团队成长心态如何影响团队创新?基于注意力“配置”和“构型”的研究视角

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.01389

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

团队是组织中最重要的创新活动单元。既往研究相对忽视与“人”相关的微观因素对创新的影响。本项目从“认知的内隐理论”出发, 运用追踪调查、QCA等研究方法, 启动团队成长心态与团队创新的一系列研究。具体包括：(1)基于“团队过程”视角, 检验注意力配置在团队成长心态与两种创新模式之间的中介效应; (2)探讨组织二元结构文化和团队协作质量的情境要素, 以此检验心态“表达的适度性”和“过程的适度性”; (3)检验四种“注意力构型”对团队创新可能产生的“双刃剑”效应; (4)检验团队成长心态在“注意力构型”与两种创新绩效间的作用, 据此验证此构念的内涵与功能。该研究的理论意义是将注意力研究转向了对其前因机制的探讨; 此外, 注意力构型与创新的“悖论”关系, 以及团队成长心态在注意力构型与创新间的功能也为创新研究提供了较为可靠的实践意义。

关键词: 团队成长心态, 团队创新, 注意力配置, 注意力构型

Abstract:

Team counts as the most important innovative unit in an organization. Most previous studies, while investigating such macroscopic elements as strategies that influence innovation, are relatively found inadequate for stressing micro-factors related to “humans”. Taking the lens of the “implicit theory of cognition and applying methods of follow-up questionnaires and QCA, this project launches a series of inquiries into the relation between team growth mindsets and team innovation. Its main innovations are as follows: First, the selection of topics. In recent years, amid the extreme challenges of global business competition, organizations or teams with top-level resources are not always successful in innovation. Those talented teams will eventually become “mediocre”, whereas a number of seemingly ordinary teams win out with extraordinary innovation. Starting from the phenomenon, this project closely follows the current practical needs of enterprise reform and innovation, breaks the existing conventions and limitations of attention research, introduces the composition and configuration of attention breadth and attention depth, and pinpoints the focus to the team growth mindsets in a breakthrough way, with a series of original researches around it. The selection of this topic has found a new breakthrough for the research based on the attention perspective and team innovation, and opened up a broad explorative space. At the same time, it provides a new starting point for enterprises to stimulate the enthusiasm of team reform and innovation. Second, the theoretical conception. Up to now, investigations on team innovation have mainly focused on the situational factors and the explicit theory of cognition, overlooking the function of analyzing the internal operating mechanism of the team innovation process from the implicit theory of cognition. Based on two research perspectives of attention composition and attention configuration, this project carries out a series of in-depth and systematic empirical explorations on the topic of the internal relationship between team growth mindsets and attention, in order to improve the understanding of the role of growth mindsets in innovation teams, including how team growth mindsets triggers attention, protects attention overload and avoids insufficient intensity. Based on the basic idea of attention, this project not only investigates the mechanism of team growth mindsets leading to innovation by triggering the breadth and depth of attention respectively; It also stresses the constructive connotation of attention, tries to open up this concept, and tests the “bright side” and “dark side” and their boundary conditions formed between attention configuration and team innovation. It enriches and expands the relevant theoretical knowledge of team growth mindsets and innovation, and embodies the outstanding characteristics of preciseness, depth and systematicness in theoretical conception. Third, the research methods. Combined with the latest research trends in the field of organization management, and meeting the specific needs of research topics, a variety of research methods are comprehensively adopted, including in-depth interviews, multi-point questionnaires, case studies, QCA methods, etc. It is helpful to explore the objective laws of team growth mindsets and innovation, and strengthen the internal and external validity of research results. The theoretical significance of this project is to turn attention research to the discussion of its antecedents and mechanisms. In addition, the projects attaches importance to the studies of the “paradoxical” relationship between attention structure and innovation, and the way team growth mindsets negotiate between attention structure and innovation, in that these studies provide scientific basis for the management practice of enterprises to stimulate team growth mentality and shape the cultural atmosphere of team reform and innovation.

Key words: team growth mindsets, team innovation, attention composition, attention configuration

中图分类号:

B849: C93

张戌凡, 张文牮. (2023). 团队成长心态如何影响团队创新?基于注意力“配置”和“构型”的研究视角. 心理科学进展 , 31(8), 1389-1410.

