性别刻板印象的变与不变?来自内容、方法与影响的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00939

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

性别刻板印象作为一种社会认知, 是人们对男性和女性的特征、属性和行为的普遍信念。在社会变迁的宏大背景下, 研究者通过传统方法(过去−现在−未来评价范式、横断序列设计、横断历史元分析)和新近技术(词嵌入)探讨了性别刻板印象变迁。虽然有少许研究声称性别刻板印象未随时间发生变化, 但大部分研究基于社会角色理论, 都支持性别刻板印象已随时间发生变迁。变迁模式主要表现为：认为女性在男性化特征(如能动性)上不断增长, 而男性在女性化特征上(如共生性)可能有所增长。这些变迁对缩小经济上的性别差异具有积极作用, 但也可能会给家庭和健康带来消极后果。未来研究应在多学科交叉、多方法融合的基础上, 以细化方式、网络视角去考察性别刻板印象变迁, 尤其要重视在中国文化背景下对该主题的探究。

关键词: 社会变迁, 性别刻板印象变迁, 社会角色理论, 能动性, 共生性

Abstract:

Stereotypes have been defined as beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of people classified into social categories. Stereotypes are traditionally perceived as resistant to change. However, they may be changed under contexts of the impacts of societal changes on human culture and psychology. Given that gender stereotypes are expected to be more unshakable than other stereotypes (e.g., race stereotypes), it implies that there is a potential for changing other stereotypes, provided that gender stereotypes can be changed. Therefore, this article reviewed changes in gender stereotypes from their contents, methods, and consequences.
According to the social role theory, gender stereotypes are built on social roles. Therefore, gender stereotypes are expected to change with the changes in the roles of men and women. Considerable studies have found that gender stereotypes have changed. Specifically, some studies have shown that women are perceived to increase their masculine characteristics (e.g., agency) over time, while men are not perceived to increase feminine characteristics (e.g., communion). Differently, others have indicated that both women and men are perceived to increase in counterstereotypical traits over time. However, in contrast to these findings depicting changes in gender stereotypes, several studies did not find significant changes, and they believed that gender stereotypes persist over time. One of the possible reasons for these conflicting findings is that different methods have been used in previous studies.
The research methods of gender stereotype changes can be divided into traditional methods and new techniques. The traditional methods usually involve the past-present-future rating paradigm, cross-sequential design, and cross-temporal meta-analysis. Word embedding, as a new technique, has become increasingly important in recent years. All research methods have their relative advantages and disadvantages.
The consequences of gender stereotype changes can be categorized into positive and negative outcomes. In terms of positive outcomes, gender stereotype changes increase the possibility of men being involved in more household labor, which may result in better relationship quality for the couple. Besides, the new male role in parental care for children generates many benefits, such as better academic performance, higher levels of self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems in children. Additionally, gender stereotype changes can promote women’s economic independence and reduce the gender gap. However, there are also negative outcomes with the changes in gender stereotypes. Specifically, these changes intensify low fertility rates and birth rates. Notably, even if gender stereotypes towards targets become more and more positive over time, targets may not treat the stereotypes as compliments. On the contrary, they may perceive the stereotypes as a form of gender prejudice, eventually impairing interpersonal and intergroup relationships.
Further research on gender stereotype changes can be discussed from the following aspects: first, it is important for researchers to conduct studies with diverse research methods in the future. Second, future research should pay attention to not treating gender stereotypes as a single construct. Instead, they should be investigated through the perspective of classification (e.g., descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes). Third, given that stereotypical gender characteristics seem to interact with each other to build gender stereotypes, future research should examine gender stereotype changes by treating gender stereotypes as a complex system from a network approach. Last, we should not ignore cultural impacts on gender stereotype changes. Given that China has undergone more unprecedented societal transformations than Western countries over the past decades, the social roles in China have undergone tremendous changes. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate gender stereotype changes in China. Furthermore, not only the gender stereotype changes, future studies need to explore changes in stereotypes about other categories, such as race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, classes, and religion.

Key words: societal changes, gender stereotype changes, social role theory, agency, communion

中图分类号:

B849: C91

王祯, 管健. (2024). 性别刻板印象的变与不变?来自内容、方法与影响的证据. 心理科学进展 , 32(6), 939-950.

WANG Zhen, GUAN Jian. (2024). Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed? Evidence from contents, methods, and consequences. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(6), 939-950.

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