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15 May 2009, Volume 17 Issue 03 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Preface of Special Issue: Disaster Psychology and Intervetion for Psychological Crisis Zhang Jian-Xin 2009, 17 (03):  481-481.  Abstract ( 972 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Study on Acute Stress Disorder DU Jian-Zheng;XIA Bing-Li 2009, 17 (03):  482-488.  Abstract ( 1225 )   Acute stress disorder refers to stress reactions that occur between 2 days and 4 weeks after an individual has experienced, witnessed, or been confronted by a traumatic incident which is a threat of death or serious injury of oneself or others. The symptoms of acute stress disorder are separation, reexperiencing, avoidance, and over-vigilance. This article reviews the previous relevant studies of acute stress disorder and overviews from the aspects of measurement evaluation methods, incidence, the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma memories, mental intervention. At last, this article highlights its possible future study direction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Crisis Intervention in Disasters: Comment on Psychiatric View ZHAO Guo-Qiu;WANG Yong-Guang;WANG Yi-Qiang; CAO Ri-Fang;FU Su-Fen 2009, 17 (03):  489-494.  Abstract ( 1808 )   Disasters are particular events that challenge the individual’s ability to adapt. A variety of adverse mental health outcomes are observed after a major trauma. The most common of these are acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and suicide. By reviewing the literatures on the issue of disaster-related psychiatric diseases and summarizing the research results based on two major disasters occurred in China this year, psychological crisis intervention strategies were discussed on psychiatric view. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Application of PTSD and IES in Survivors after Disaster WU Kan-Kan,;ZHANG Yu-Qing;<SPAN lang=EN-US style= 2009, 17 (03):  495-498.  Abstract ( 1234 )   This article reviewed the development and application of a very popular self-evaluation tool: Impact of Event Scale (IES) and its revised version (IES-R), and reported some results on 956 survivors in using IES-R in Mianzhu, Sichuan. We referred that about half of the survivors will have the main symptoms of the PTSD and will have the significant differences in gender: female had high scores than male, who should accept the psychological intervention early Related Articles | Metrics

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Organization and Implementation of Psychological Interventions after Major Disaster CHEN Xue-Feng;WANG Ri-Chu;LIU Zheng-Kui 2009, 17 (03):  499-504.  Abstract ( 1761 )   ased on the fieldwork and experiences of psychological interventions after Wenchuan earthquake, authors suggest that psychological responses after major disasters varying through time scale, and victims in different regions react differently to disasters. Psychological interventions after major disasters should be based on temporal and spatial characteristics of psychological responses, and be designed and implanted accordingly. The authors further propose the major objectives of psychological intervention after major disaster. They are: 1, to set up a long-term functioning mechanism in affected regions, 2, to relieve the psychological trauma among affected people; 3, to motivate their potential abilities in coping with disasters and frustrations; to nurture positive an optimistic characteristics; to help them realizing the meaning and value of lives. The ultimate aim is to promoting a successful and smooth “psychological rebuilding” in individuals Related Articles | Metrics