ZHANG Xufan, ZHANG Wenjian. (2023). How does team growth mindsets effect team innovation? A perspective from attention composition and attention configuration. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(8), 1389-1410.

图/表 10

图1 团队成长心态的三维结构

图2 TGMs的前因与效果

图3 团队成长心态相关研究的脉络呈现

图4 本研究的总体构思

图5 团队成长心态、注意力和团队创新的理论模型I

图6 团队成长心态、注意力和团队创新的理论模型II

图7 注意力构型的内涵呈现

图8 注意力构型与团队创新：双刃剑模型

图9 团队成长心态对四种注意力构型与团队创新关系的影响

图10 团队成长心态与团队创新的理论基础与模型构建

参考文献 174

[1]	陈建安, 程爽, 陈瑞. (2020). 一致性文化和成就动机对自我导向型工作重塑行为的双核驱动——基于自我调节理论的实证研究. 管理评论, 32(11), 170-183.
[2]	陈守明, 胡媛媛. (2016). 高管对员工的注意力、冗余资源与企业创新产出. 软科学, 30(12), 85-88+94.
[3]	和苏超, 黄旭, 陈青. (2016). 管理者环境认知能够提升企业绩效吗——前瞻型环境战略的中介作用与商业环境不确定性的调节作用. 南开管理评论, 19(6), 49-57.
[4]	罗瑾琏, 徐振亭, 钟竞. (2016). 团队目标取向对创造力的多层次影响研究. 华东经济管理, 30(3), 106-112.
[5]	瞿孙平, 石宏伟, 俞林. (2018). 创新视角下知识搜索的研究回顾与展望. 情报杂志, 37(8), 195-201.
[6]	王楠, 王莉雅, 王海军. (2020). 开放性知识搜索对员工创新行为的影响——注意力分配的调节作用. 技术经济, 39(10), 70-79.
[7]	吴建祖, 华欣意. (2021). 高管团队注意力与企业绿色创新战略——来自中国制造业上市公司的经验证据. 科学学与科学技术管理, 42(9), 122-142.
[8]	吴建祖, 肖书锋. (2016). 创新注意力转移、研发投入跳跃与企业绩效——来自中国A股上市公司的经验证据. 南开管理评论, 19(2), 182-192.
[9]	吴建祖, 曾宪聚, 赵迎. (2016). 高层管理团队注意力与企业创新战略——两职合一和组织冗余的调节作用. 科学学与科学技术管理, 37(5), 170-180.
[10]	姚柱, 罗瑾琏, 宛群超. (2022). 研发团队领导愤怒对团队创新绩效的影响:情绪与认知的双路径. 管理工程学报, 36(5), 25-34.
[11]	叶江峰, 任浩, 郝斌. (2015). 企业间知识异质性、联盟管理能力与创新绩效关系研究. 预测, 34(6), 14-20.
[12]	于飞, 胡查平, 刘明霞. (2021). 网络密度、高管注意力配置与企业绿色创新: 制度压力的调节作用. 管理工程学报, 35(2), 55-66.
[13]	张昊, 王世权, 辛冲. (2014). 国有企业CEO注意力对产品创新影响的研究. 管理学报, 11(12), 1798-1805.
[14]	张建卫, 赵辉, 李海红, 任永灿. (2019). 团队思维方式影响团队科学创造力的过程机理. 科学学研究, 37(11), 1933-1943.
[15]	Acar, O. A., Tarakci, M., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2019). Creativity and innovation under constraints: A cross- disciplinary integrative review. Journal of Management, 45(1), 96-121. doi: 10.1177/0149206318805832 URL
[16]	Ali, A., Wang, H., & Johnson, R. E. (2020). Empirical analysis of shared leadership promotion and team creativity: An adaptive leadership perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(5), 405-423. doi: 10.1002/job.v41.5 URL
[17]	Aliasghar, O., Sadeghi, A., & Rose, E. L. (2020, Dec). Process innovation in small-and medium-sized enterprises: The critical roles of external knowledge sourcing and absorptive capacity. Journal of Small Business Management, 1-28.
[18]	Argote, L., & Greve, H. R. (2007). A behavioral theory of the firm——40 years and counting: Introduction and impact. Organization Science, 18(3), 337-349. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0280 URL
[19]	Aronson, J., Fried, C. B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 113-125. doi: 10.1006/jesp.2001.1491 URL
[20]	Balle, M. (2002). La loi du moindre effort mental: Les representations mentales. Sciences Humaines, 128, 36-39.
[21]	Barak, M., & Levenberg, A. (2016). A model of flexible thinking in contemporary education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22, 74-85. doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2016.09.003 URL
[22]	Bayer, U. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2005). Mindset effects on information search in self-evaluation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 313-327. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992 URL
[23]	Beckmann, N., Wood, R. E., Minbashian, A., & Tabernero, C. (2012). Small group learning: Do group members' implicit theories of ability make a difference?. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(5), 624-631. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.06.007 URL
[24]	Beghetto, R. A., & Dilley, A. E. (2016). Creative aspirations or pipe dreams? Toward understanding creative mortification in children and adolescents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2016(151), 85-95. doi: 10.1002/cad.20150 pmid: 26994727
[25]	Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A., & Trochim, W. M. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: A close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 170-188. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.170 URL
[26]	Bentley, T. (1998). Learning beyond the classroom. In I. Hargreaves & I. Christie (Eds.), Tomorrow's politics: The Third Way and beyond (pp. 80-95). London: Demos.
[27]	Bethge, J. S. (2018). The power of transformation: A grounded theory study of cultivating teacher growth mindset towards student intelligence (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Liberty University, Lynchburg.
[28]	Bettinger, E., Ludvigsen, S., Rege, M., Solli, I. F., & Yeager, D. (2018). Increasing perseverance in math: Evidence from a field experiment in Norway. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 146, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2017.11.032 URL
[29]	Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x pmid: 17328703
[30]	Blum, S. (2017). A revitalized conception of growth in the 21st century for contemporary education praxis in Nebraska (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
