素食的心理过程及影响因素

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01320

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人们对健康、环境以及动物保护的关注, 素食主义日渐兴起。国内外对素食的心理学研究仍处于起步阶段。个体选择素食的心理过程涉及认知、情感、动机、认同感等方面, 素食行为受到个体差异、刻板印象、宏观因素的影响。未来研究有待深入探讨社会文化对素食行为的影响、中国文化情境下对素与素食的社会表征、素食的具身认知效应以及素食亚文化的动态形成过程, 以期引导对个体健康与环境有益的饮食模式。

关键词: 素食主义, 素食认同感, 饮食选择, 肉食悖论

Abstract:

As people become more and more concerned with health, environmental protection and animal welfare, vegetarianism is emerging and has drawn increasing attention from psychologists. Psychological research on vegetarianism is still at an early stage. Psychological processes regarding vegetarianism involve cognitive, emotional, motivational aspects and vegetarian identity. Individual differences, stereotype, and macro factors also influence vegetarianism. Future research could further explore how socio-cultural factors influence vegetarian food choice, social representations about vegetarianism in China, the embodied cognition effect of vegetarian food, as well as the dynamic development of vegetarianism as a subculture. Implications can be drawn for developing effective interventions on healthy and pro-environmental dietary patterns.

Key words: vegetarianism, vegetarian identity, food choice, meat paradox

中图分类号:

B849: R395

刘潇肖, 田启瑞, 曾雅丽. (2019). 素食的心理过程及影响因素. 心理科学进展 , 27(7), 1320-1330.

LIU Xiao-xiao, TIAN Qirui, ZENG Yali. (2019). Psychological processes and influences on vegetarianism. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(7), 1320-1330.

图/表 1

参考文献 77

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问卷/来源	题项/维度
1.吃肉的意愿	单一题项, 单一维度
2.肉食与动物的状态分离(Kunst & Hohle, 2016)	测量实验中呈现的肉类食物与动物的分离
3.合理化吃肉行为(Rothgerber, 2013)	9个维度(共27题)：对肉的正向态度、否认、食物链等级、二分法、分离、宗教、避免、健康、命运
4.肉类依赖问卷Meat Attachment Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2015)	4个维度(共16题)：享乐主义、亲和力、应享权利、相依性
5.肉食道德脱离问卷 Moral Disengagement in Meat Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2016)	5个维度(共20题)：手段-目的、脱敏、否认消极后果、分散责任、减少感知到的选择
6.肉食行为(de Boer & Aiking, 2011)	按食肉量划分为重度、中度、轻度肉食者
7.饮食认同问卷Dietarian Identity Questionnaire (Rosenfeld & Burrow, 2018)	8个维度(共52题)：中心性、私人关怀、公众遵循、外群关注、亲社会动机、个人动机、道德动机、严格性
8. 对动物的态度量表 Animal Attitude Scale (Herzog, Betchart, & Pittman, 1991)	2个维度(共29题)：行动—参与动物福利活动的意向; 伦理—对动物的利用和对待
9.人与动物的情绪相似度Human-animal emotions similarity (Bilewicz, Imhoff, & Drogosz, 2011)	2个维度(共12题)：主要情绪, 次级情绪
10. 人与动物的心智能力的相似度Human-animal mental capacity similarity (Bastian et al., 2012)	2个维度(共10题)：感受、能动性
11. 素食行为及倾向(Rozin et al., 1997)	1道题单选题, 非素食者回答3道题, 测量规避肉食的倾向
12. 自我报告的饮食行为(de Backer & Hudders, 2015)	分为肉食者、弹性素食者、素食者三大类
13. 对素食者的态度Attitudes Toward Vegetarians Scale (Chin et al., 2002)	素食主义者令人讨厌的行为、不同观念、健康与心理特征; 对素食者的适宜对待
14.食物在生活中的意义Meaning of Food in Life Questionnaire (Arbit, Ruby, & Rozin, 2017)	5个维度(共24题)：道德、神圣、健康、社会、美学
15.素食主义倾向Vegetarianism Intentions Scale (Arora, Bradford, Arora, & Gavino, 2017)	共3题：你愿意尝试成为素食者吗?你能否设想自己是一名素食者?你能否设想购买食物时, 素食是你最喜欢的选择?

问卷/来源	题项/维度
1.吃肉的意愿	单一题项, 单一维度
2.肉食与动物的状态分离(Kunst & Hohle, 2016)	测量实验中呈现的肉类食物与动物的分离
3.合理化吃肉行为(Rothgerber, 2013)	9个维度(共27题)：对肉的正向态度、否认、食物链等级、二分法、分离、宗教、避免、健康、命运
4.肉类依赖问卷Meat Attachment Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2015)	4个维度(共16题)：享乐主义、亲和力、应享权利、相依性
5.肉食道德脱离问卷 Moral Disengagement in Meat Questionnaire (Graca, Calheiros, & Oliveira, 2016)	5个维度(共20题)：手段-目的、脱敏、否认消极后果、分散责任、减少感知到的选择
6.肉食行为(de Boer & Aiking, 2011)	按食肉量划分为重度、中度、轻度肉食者
7.饮食认同问卷Dietarian Identity Questionnaire (Rosenfeld & Burrow, 2018)	8个维度(共52题)：中心性、私人关怀、公众遵循、外群关注、亲社会动机、个人动机、道德动机、严格性
8. 对动物的态度量表 Animal Attitude Scale (Herzog, Betchart, & Pittman, 1991)	2个维度(共29题)：行动—参与动物福利活动的意向; 伦理—对动物的利用和对待
9.人与动物的情绪相似度Human-animal emotions similarity (Bilewicz, Imhoff, & Drogosz, 2011)	2个维度(共12题)：主要情绪, 次级情绪
10. 人与动物的心智能力的相似度Human-animal mental capacity similarity (Bastian et al., 2012)	2个维度(共10题)：感受、能动性
11. 素食行为及倾向(Rozin et al., 1997)	1道题单选题, 非素食者回答3道题, 测量规避肉食的倾向
12. 自我报告的饮食行为(de Backer & Hudders, 2015)	分为肉食者、弹性素食者、素食者三大类
13. 对素食者的态度Attitudes Toward Vegetarians Scale (Chin et al., 2002)	素食主义者令人讨厌的行为、不同观念、健康与心理特征; 对素食者的适宜对待
14.食物在生活中的意义Meaning of Food in Life Questionnaire (Arbit, Ruby, & Rozin, 2017)	5个维度(共24题)：道德、神圣、健康、社会、美学
15.素食主义倾向Vegetarianism Intentions Scale (Arora, Bradford, Arora, & Gavino, 2017)	共3题：你愿意尝试成为素食者吗?你能否设想自己是一名素食者?你能否设想购买食物时, 素食是你最喜欢的选择?