错认总比错过好——面孔视错觉的发生机制及其应用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00240

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

面孔视错觉现象表现为个体从其他事物中感知到并不存在的面孔。面孔视错觉要素已广泛应用于艺术、广告及商品中, 起到吸引注意、促进消费的作用。同时, 先前的研究通过采用各种范式, 发现患者在面孔视错觉的产生上同常人的差异, 以及视错觉与视幻觉之间的联系。根据视觉加工通路的不同, 相关范式可分为视错觉监测范式, 以及视错觉辨认范式。前者侧重于基于提取的类面孔特征所做出的快速预测, 后者侧重于主观期望引导个体对物体特征的提取, 两者最终均会影响到后续的认知判断。日后研究可从面孔视错觉的发生机制出发, 结合自上而下和自下而上两种加工通路, 为面孔视错觉产生机制提供理论依据, 并拓宽该要素在临床诊断及商业广告领域上的应用。

关键词: 面孔视错觉, 面孔加工, 发生机制

Abstract:

In real life, people occasionally perceive an object as something non-existent, called pareidolia. Among all forms of pareidolia, people are more likely to recognize a face from an object. Face pareidolia has been widely utilized in art, advertising, and design, but its occurrence mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have used various paradigms to explore the occurrence mechanisms of face pareidolia. According to the different paradigms used, the occurrence mechanisms of face pareidolia have been deeply discussed from top-down and bottom-up visual signal processing pathways. However, due to the variety of paradigms, face pareidolia occurrence mechanisms and potential applications are still in their infancy. There has been no systematic theoretical construction either. Based on the two visual processing pathways, we categorize two types of paradigms: the pareidolia monitoring paradigm (face pareidolia in a bottom-up pathway) and the pareidolia discrimination paradigm (face pareidolia in a top-down pathway). To provide future research insights, we summarize the two paradigms from three perspectives, including stimuli, experimental procedures, and measurements. In addition, according to the perceptual prediction model, there are similarities and differences in the occurrence mechanisms of the two paradigms. Both paradigms have analogy, association, and prediction processes. However, the pareidolia monitoring paradigm focuses on rapid prediction generation through a single analogy and association process. The pareidolia discrimination paradigm focuses on the subjective expectation codes feedback to the analogy association process and then affects the subsequent prediction. In addition, the applications of facial illusions in clinical diagnosis, product, and advertising packaging are also listed. First, children with autism are less likely to produce face pareidolia than normal children, but they are still able to have face pareidolia. Moreover, there are connections between visual illusions and visual hallucinations in clinical diagnosis. Pareidolia could be used as a measurement of subclinical hallucinations. In commercial applications, the prominence of pareidolia elements in paintings, architecture, and advertising can attract consumers’ attention and facilitate their emotional or trait attributions to objects and consumer behavior. Future studies are suggested to develop new paradigms to explore further the interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms of face pareidolia.

Key words: face pareidolia, face processing, occurrence mechanisms

中图分类号:

B842

陈子炜, 付迪, 刘勋. (2023). 错认总比错过好——面孔视错觉的发生机制及其应用. 心理科学进展 , 31(2), 240-255.

CHEN Zi-Wei, FU Di, LIU Xun. (2023). Better to misidentify than to miss: A review of occurrence mechanisms and applications of face pareidolia. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(2), 240-255.

图/表 4

图1 日常生活中可引起面孔视错觉的图片。如a)天然的景观, b)拼搭的食物组合, c)汽车的车前框, d)可产生视错觉的画作(绝大多数图片来自https: //www.flickr.com/groups/facesinplaces/pool/)

图2 不同纯噪音图对比：a)为模糊化的图片; b)为高斯模糊噪音; c)为分形噪音

图3 自动产生面孔视错觉的认知神经机制：a)个体提取类面孔物体的局部特征, 随后将特征同大脑记忆中的概念进行类比, 类比过程中伴随着有关类比物的联想过程, 并根据特征重叠度从类比过程中得出预测。最终基于预测, 快速得出类面孔物体可能是面孔的结论; b)快速产生面孔视错觉的神经机制。注：前额叶(prefrontal cortex, PFC), 梭状回面孔区(fusiform face area, FFA), 枕叶面孔区(occipital face area, OFA)

图4 主观诱导产生视错觉的认知神经机制：a)个体提取噪音图片的局部特征, 并进行类比, 若特征重叠较低, 初步得出噪音中没有面孔, 但若重叠度适中或主观期望认为噪音中存在面孔, 通过降低类比条件或重新提取特征进行类比, 最后得出噪音中存在面孔; b)期望诱导产生面孔视错觉的神经机制。注：眶额叶皮层(orbitofrontal cortex, OFC), 梭状回面孔区(fusiform face area, FFA), 枕叶面孔区(occipital face area, OFA)

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