[31]	Boyd, D. (2015). The growth mindset approach: A threshold concept in course redesign. Journal on Centers for Teaching and Learning, 6, 29-644.
[32]	Brodbeck, D. R. (1994). Memory for spatial and local cues: A comparison of a storing and a nonstoring species. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22(2), 119-133.
[33]	Canning, E. A., Muenks, K., Green, D. J., & Murphy, M. C. (2019). STEM faculty who believe ability is fixed have larger racial achievement gaps and inspire less student motivation in their classes. Science Advances, 5(2), Article eaau4734.http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4734 doi: http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4734
[34]	Canning, E. A., Murphy, M. C., Emerson, K. T., Chatman, J. A., Dweck, C. S., & Kray, L. J. (2020). Cultures of genius at work: Organizational mindsets predict cultural norms, trust, and commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(4), 626-642. doi: 10.1177/0146167219872473 pmid: 31502926
[35]	Capaldo, A., Lavie, D., & Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2017). Knowledge maturity and the scientific value of innovations: The roles of knowledge distance and adoption. Journal of Management, 43(2), 503-533. doi: 10.1177/0149206314535442 URL
[36]	Cardinal, L. B. (2001). Technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: The use of organizational control in managing research and development. Organization Science, 12(1), 19-36. doi: 10.1287/orsc.12.1.19.10119 URL
[37]	Chatman, J. A., & Cha, S. E. (2003). Leading by leveraging culture. California management review, 45(4), 20-34. doi: 10.2307/41166186 URL
[38]	Chatman, J. A., & O’Reilly, C. A. (2016). Paradigm lost: Reinvigorating the study of organizational culture. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 199-224. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.004 URL
[39]	Chen, S., Ding, Y., & Liu, X. (2021, Mar). Development of the growth mindset scale: Evidence of structural validity, measurement model, direct and indirect effects in Chinese samples. Current Psychology, 1-15.
[40]	Chesbrough, H., & Bogers, M. (2014). Explicating open innovation:Clarifying an emerging paradigm for understanding innovation. In Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke W., & West, J. (Eds.), New Frontiers in Open Innovation (pp. 3-28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[41]	Chiu, C. Y., Dweck, C. S., Tong, J. Y. Y., & Fu, J. H. Y. (1997). Implicit theories and conceptions of morality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 73(5), 923-940. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.923 URL
[42]	Cohen, L. R., & Noll, R. G. (1995). Feasibility of effective public-private R&D collaboration: The case of cooperative R&D agreements. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 2(2), 223-240. doi: 10.1080/758519311 URL
[43]	Collins, C. J., & Smith, K. G. (2006). Knowledge exchange and combination: The role of human resource practices in the performance of high-technology firms. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 544-560. doi: 10.5465/amj.2006.21794671 URL
[44]	Contractor, F., Foss, N. J., Kundu, S., & Lahiri, S. (2019). Viewing global strategy through a microfoundations lens. Global Strategy Journal, 9(1), 3-18. doi: 10.1002/gsj.1329
[45]	Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284-295. doi: 10.2307/258441 URL
[46]	Davenport, T. H., & Beck, J. C. (2002). The attention economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
[47]	D’Aveni, R. A., & MacMillan, I. C. (1990). Crisis and the content of managerial communications: A study of the focus of attention of top managers in surviving and failing firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(4), 634-657. doi: 10.2307/2393512 URL
[48]	Davis-Blake, A., & Pfeffer, J. (1989). Just a mirage: The search for dispositional effects in organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 385-400. doi: 10.2307/258174 URL
[49]	De Dreu, C. K., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 739-756. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739 pmid: 18444736
[50]	De Dreu, C. K., Van Dierendonck, D., & Dijkstra, M. T. (2004). Conflict at work and individual well-being. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(1), 6-26. doi: 10.1108/eb022905 URL
[51]	Dean Jr, J. W., & Sharfman, M. P. (1996). Does decision process matter? A study of strategic decision-making effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 368-392. doi: 10.2307/256784 URL
[52]	Dollinger, M. J. (1984). Environmental boundary spanning and information processing effects on organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27(2), 351-368. doi: 10.2307/255929 URL
[53]	Dosi, G. (1988). Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, 26(3), 1120-1171.
