, which is a dynamic process. Based on relevant research results and theoretical assumptions, it is speculated that the attentional bias of SAD individuals will change dynamically with the increased anxiety level and impaired attention control ability, from attentional vigilance to the attention avoidance and difficulty in disengagement. This view needs further research to confirm and specify more targeted interventions based on the results of the study.

Key words: social anxiety, attention bias, attentional vigilance, attentional avoidance, difficulty in disengagement

中图分类号:

R395

蒋婧琪, 王浩宇, 钱铭怡. (2019). 社交焦虑注意偏向的动态变化. 心理科学进展 , 27(11), 1887-1895.

JIANG Jingqi, WANG Haoyu, QIAN Mingyi. (2019). Dynamic attention bias in social anxiety. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(11), 1887-1895.

图/表 4

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研究	被试筛选	实验设计	刺激类型	主要研究结果 (SAD个体或高社交焦虑水平个体)
Gamble & Rapee, 2010	ADIS-IV	5000 ms, 以1000 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是注视点比例	高兴、愤怒、中性	在前500 ms对愤怒面孔注视比例更高
Liang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2017	BFNE	10 s, 前2 s时间间隔为250 ms, 总体时间间隔为2 s, 同一面孔4个表情自由扫视, 因变量有首个注视点、首次注视时间和注视点比例	高兴、愤怒、中性、悲伤	250~1000 ms期间对愤怒面孔注视比例更高; 对愤怒面孔的初次注视会导致更长的第一注视时长
Fernandes et al., 2018	MCMI	1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长	高兴、愤怒、中性	对正性面孔的扫视时长在0~1000 ms时间段内降低的速度更慢
Schofield, Johnson, Inhoff, & Coles, 2012	SIAS	1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点, 扫视时长, 从情绪面孔到靶子的迁移时间	高兴、恐惧、愤怒、中性	首个注视点有更大比例位于情绪面孔, 对愤怒面孔的扫视时长更长, 从愤怒面孔到靶子的迁移时间更长
Lazarov, Abend, & Bar-Haim, 2016	LSAS, MINI	6000 ms, 16张面孔自由扫视, 半中性半厌恶, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间, 首个注视点, 首次注视时间和扫视时长	厌恶、中性	对厌恶面孔的注视时长更长, 但比中性面孔短
Lange et al., 2011	LSAS	500 ms和2500 ms, 16张面孔, 中性-愤怒和高兴-愤怒两种组合, 6种比例, 判断面孔组合效价	愤怒、高兴、中性	只有在2500 ms条件下, 当第一个注视点是愤怒面孔时, 首次注视时间更短
Buckner, Maner, & Schmidt, 2010	SIAS	2000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 面孔-物体以1:3的比例呈现, 自由扫视, 因变量为注视时长	厌恶、高兴、物体	只有1500~2000 ms阶段, 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更高, 当总体而言呈现下降趋势
Garner, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006	FNE	1500 ms, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性、物体	在焦虑唤醒条件下, 首个注视点延迟时间更短, 但首次注视时间更短
Wieser, Pauli, Weyers, Alpers, & Mühlberger, 2009	BFNE	3000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点比例、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间, 扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性	最先注视愤怒男性和高兴女性的面孔, 0~1000 ms时间段内对情绪面孔注视时长更长, 但是在1000~1500 ms时间段内更短
Singh, Capozzoli, Dodd, & Hope, 2015	FNE	3 s, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、注视点个数、扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性	在状态焦虑水平高时对负性情绪面孔的首个注视点延迟时间更长, 在状态焦虑水平低时表现为警觉

研究	被试筛选	实验设计	刺激类型	主要研究结果 (SAD个体或高社交焦虑水平个体)
Gamble & Rapee, 2010	ADIS-IV	5000 ms, 以1000 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是注视点比例	高兴、愤怒、中性	在前500 ms对愤怒面孔注视比例更高
Liang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2017	BFNE	10 s, 前2 s时间间隔为250 ms, 总体时间间隔为2 s, 同一面孔4个表情自由扫视, 因变量有首个注视点、首次注视时间和注视点比例	高兴、愤怒、中性、悲伤	250~1000 ms期间对愤怒面孔注视比例更高; 对愤怒面孔的初次注视会导致更长的第一注视时长
Fernandes et al., 2018	MCMI	1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长	高兴、愤怒、中性	对正性面孔的扫视时长在0~1000 ms时间段内降低的速度更慢
Schofield, Johnson, Inhoff, & Coles, 2012	SIAS	1500 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点, 扫视时长, 从情绪面孔到靶子的迁移时间	高兴、恐惧、愤怒、中性	首个注视点有更大比例位于情绪面孔, 对愤怒面孔的扫视时长更长, 从愤怒面孔到靶子的迁移时间更长
Lazarov, Abend, & Bar-Haim, 2016	LSAS, MINI	6000 ms, 16张面孔自由扫视, 半中性半厌恶, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间, 首个注视点, 首次注视时间和扫视时长	厌恶、中性	对厌恶面孔的注视时长更长, 但比中性面孔短
Lange et al., 2011	LSAS	500 ms和2500 ms, 16张面孔, 中性-愤怒和高兴-愤怒两种组合, 6种比例, 判断面孔组合效价	愤怒、高兴、中性	只有在2500 ms条件下, 当第一个注视点是愤怒面孔时, 首次注视时间更短
Buckner, Maner, & Schmidt, 2010	SIAS	2000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 面孔-物体以1:3的比例呈现, 自由扫视, 因变量为注视时长	厌恶、高兴、物体	只有1500~2000 ms阶段, 对厌恶面孔的注视时长更高, 当总体而言呈现下降趋势
Garner, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006	FNE	1500 ms, 点探测, 因变量是首个注视点、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间和扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性、物体	在焦虑唤醒条件下, 首个注视点延迟时间更短, 但首次注视时间更短
Wieser, Pauli, Weyers, Alpers, & Mühlberger, 2009	BFNE	3000 ms, 以500 ms为时间间隔, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点比例、首个注视点延迟时间、首次注视时间, 扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性	最先注视愤怒男性和高兴女性的面孔, 0~1000 ms时间段内对情绪面孔注视时长更长, 但是在1000~1500 ms时间段内更短
Singh, Capozzoli, Dodd, & Hope, 2015	FNE	3 s, 成对图片自由扫视, 因变量是首个注视点延迟时间、注视点个数、扫视时长	愤怒、高兴、中性	在状态焦虑水平高时对负性情绪面孔的首个注视点延迟时间更长, 在状态焦虑水平低时表现为警觉

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