多巴胺相关基因甲基化、家庭环境与创造力的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01911

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“遗传与环境”的争论一直是创造力研究的核心问题, 但目前对于环境以及遗传与环境交互作用对创造力影响的分子生物机制还未有研究涉及。近年来, 随着表观遗传学的兴起, 揭示影响心理行为的表观遗传机制现已成为心理学研究的热点。作为环境与基因组之间的纽带, 表观遗传学研究为揭示环境以及遗传与环境交互作用对创造力影响的分子生物机制提供了机遇。本研究以多巴胺相关基因、家庭环境以及两者对于创造力的交互作用为切入点, 对影响创造力的表观遗传机制进行考察, 并在此基础之上, 对环境以及遗传与环境交互作用对创造力影响的分子生物机制进行探索。具体研究内容包括：(1)通过对多巴胺相关基因甲基化模式与创造力关系的系统考察, 筛选出甲基化模式与创造力有关的基因; (2)对筛选出的基因, 进一步考察其甲基化模式在家庭环境及其遗传多态性与家庭环境交互作用对创造力影响中的中介作用。本研究有助于揭示创造力的表观遗传机制, 深化关于遗传与环境对创造力影响的作用机制的理解。

关键词: 创造力, 基因, 环境, 表观遗传学, DNA甲基化

Abstract:

The debate over “nature versus nurture” has been an intense focus of creativity research. Like most other human behaviors and complex psychological traits, the origin of individual differences in creativity could be attributed to the influence of genes and environment. By comparing the phenotypic similarity among monozygotic versus dizygotic twins, early quantitative genetic studies have tried to disentangle the relative influences of genes and environment on creativity. Although it has been shown that there were modest genetic influences and substantial environmental effects on creativity, the specific genes and environmental factors that contribute to individual differences in creativity are still largely unknown. Recently, with the ongoing efforts of psychologists, it is delightful to see that great progresses have been achieved in identifying the specific genes and environmental factors that contribute to individual differences in creativity. To identify the molecular genetic basis of creativity, several candidate gene studies have been conducted to investigate the associations between dopamine-related genes and creativity. Findings from these studies generally support the involvement of dopamine-related genes in creativity, and highlight the critical roles of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2), the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the dopamine transporter gene (DAT). As for environmental factors, previous studies have found that early family environment (e.g., parenting styles and socioeconomic status) plays an important role in creativity development. Moreover, since creativity is an emergenic trait that determined by the interaction of genes and environment, several studies have found evidence for the interactions of dopamine-related genes with family environment (e.g., parenting styles) on creativity, demonstrating that genes could be either risk or plasticity to modulate the effect of environment on creativity. Obviously, these findings provide important insights concerning how genes and environment may influence creativity; however, there is still a gap in mechanistic understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms by which environment and gene-environment interaction may influence creativity. Recently, with the development of epigenetic studies, identification of the epigenetic basis of complex traits and behaviors has been one of the leading issues in psychological research. Epigenetic studies focus on the non-genotoxic, reversible, heritable mechanisms that influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic process, such as DNA methylation, has emerged as a potential mechanism through which the genome can capture the effects of environment and propagate the influence. As a potential mediator between environment and genome, the epigenetic approach provides an opportunity to reveal how the complex interactions of genes, epigenetics and environment give rise to individual differences in creativity. Based on this notion, by investigating the relationship between methylation of dopamine-related genes, family environment and creativity, the present study aims to reveal the epigenetic basis of creativity and the molecular biological mechanisms by which environment and gene-environment interaction may influence creativity. To this purpose, a two-stage design was employed in the present study. Stage 1 is designed to systematically investigate the association between methylation of four dopamine-related genes (COMT, DAT, DRD2 and DRD4) and creativity, and aims to identify the gene whose methylation pattern is associated with creativity. Stage 2 focuses on the identified gene whose methylation pattern is associated with creativity, and is designed to investigate the relationship between family environment, genotypes, methylation and creativity. It is expected that findings of the present study would help to demonstrate the epigenetic basis of creativity and to provide important insight into the mechanisms by which genes and environment interplay with each other to influence creativity.

Key words: creativity, gene, environment, epigenetics, DNA methylation

中图分类号:

B845

张舜, 杨晓蕾, 任佳文, 张景焕. (2021). 多巴胺相关基因甲基化、家庭环境与创造力的关系. 心理科学进展 , 29(11), 1911-1919.

ZHANG Shun, YANG Xiaolei, Ren Jiawen, ZHANG Jinghuan. (2021). The relationship between methylation of dopamine-related genes, family environment and creativity. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(11), 1911-1919.