[54]	Driver, J. (2001). A selective review of selective attention research from the past century. British Journal of Psychology, 92(1), 53-78. doi: 10.1348/000712601162103 URL
[55]	Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087 pmid: 17547490
[56]	Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040-1048. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040 URL
[57]	Dweck, C. S. (1998). The development of early self-conceptions:Their relevance for motivational processes. In J. Heckhausen & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 257-280). Cambridge University Press.
[58]	Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press.
[59]	Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
[60]	Dweck, C. S. (2008). Brainology: Transforming students’ motivation to learn. Independent School, 67(2), 110-119.
[61]	Dweck, C. S. (2012). Implicit theories. In Van Lange, P. A. M., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology: Geographical perspectives (Vol. 2). Sage.
[62]	Dweck, C. S. (2016). Recognizing and overcoming false growth mindset. Edutopia. Retrieved Janurary 3, 2022, from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/recognizing-overcoming-false-growth-mindset-carol-dweck
[63]	Dweck, C. S. (2017). From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development. Psychological Review, 124(6), 689-719. doi: 10.1037/rev0000082 pmid: 28933872
[64]	Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A word from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1 URL
[65]	Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256 URL
[66]	Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481-496. doi: 10.1177/1745691618804166 pmid: 30707853
[67]	Eggers, J. P., & Kaplan, S. (2009). Cognition and renewal: Comparing CEO and organizational effects on incumbent adaptation to technical change. Organization Science, 20(2), 461-477. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1080.0401 URL
[68]	Eklund, J. C., & Mannor, M. J. (2021). Keep your eye on the ball or on the field? Exploring the performance implications of executive strategic attention. Academy of Management Journal, 64(6), 1685-1713. doi: 10.5465/amj.2019.0156 URL
[69]	Felin, T., Foss, N. J., & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). The microfoundations movement in strategy and organization theory. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 575-632. doi: 10.5465/19416520.2015.1007651 URL
[70]	Fernandez-Duque, D., & Johnson, M. L. (1999). Attention metaphors: How metaphors guide the cognitive psychology of attention. Cognitive Science, 23(1), 83-116. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2301_4 URL
[71]	Fey, C. F., & Denison, D. R. (2003). Organizational culture and effectiveness: Can American theory be applied in Russia? Organization Science, 14(6), 686-706. doi: 10.1287/orsc.14.6.686.24868 URL
[72]	Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[73]	Fiske, A., O'Riley, A. A., & Widoe, R. K. (2008). Physical health and suicide in late life: An evaluative review. Clinical Gerontologist, 31(4), 31-50. doi: 10.1080/07317110801947151 URL
[74]	Forgas, J. P. (2017). Can sadness be good for you? Australian Psychologist, 52(1), 3-13. doi: 10.1111/ap.12232 URL
[75]	Franiuk, R., Pomerantz, E. M., & Cohen, D. (2004). The causal role of theories of relationships: Consequences for satisfaction and cognitive strategies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1494-1507. pmid: 15448312
[76]	Gavetti, G., & Levinthal, D. (2000). Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1), 113-137. doi: 10.2307/2666981 URL
[77]	Gilbert, D. L., Sallee, F. R., Zhang, J., Lipps, T. D., & Wassermann, E. M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked cortical inhibition: A consistent marker of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder scores in tourette syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 57(12), 1597-1600. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.022 pmid: 15953499
[78]	Grégoire, D. A., Barr, P. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Cognitive processes of opportunity recognition: The role of structural alignment. Organization Science, 21(2), 311-591. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0442 URL
[79]	Greve, H. R. (2003). A behavioral theory of R&D expenditures and innovations: Evidence from shipbuilding. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 685-702. doi: 10.2307/30040661 URL
[80]	Guidera, I. A. (2014). Principals implementing growth mindset norms: Insights on school culture reform (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
[81]	Gutshall, C. A. (2013). Teachers’ mindsets for students with and without disabilities. Psychology in the Schools, 50(10), 1073-1083. doi: 10.1002/pits.21725 URL
[82]	Haimovitz, K., Wormington, S. V., & Corpus, J. H. (2011). Dangerous mindsets: How beliefs about intelligence predict motivational change. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 747-752. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.09.002 URL