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The Comparison on Life Values of College Students Before and After 5·12 Earthquake ZHANG Yan;XIANG Yan-Hui;ZHENG Yong;LV Jian-Guo4 YIN Xi;CHEN Han1 2009, 17 (03):  505-510.  Abstract ( 948 )   To investigate college students in the disaster areas three times: one year ago, 2 weeks and 5 months after 5·12 earthquake by the life values scale (LVS). The results indicate: (1) Validity and reliability analysis showed that the psychometric qualities of LVS for college students are acceptable. (2)The LVS and existence values-oriented dimension scores of college students 2 weeks after the earthquake were higher than 1 year ago and 5 months after earthquake. (3) The existing value-oriented dimension scores of females were significantly higher than that of males 2 weeks and 5 months after the earthquake.; The existing value-oriented dimension scores of science students 2 weeks were higher than 5 months after earthquake and 1 year ago after the earthquake, scores of science students 2 weeks after the earthquake were significantly higher than the arts students. (4) The rule values dimension score of arts students in 2 weeks after the earthquake was significantly lower than that of 5 months after the earthquake, and is also significantly lower than that of science students Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Pre-earthquake Life Stress Events and Injury Severity on Post-Traumatic Disorder symptom of Middle School Students ZHAO Yu-Fang;ZHAO Shou-Liang 2009, 17 (03):  511-515.  Abstract ( 1697 )   Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC), Post-earthquake Injury Severity Self- constructed Questionnaire and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder self-rating scale were applied to 413 Middle school students of earthquake zone. This research explored effects of pre-earthquake life stress events and injury severity on Post-Traumatic Disorder symptom. The results showed that the symptoms of PTSD have significant gender effects, girls higher than boys. Relation among pre-earthquake life events, post-earthquake injury severity and the total response-related PTSD symptoms were significant. Study pressure, the degree of exposure and loss have significant positive impact on re-experience. study pressure, be punished, others and the degree of exposure and have significant positive impact on avoidance; study pressure, the others, and exposed the extent of the loss of numb and avoid have a significant impact; in control of the degree of injury severity, pre-earthquake life events on symptoms of PTSD still have a significant impact Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Class Counseling on Students After The Earthquake PAN Yi-Zhong;WANG Fang;XU Yan;ZHANG Shu-Yue;TIAN Yi 2009, 17 (03):  516-520.  Abstract ( 1727 )   Interference on students was carried out through class counseling in three weeks. The targets were 271 students from Da Le special compulsory education school in Sichuan Province. The results showed: (1) From 36 days to 57 days, these students’ PTSR and mental symptoms exhibited a downtrend, and positive emotions declined. (2) The students’ feedback showed that they had gained a lot, concluding reduction of fears, being full of gratitude, finding meaning of life, feeling happy and relaxed. (3) The interference accelerated the buffering of mental symptoms and prevented positive emotions from decline significantly, but had no significant instant effects on PTSR Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on Intervention Strategies of Psychological Crisis in Children Fu Chang-Qing;Zhang Da-Jun;Liu Yan-Ling 2009, 17 (03):  521-523.  Abstract ( 1943 )   Earthquake, as is sudden and serious, often causes children to have serious psychological imbalance, such as fuzzy thinking, wild will and disorder sensibility. If we do not timely process psychological intervention, children may be immersed in a long-term pain, which ultimately lead to mental illness. This paper sums up seven intervention strategies and with a view to maintain children’s mental health Related Articles | Metrics

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Report of Psycho Trauma Assessment of Teachers in Secondary and Elementary School after Sichuan Earthquake YOU Yong-Heng; ZHANG Hao;LIU Xiao 2009, 17 (03):  524-526.  Abstract ( 1651 )   The research team surveyed PTSD situation on 631 teachers from secondary and elementary school in severe disaster area and the most severe disaster area after Sichuan Earthquake. The analysis of the statistics showed that: (1) There are 18.7% teachers show severe PTSD symptoms; (2) Teachers in the most severe disaster area show obvious higher trauma than teachers in the severe disaster area; (3) Trauma of young teachers is higher than elder teachers; (4) Part of the teachers feel guilty, helpless, depress, unconfident, senseless of life, they are becoming a group of sensitive people of PTSD symptoms Related Articles | Metrics

