毕生发展视角下独处的适应功能：益处与代价的五轮比较

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00330

心理科学进展 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 330-341.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00330

毕生发展视角下独处的适应功能：益处与代价的五轮比较

阿尔升·海达别克¹, 周同², 喻洁¹, 王计悦意¹, 陈飞³, 丁雪辰¹^,⁴()

¹上海师范大学心理学院, 上海 200234
²华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海 200062
³上海市浦东新区张江高科实验小学, 上海 201203
⁴教育部“教育大数据与教育决策”实验室, 上海 200234

收稿日期:2023-03-02 出版日期:2024-02-15 发布日期:2023-11-23
通讯作者: 丁雪辰 E-mail:dingxuechen_psy@163.com
作者简介:第一联系人：阿尔升·海达别克与周同为共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(32000756);上海市教育委员会科研创新计划重大项目(2019-01-07-00-02-E00005);上海市教育委员会专项课题“中小学幼儿园学生关爱项目研究” (润心工程)(预0921)

Understanding the adjustment functions of solitude from a lifespan development perspective: A five-round comparison of benefits and costs

HAIDABIEKE Aersheng¹, ZHOU Tong², YU Jie¹, WANG Jiyueyi¹, CHEN Fei³, DING Xuechen¹^,⁴()

¹School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
²School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
³Zhangjiang Hi-tech Experimental Primary School, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China
⁴Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200234, China

Received:2023-03-02 Online:2024-02-15 Published:2023-11-23
Contact: DING Xuechen E-mail:dingxuechen_psy@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

独处是一种在真实和虚拟环境中个体与他人没有交流的状态。从童年期到老年期, 独处在个体不同发展阶段带来不同的影响。关于独处的适应功能, 以往研究者持不同的观点, 或积极论或消极论, 且有一种观点认为: 独处同时具有益处与代价。鉴于研究者们对于独处的观点不一致, 本研究从毕生发展的视角出发, 对各个发展时期独处益处与代价的相关研究进行梳理, 探讨其动态变化与发展, 并提出了毕生发展视角下独处益处与代价的比较模型。未来研究可以更多关注以个体为中心的研究, 整合独处多维性, 以毕生发展视角收集横纵向数据直接对比, 丰富独处益处与代价的发展机制, 结合文化背景理解独处的内涵, 关注当代数字技术发展背景对于个体独处的影响, 考察独处的认知神经机制, 并思考独处在不同年龄段的实践意义。

关键词: 独处, 毕生发展观, 适应功能, 益处, 代价

Abstract:

In the past, researchers have focused most solely on the significance of social interaction and interpersonal relationships for individual development, and relatively less is known about the impact of solitude. In fact, solitude and social interaction are equally prevalent throughout a person’s life, and both are equally important needs that can be used to resolve conflicts and reduce pathology. In fact, every organism needs to seek a balance between intimacy and solitude.

Solitude is an open state in which individuals have noncommunication with others in either real or virtual environment. It is as common throughout life and will bring different effects at different stages of individual development. Previous studies have focused on the adjustment functions of solitude, but have taken different views on it, either positive or negative. Given the current controversy surrounding the adaptive functions of solitude, this study adopted key variables such as psychological adaptation and social adaptation to explore the battle between the benefits (positive impact) and costs (negative impact) of solitude in different age stages of an individual’s life from the lifespan perspective. This approach allows us to have a better understanding of the dynamic changes and development of solitude, as well as an expansion of Coplan, Ooi, et al.’s (2019) theoretical model of the developmental time effect of solitude. In addition, it provides a more comprehensive explanation of the importance of solitude for individuals’ adaptation.

By combing the relevant research results of solitude, this study advances a comparison model of the benefits and costs of solitude from a lifespan perspective and finds that solitude is a double-edged sword, which has both benefits and costs for individual development and shows certain characteristics and different adaptive values from childhood to late adulthood. As children engage in solitary play during their early years, adolescents explore themselves and have fun in solitude, while adults work and rest in their early adulthood, relax and reflect during middle adulthood, and solve problems and regulate emotions during late adulthood.

Specifically, in childhood, children’s solitary play is a bridge to develop their social interaction function, but at the same time, it directly leads to miss out the opportunity to interact with peers, and the cost of solitude comes to the forefront. In adolescence, although individuals have greater social autonomy, they are faced with increased social expectations and norms. At this time, solitude is prone to a variety of internalizing problems and peer pressure, and the cost of solitude reaches its peak. In early adulthood, self-determined solitude is conducive to self-acceptance and personal growth. The benefits of solitude begin to take hold, but individuals may also have some negative emotions due to inconsistent motivation and attitude. In the middle adulthood, with the change of individual identity, there is an enhanced need for solitude and autonomous motivation, but they also face different social and emotional gains and losses. At this time, the benefits and costs of solitude are difficult to judge. In late adulthood, individuals have a high degree of autonomy and begin to enjoy solitude. However, at this stage, the elderly may face social isolation, which will bring great threats to individual cognition, emotion, and life, and the cost of solitude will rise again.

To further develop our understanding of solitude, future studies could: 1) Integrate the multi-dimensional and dynamic development of solitude from a personal-oriented perspective. 2) Collect more cross-sectional and longitudinal data from lifespan perspective. 3) Interpret the development process of solitude based on cultural background. 4) Examine the impact of contemporary digital technology on individual experience of solitude. 5) Explore the cognitive neural mechanisms of solitude. 6) Consider the practical implications of solitude at different developmental stages.

Key words: solitude, lifespan development perspective, adjustment function, benefit, cost

中图分类号:

B844

阿尔升·海达别克, 周同, 喻洁, 王计悦意, 陈飞, 丁雪辰. (2024). 毕生发展视角下独处的适应功能：益处与代价的五轮比较. 心理科学进展 , 32(2), 330-341.

HAIDABIEKE Aersheng, ZHOU Tong, YU Jie, WANG Jiyueyi, CHEN Fei, DING Xuechen. (2024). Understanding the adjustment functions of solitude from a lifespan development perspective: A five-round comparison of benefits and costs. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(2), 330-341.

图/表 1

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毕生发展视角下独处的适应功能：益处与代价的五轮比较

Understanding the adjustment functions of solitude from a lifespan development perspective: A five-round comparison of benefits and costs

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