[83]	Haselhuhn, M. P., Schweitzer, M. E., & Wood, A. M. (2010). How implicit beliefs influence trust recovery. Psychological Science, 21(5), 645-648. doi: 10.1177/0956797610367752 pmid: 20483841
[84]	Heath, C., & Staudenmayer, N. (2000). Coordination neglect: How lay theories of organizing complicate coordination in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 153-191. doi: 10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22005-4 URL
[85]	Heslin, P. A., Latham, G. P., & VandeWalle, D. (2005). The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 842-856. pmid: 16162058
[86]	Heyman, G. D., & Dweck, C. S. (1992). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: Their relation and their role in adaptive motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 16(3), 231-247. doi: 10.1007/BF00991653 URL
[87]	Hochanadel, A., & Finamore, D. (2015). Fixed and growth mindset in education and how grit helps students persist in the face of adversity. Journal of International Education Research, 11(1), 47-50.
[88]	Hoegl, M., & Gemuenden, H. G. (2001). Teamwork quality and the success of innovative projects: A theoretical concept and empirical evidence. Organization Science, 12(4), 435-449. doi: 10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635 URL
[89]	Hoever, I. J., Van Knippenberg, D., Van Ginkel, W. P., & Barkema, H. G. (2012). Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 982-996. doi: 10.1037/a0029159 pmid: 22774764
[90]	Hong, Y. Y., Chiu, C. Y., Dweck, C. S., Lin, D. M. S., & Wan, W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: A meaning system approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 588-599. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.588 URL
[91]	Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115. doi: 10.1287/orsc.2.1.88 URL
[92]	Hwang, J., & Lee, Y. (2010). External knowledge search, innovative performance and productivity in the Korean ICT sector. Telecommunications Policy, 34(10), 562-571. doi: 10.1016/j.telpol.2010.04.004 URL
[93]	James, W. (1890). The consciousness of self. In W. James (Ed.), The principles of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 291-401). Henry Holt and Co.
[94]	Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763. doi: 10.2307/2667054 URL
[95]	Jeong, I., Gong, Y., & Zhong, B. (2022). Does an Employee- Experienced Crisis Help or Hinder Creativity? An Integration of Threat-Rigidity and Implicit Theories. Journal of Management. Advance online publication, https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221082537 doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221082537
[96]	Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort (Vol. 1063, pp. 218-226). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[97]	Karwowski, M. (2014). Creative mindsets: Measurement, correlates, consequences. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(1), 62-70.
[98]	Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. (2019). Creative behavior as agentic action. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 13(4), 402-415.
[99]	Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. (2002). Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1183-1194. doi: 10.2307/3069433 URL
[100]	Katila, R., & Chen, E. L. (2008). Effects of search timing on innovation: The value of not being in sync with rivals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(4), 593-625. doi: 10.2189/asqu.53.4.593 URL
[101]	Katila, R., Chen, E. L., & Piezunka, H. (2012). All the right moves: How entrepreneurial firms compete effectively. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(2), 116-132. doi: 10.1002/sej.v6.2 URL
[102]	Kijkuit, B., & van den Ende, J. (2010). With a little help from our colleagues: A longitudinal study of social networks for innovation. Organization Studies, 31(4), 451-479. doi: 10.1177/0170840609357398 URL
[103]	Klaic, A., Burtscher, M. J., & Jonas, K. (2020). Fostering team innovation and learning by means of team-centric transformational leadership: The role of teamwork quality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(4), 942-966. doi: 10.1111/joop.v93.4 URL
[104]	Kotha, R., George, G., & Srikanth, K. (2013). Bridging the mutual knowledge gap: Coordination and the commercialization of university science. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 498-524. doi: 10.5465/amj.2010.0948 URL
[105]	Lee, D. S., Lee, K. C., & Jo, N. Y. (2012). The influence of team-member exchange on self-reported creativity in the korean information and communication technology (ICT) industry. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7198, 47-54.
[106]	Leiponen, A., & Helfat, C. E. (2010). Innovation objectives, knowledge sources, and the benefits of breadth. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 224-236. doi: 10.1002/smj.v31:2 URL