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PTSD in Primary and Secondary School Students Resume School in Another Place after the Wenchuan Earthquake and its Impact on Mental Health FAN Yi-Ming1;SUN Yuan-Quan;GONG Rui-Ying;WANG Peng;GAO Feng-Qiang 2009, 17 (03):  527-531.  Abstract ( 1724 )   Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is delayed and long-term durative mental disorders resulted from sudden, threatening or catastrophic life events. The clinical manifestations of PTSD include re-experience the trauma, easy-irritated emotion and evasive behavior. It has impact on mental health. Test primary and secondary school students resume school after the earthquake to comprehend the situation of their PTSD and mental health. The result shows that: the students have a high detection rate of both PTSD and SCL-90, different sex and grade have different negative effects by earthquake, their mental health situation also have differences. Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Support System of People in Sichuan Earthquake Area and Its Relationship with Subject Well-Being XIN Jiu-Ling;WU Sheng-Tao;WU Kan-Kan;WANG Wen-Zhong;ZHANG Jian-Xin 2009, 17 (03):  532-536.  Abstract ( 1280 )   Object: To understand social support system and its association with subjective well-being of areas experienced traumatic earthquake at Sichuan, China on May 12, 2008. Methods: Residents, who lived in Luocheng town, Shifang, Sichuan or Wen Zhou, are administered by self-designed social support inventory and self-designed subjective well-being inventory. The subjective well-being with three sub-scales includes positive emotion, negative emotion and life satisfaction. Results: 1) Social support system of earthquake areas at Sichuan can be divided into personal social support and public social support by the source of social support. 2) People living in Shifang, Sichuan are much more dependent on public social support whereas people living in Wenzhou are much more dependent on personal social support. 3) Personal social support and public social support can significantly predict negative emotion. Conclusion: People lived in areas happened earthquake at Sichuan are more dependent on public social support than people lived in Wenzhou, China. But people lived in both areas are dependent on personal social support. Besides, public social support is helpful to release negative emotion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Trait Coping Styles on Traumatized Students’ Suicide Attitude after Super Typhoon Saomai HUANG Xiao-Zhong;SUN Bin-Hai; LI Wei-Jian 2009, 17 (03):  537-541.  Abstract ( 1538 )   To explore effects of trait coping styles on traumatized students’ suicide attitude under natural disasters, Post-trauma Symptom Reaction Questionnaire, Trait Coping Styles Questionnaire, and Suicide Attitude Questionnaire were completed by 650 students from primary and secondary schools around landing places of super typhoon Saomai. The results indicated that (a) post-trauma symptom reaction was significantly correlated with students’ suicide attitude; (b) the relation between post-trauma symptom reaction and suicide attitude was not significantly moderated by trait coping styles. The results took sides with relational model of stress, that is, coping was context-specific Related Articles | Metrics

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An Investigation of Perceived Social Support for 5·12 Sichuan Earthquake Survivors ZHANG Jing-Qiu;TANG Yung-Lung;DENG Li-Li; LIU Ling-Shuang;ZHAO Yu-Fang; Hu Li 2009, 17 (03):  542-546.  Abstract ( 1745 )   5·12 Sichuan earthquake is a serious natural disaster which has brought about a large number of injuries and deaths, and severe damage to property. Since it is devastating, unpredictable and uncontrollable, victims are likely to develop varying levels of psychological trauma. Majority of studies have shown that perceived social support have an important impact on buffering stress and protecting people from developing symptoms of psychological distress. This research is aimed to develop a perceived social support scale for earthquake survivors (PSSS-ES) and to explore what kind of support is actually needed by victims. About one month after Sichuan earthquake, PSSS-ES and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were given to 304 earthquake survivors in Deyang, Mianzhu and Shifang.The PSSS-ES was composed of 12 items in three subscales including instrumental support, informational support and emotional support. Factor loading of items in three subscales revealed by exploratory factor analysis respectively rang from 0.499 to 0.855, 0.704 to 0.854, 0.660 to 0.845, and 58.979% of the total variance could be explained. Cronbach’s α for PSSS-ES and its subscales were 0.852, 0.629, 0.722 and 0.843, respectively. The group which perceived low social support experienced higher level of depression than that perceived high social support, and the difference was significant. The correlation coefficient between PSSS-ES and BDI was -0.331, and the correlation coefficients among the three subscales rang from 0.406 to 0.506, with the correlation between informational support and BDI being the most significant Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relation between Perceived Security and PTSD of Wenchuan Earthquake Survivors LIU Ling-Shuang;TANG Yong-Long;ZHANG Jing-Qiu;DENG Li-Li; LEI Dan;LIU Hong-Mei 2009, 17 (03):  547-550.  Abstract ( 1890 )   The aim of this research is to explore the relation between perceived security and PTSD of the earthquake victims one month after the disaster.About one month after Wenchuan earthquake, the investigators had gone to the resettlements of victims in Deyang, Mianzhu and Shifang cities of Sichuan Province, offered psychological assistance to victims and made this research.Questionnaire was consisted of two parts: Perceived Security Questionnaire for Earthquake Victims, and PTSD self-rating scale (PTSD Checklist Civilian version, PCL). The result displayed that there was a significant difference among the three factors of perceived security, and on the dimension of security needs,there was also a significant difference among age stages.Furthermore,multiple regression analysis showed that the regression coefficient of perceived security and PTSD is considerable.The finding of this study gives evidence to the importance of restoration of victims’ perceived security in post-disaster psychological assistance Related Articles | Metrics