图/表 2

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作者(年份)	样本量种族	创造力测量工具	考察的多巴胺相关基因	主要研究发现
Reuter et al. (2006)	92 高加索人群	柏林智力结构测验(BIS)中的Inventiveness分量表	COMT, DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性与创造力显著相关, 携带A1等位基因的个体具有更高的创造力。
Lu & Shi (2010)	108 中国汉族人群	Williams创造潜能测验 Torrance创造思维测验(图形)	COMT	COMT基因 Val158Met(rs4680)多态性与想象力显著相关, 携带Val等位基因的被试更富有想象力。
Runco et al. (2011)	147 高加索人群	发散思维测验：举例任务、图形任务、真实创造性问题解决任务	COMT, DAT, DRD2, DRD4	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)多态性、DAT基因VNTR多态性、DRD4基因 VNTR多态性与创造力显著相关。
Mayseless et al. (2013)	185 高加索人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、Torrance创造思维测验中的圆圈任务	DRD4	DRD4基因VNTR多态性与创造力显著相关, 携带7R等位基因的个体创造力较低。
Murphy et al. (2013)	147 高加索人群	发散思维测验：举例任务、图形任务、真实创造性问题解决任务	COMT, DAT, DRD2, DRD4	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)多态性、DAT基因VNTR多态性、DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性、DRD4基因VNTR多态性对创造力存在显著的二元和三元交互作用。
Zhang et al. (2014a)	543 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、图形任务	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)、C957T(rs6277)、rs2283265、rs1076560等9个多态性位点及单体型与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点上携带次要等位基因(如Taq IA的T等位基因, 即A1等位基因)或纯合主要等位基因的个体(如C957T的CC基因型)的个体具有更高的创造力。
Zhang et al. (2014b)	543 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、图形任务	COMT, DRD2	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)、rs174697、rs737865和rs5993883多态性位点与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点的次要等位基因(如rs4680的A等位基因)与高创造力相关。DRD2基因与COMT基因对创造力存在显著的四元交互作用。
Jiang et al. (2015)	753 中国汉族人群	经典顿悟问题解决任务	COMT	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)和rs4630多态性与创造力显著相关, rs4680的A等位基因、rs4633的T等位基因与高创造力相关。rs5993883多态性仅在男性中与创造力显著相关。
Takeuchi et al. (2015)	766 亚洲人群	S-A创造力测验	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性可能通过情绪智力和情绪状态影响创造力。
Zabelina et al. (2016)	100 高加索人群	Torrance创造思维测验成人简版(ATTA) 创造性成就问卷(CAQ)	COMT, DAT	COMT基因Val158Met (rs4680)多态性与DAT基因VNTR 多态性对创造力具有显著的交互作用。
Zhang & Zhang (2016)	425 中国汉族人群	经典顿悟问题解决任务	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)、rs2283265、rs1076560等7个多态性位点及单体型与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点的次要等位基因(如Taq IA的T等位基因, 即A1等位基因)与高创造力相关。
Han et al. (2018)	321 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务聚合思维：远距离联想测验(RAT)	COMT, DRD2	COMT基因rs5993883多态性与创造力显著相关。

作者(年份)	样本量种族	创造力测量工具	考察的多巴胺相关基因	主要研究发现
Reuter et al. (2006)	92 高加索人群	柏林智力结构测验(BIS)中的Inventiveness分量表	COMT, DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性与创造力显著相关, 携带A1等位基因的个体具有更高的创造力。
Lu & Shi (2010)	108 中国汉族人群	Williams创造潜能测验 Torrance创造思维测验(图形)	COMT	COMT基因 Val158Met(rs4680)多态性与想象力显著相关, 携带Val等位基因的被试更富有想象力。
Runco et al. (2011)	147 高加索人群	发散思维测验：举例任务、图形任务、真实创造性问题解决任务	COMT, DAT, DRD2, DRD4	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)多态性、DAT基因VNTR多态性、DRD4基因 VNTR多态性与创造力显著相关。
Mayseless et al. (2013)	185 高加索人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、Torrance创造思维测验中的圆圈任务	DRD4	DRD4基因VNTR多态性与创造力显著相关, 携带7R等位基因的个体创造力较低。
Murphy et al. (2013)	147 高加索人群	发散思维测验：举例任务、图形任务、真实创造性问题解决任务	COMT, DAT, DRD2, DRD4	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)多态性、DAT基因VNTR多态性、DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性、DRD4基因VNTR多态性对创造力存在显著的二元和三元交互作用。
Zhang et al. (2014a)	543 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、图形任务	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)、C957T(rs6277)、rs2283265、rs1076560等9个多态性位点及单体型与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点上携带次要等位基因(如Taq IA的T等位基因, 即A1等位基因)或纯合主要等位基因的个体(如C957T的CC基因型)的个体具有更高的创造力。
Zhang et al. (2014b)	543 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务、图形任务	COMT, DRD2	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)、rs174697、rs737865和rs5993883多态性位点与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点的次要等位基因(如rs4680的A等位基因)与高创造力相关。DRD2基因与COMT基因对创造力存在显著的四元交互作用。
Jiang et al. (2015)	753 中国汉族人群	经典顿悟问题解决任务	COMT	COMT基因Val158Met(rs4680)和rs4630多态性与创造力显著相关, rs4680的A等位基因、rs4633的T等位基因与高创造力相关。rs5993883多态性仅在男性中与创造力显著相关。
Takeuchi et al. (2015)	766 亚洲人群	S-A创造力测验	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)多态性可能通过情绪智力和情绪状态影响创造力。
Zabelina et al. (2016)	100 高加索人群	Torrance创造思维测验成人简版(ATTA) 创造性成就问卷(CAQ)	COMT, DAT	COMT基因Val158Met (rs4680)多态性与DAT基因VNTR 多态性对创造力具有显著的交互作用。
Zhang & Zhang (2016)	425 中国汉族人群	经典顿悟问题解决任务	DRD2	DRD2基因Taq IA (rs1800497)、rs2283265、rs1076560等7个多态性位点及单体型与创造力显著相关。其中, 部分多态性位点的次要等位基因(如Taq IA的T等位基因, 即A1等位基因)与高创造力相关。
Han et al. (2018)	321 中国汉族人群	发散思维测验：多用途任务聚合思维：远距离联想测验(RAT)	COMT, DRD2	COMT基因rs5993883多态性与创造力显著相关。