[107]	Levinthal, D. A., & March, J. G. (1993). The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14(Suppl. 2), 95-112. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266 URL
[108]	Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-340. doi: 10.1146/soc.1988.14.issue-1 URL
[109]	Levy, S. R., Stroessner, S. J., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1421-1436. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1421 URL
[110]	Li, Q., Maggitti, P. G., Smith, K. G., Tesluk, P. E., & Katila, R. (2013). Top management attention to innovation: The role of search selection and intensity in new product introductions. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), 893-916. doi: 10.5465/amj.2010.0844 URL
[111]	Lichtenthaler, U. (2010). Technology exploitation in the context of open innovation: Finding the right ‘job’ for your technology. Technovation, 30(7-8), 429-435. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2010.04.001 URL
[112]	Liu, X., Yao, Z., Liu, C., Zhao, D., & Lin, C. (2021). The Impact of Specialized Knowledge Search on Enterprise Innovation. Frontiers in psychology, 12, Article 725514. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725514 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725514
[113]	Lou, N. M., & Noels, K. A. (2016). Changing language mindsets: Implications for goal orientations and responses to failure in and outside the second language classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 22-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.03.004 URL
[114]	March, J. G. & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations, Wiley, New York.
[115]	Marks, M. A., Zaccaro, S. J., & Mathieu, J. E. (2000). Performance implications of leader briefings and team- interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 971-986. pmid: 11125660
[116]	Miele, D. B., & Molden, D. C. (2010). Naive theories of intelligence and the role of processing fluency in perceived comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(3), 535-557. doi: 10.1037/a0019745 URL
[117]	Miele, D. B., Finn, B., & Molden, D. C. (2011). Does easily learned mean easily remembered? It depends on your beliefs about intelligence. Psychological Science, 22(3), 320-324. doi: 10.1177/0956797610397954 URL
[118]	Moon, H., Kamdar, D., Mayer, D. M., & Takeuchi, R. (2008). Me or we? The role of personality and justice as other- centered antecedents to innovative citizenship behaviors within organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 84-94. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.84 URL
[119]	Moreno, J. A., González-Cutre, D., Martín-Albo, J., & Cervelló, E. (2010). Motivation and performance in physical education: An experimental test. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(1), 79-85.
[120]	Murphy, E. R. (2021). Is this stress beneficial? Stress mindset beliefs for specific categories of stressors (Unpublished master’s thesis). American University, Washington, D. C.
[121]	Murphy, M. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2010). A culture of genius: How an organization’s lay theory shapes people’s cognition, affect, and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 283-296. doi: 10.1177/0146167209347380 pmid: 19826076
[122]	Murphy, M. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Mindsets shape consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 26(1), 127-136. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.005 URL
[123]	Nadkarni, S., & Chen, J. (2014). Bridging yesterday, today, and tomorrow: CEO temporal focus, environmental dynamism, and rate of new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1810-1833. doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.0401 URL
[124]	Nijstad, B. A., De Dreu, C. K., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010). The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. European Review of Social Psychology, 21(1), 34-77. doi: 10.1080/10463281003765323 URL
[125]	Ocasio, W. (1997). Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18(Suppl. 1), 187-206.
[126]	Ocasio, W. (2011). Attention to attention. Organization Science, 22(5), 1286-1296. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1100.0602 URL
[127]	O'Connor, A. J., Nemeth, C. J., & Akutsu, S. (2013). Consequences of beliefs about the malleability of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 25(2), 155-162. doi: 10.1080/10400419.2013.783739 URL
[128]	Ozdemir, E., & Papi, M. (2022). Mindsets as sources of L2 speaking anxiety and self-confidence: The case of international teaching assistants in the US. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 16(3), 234-248.
[129]	Özduran, A., & Tanova, C. (2017). Manager mindsets and employee organizational citizenship behaviours. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 689-606.
[130]	Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mindset interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784-793. doi: 10.1177/0956797615571017 pmid: 25862544
[131]	Phene, A., Fladmoe-Lindquist, K., & Marsh, L. (2006). Breakthrough innovations in the US biotechnology industry: The effects of technological space and geographic origin. Strategic Management Journal, 27(4), 369-388. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266 URL
[132]	Pinto, M. B., & Pinto, J. K. (1990). Project team communication and cross-functional cooperation in new program development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 7(3), 200-212. doi: 10.1111/1540-5885.730200 URL
[133]	Pirola-Merlo, A., & Mann, L. (2004). The relationship between individual creativity and team creativity: Aggregating across people and time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 235-257. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379 URL
[134]	Plaks, J. E., Stroessner, S. J., Dweck, C. S., & Sherman, J. W. (2001). Person theories and attention allocation: Preferences for stereotypic versus counterstereotypic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 876-893. pmid: 11414372
[135]	Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1-23. pmid: 17029565
[136]	Puente-Diaz, R., & Cavazos-Arroyo, J. (2020). 7 - 0? That is awful! Should I trust my national team again?: The role of mindsets in team trust. International Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 315-322. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12567 pmid: 30697692
[137]	Rattan, A., & Dweck, C. S. (2018). What happens after prejudice is confronted in the workplace? How mindsets affect minorities’ and women’s outlook on future social relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(6), 676-687. doi: 10.1037/apl0000287 URL
[138]	Rattan, A., & Ozgumus, E. (2019). Embedding mindsets in context: Theoretical considerations and opportunities for studying fixed-growth lay theories in the workplace. Research in Organizational Behavior, 39, 100-127.
[139]	Renaud-Dubé, A., Guay, F., Talbot, D., Taylor, G., & Koestner, R. (2015). The relations between implicit intelligence beliefs, autonomous academic motivation, and school persistence intentions: A mediation model. Social Psychology of Education, 18(2), 255-272. doi: 10.1007/s11218-014-9288-0 URL
[140]	Rerup, C. (2009). Attentional triangulation: Learning from unexpected rare crises. Organization Science, 20(5), 835-939. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0479 URL
[141]	Ridge, J. W., Johnson, S., Hill, A. D., & Bolton, J. (2017). The role of top management team attention in new product introductions. Journal of Business Research, 70, 17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.09.002 URL
[142]	Royston, R. P. (2016). The relationship between big-c, little-c, and pro-c creativity and fixed and malleable creative mindsets (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Nebraska, Omaha.
[143]	Rydell, R. J., Hugenberg, K., Ray, D., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Implicit theories about groups and stereotyping: The role of group entitativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 549-558. pmid: 17363758
[144]	Sampson, R. C. (2007). R&D alliances and firm performance: The impact of technological diversity and alliance organization on innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 364-386. doi: 10.5465/amj.2007.24634443 URL
[145]	Sapienza, H. J., De Clercq, D., & Sandberg, W. R. (2005). Antecedents of international and domestic learning effort. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(4), 437-457. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.001 URL
[146]	Schroder, H. S., Yalch, M. M., Dawood, S., Callahan, C. P., Brent Donnellan, M., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Growth mindset of anxiety buffers the link between stressful life events and psychological distress and coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 23-26. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.016 URL
[147]	Shalley, C. E., & Zhou, J. (2008). Organizational creativity research:A historical overview. In Zhou J., Shalley C. E. (Eds.), Handbook of organizational creativity (pp. 3-31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[148]	Shapcott, S., & Carr, S. (2020). Golf coaches’ mindsets about recreational golfers: Gendered golf experiences start on the practice tee. Motivation Science, 6(3), 275-284. doi: 10.1037/mot0000154 URL
[149]	Simon, H. A. (1947). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organizations. Macmillan: Chicago, IL.
[150]	Simons, T. L., & Peterson, R. S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 102-111. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.102 pmid: 10740960
[151]	Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management Review, 17(1), 9-38. doi: 10.2307/258646 URL
[152]	Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29(4), 549-571. doi: 10.1177/0956797617739704 pmid: 29505339
[153]	Smith, W. K., & Tushman, M. L. (2005). Managing strategic contradictions: A top management model for managing innovation streams. Organization Science, 16(5), 522-536. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1050.0134 URL
[154]	Souitaris, V., & Maestro, B. M. (2010). Polychronicity in top management teams: The impact on strategic decision processes and performance of new technology ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 31(6), 652-678.
[155]	Spiro, R. J., Feltovich, P. J., Jacobson, M. J., & Coulson, R. L. (1991). Knowledge representation, content specification, and the development of skill in situation-specific knowledge assembly: Some constructivist issues as they relate to cognitive flexibility theory and hypertext. Educational technology, 31(9), 22-25.
[156]	Srikanth, K., Harvey, S., & Peterson, R. (2016). A dynamic perspective on diverse teams: Moving from the dual- process model to a dynamic coordination-based model of diverse team performance. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 453-493. doi: 10.5465/19416520.2016.1120973 URL
[157]	Stasser, G., Taylor, L. A., & Hanna, C. (1989). Information sampling in structured and unstructured discussions of three- and six- person groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 67-78. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.67 URL
[158]	Stock, R. M. (2006). Interorganizational teams as boundary spanners between supplier and customer companies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), 588-599. doi: 10.1177/0092070306288765 URL
[159]	Taylor, S. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1978). Salience, attention, and attribution:Top of the head phenomena. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 249-288). New York: Academic Press.
[160]	Taylor, A., & Greve, H. R. (2006). Superman or the fantastic four? Knowledge combination and experience in innovative teams. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 723-740. doi: 10.5465/amj.2006.22083029 URL
[161]	Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (1999). Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958-1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 801-843. doi: 10.1086/210361 URL
[162]	Tidd, J., & Bodley, K. (2002). The influence of project novelty on the new product development process. R&D Management, 32(2), 127-138.
[163]	van Knippenberg, D., & Hirst, G. (2020). A motivational lens model of person × situation interactions in employee creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(10), 1129-1144. doi: 10.1037/apl0000486 pmid: 31985236
[164]	Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations (Vol. 3). Sage.
[165]	Weick, K. E. (2007). The generative properties of richness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 14-19. doi: 10.5465/amj.2007.24160637 URL
[166]	Wheeler, S. C., & Omair, A. (2016). Potential growth areas for implicit theories research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 26(1), 137-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.008 URL
[167]	Whittington, J. L., Meskelis, S., Asare, E., & Beldona, S. (2017). Enhancing Employee Engagement: An evidence- based approach. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
[168]	Xu, K. M., Koorn, P., De Koning, B., Skuballa, I. T., Lin, L., Henderikx, M.,... Paas, F. (2020). A growth mindset lowers perceived cognitive load and improves learning: Integrating motivation to cognitive load. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(6), 1177-1191. doi: 10.1037/edu0000631 URL
[169]	Yadav, M. S., Prabhu, J. C., & Chandy, R. K. (2007). Managing the future: CEO attention and innovation outcomes. Journal of Marketing, 71(4), 84-101.
[170]	Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302-314. doi: 10.1080/00461520.2012.722805 URL
[171]	Yeager, D., Walton, G., & Cohen, G. L. (2013). Addressing achievement gaps with psychological interventions. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(5), 62-65.
[172]	Zhang, H., Li, F., & Reynolds, K. J. (2020). Creativity at work: Exploring role identity, organizational climate and creative team mindset. Current Psychology, 41, 3993-4000. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-00908-9
[173]	Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Heng, S., & Qi, C. (2021). Team growth mindset and team scientific creativity of college students: The role of team achievement goal orientation and leader behavioral feedback. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, 100957. doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100957 URL
[174]	Zhou, K. Z., Li, J. J., & Zhou, N. (2004). Employee's perceptions of market orientation in a transitional economy: China as an example. Journal of Global Marketing, 17(4), 5-22.