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Mahjong Play and Cigarette/Alcohol Use Affect Mental Health of People in Sichuan Earthquake Area ZHU Zhuo-Hong;WU Sheng-Tao;WANG Wen-Zhong;SHI Zhan-Biao;ZHANG Jian-Xin 2009, 17 (03):  551-555.  Abstract ( 1939 )   Mahjong play is a kind of popular entertainment in Sichuan, but its social and psychological functions are still undecided. The present study investigated the resident’s habit of Mahjong play and cigarette/alcohol use in Sichuan Earthquake area, and their relationship to mental health. The authors found that: 1) Most of participants played Mahjong rather than smoke or drunk, and the former endorsed less mental problem through the mediator of social support, while the latter did inversely. 2) The behavior of most of mahjong players and drinkers cut down, while that of smokers rise up; The rise-up participants all revealed more health problem through the mediator of social support. The results implied that playing Mahjong at measure, which is different from cigarette/alcohol use, would help relax the distress of resident in Sichuan Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Suffering Condition and Resilience on Posttraumatic Stress Response of Primary and Middle School Students in Earthquake-Striken Area ZHANG Shu-Yue; WANG Fang; XU Yan; PAN Yi-Zhong; Bi Guo-Ying 2009, 17 (03):  556-561.  Abstract ( 1713 )   efore psychological aiding, a questionnaire survey on suffering condition, resilience and posttraumatic stress response was conducted among the students of a special compulsory education school in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province. The purpose was to explore the unique and the interactive influence of suffering condition and resilience on PTSR, and then provide reference for psychological aiding. The results showed: (1) One and half months after earthquake, 32% students in this had serious PTSR; (2) The students whose relative died in the earthquake had more severe intrusion, avoidance, hyper arousal and PTSR than those whose relatives were safety；(3) Two dimensions of resilience, positive cognition and trust, had negative predictable functions on students’ PTSR; (4) Social support, another dimension of resilience, moderated the negative effect of relative loss on PTSR Related Articles | Metrics

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he Mediating Role of Self-esteem in the Peer Relationships and Mental Health of the Orphans in Sichuan Earthquake WANG Yan;Zhang Xing-Li1;ZHU Ming-Jing;TAN Ji-Cun;SHI Hui4;SUN Shan-Shan;SHI Jian-Nong 2009, 17 (03):  562-566.  Abstract ( 1982 )   Objective: Introducing resilience into this study to investigate the mediating role of self-esteem in the peer relationships and mental health of the orphans in Sichuan Earthquake. Methods: 401 children including the orphans in Sichuan Earthquake and three control groups were surveyed with questionnaires including Self-esteem Scale and Peer Nomination Questionnaire and Chinese Mental Health Inventory. Results: There was significant group difference in Self-esteem, and the Rizhao control group had higher score than the other groups. The orphans in earthquake had more peer acceptance than the other groups. There was no difference between children in Sichuan and Rizhao. The mental health and peer relationships were mediated by self-esteem of the orphans in earthquake, who paid more attention to peer acceptance to influence self-denial that had a negative connection with mental health. Conclusion: The important effect of self-esteem in peer relationships and mental health was supported by SEM in this study Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Mental Health and Its Associate Factors in Rescue Troops After Earthquake YI Li;WU Guo-Cheng;WAN Jing;CHEN Song;WANG Zhi-Yong 2009, 17 (03):  567-569.  Abstract ( 1532 )   Objective To know the mental health and its associate factors in rescue troops after earthquake and provide basis for further psychological intervention. Methods The rescue troops of Air Force were evaluated with Symptom checklist (SCL-90), Simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Short Seale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC) and PTSD Checklist-Military (PCL-M). Results There were positive correlations between negative coping style and the indices of PCL-M and SCL-90; low correlations between positive coping style and PCL-M, SCL-90. The significant differences of PCL-M and SCL-90 among different temperament types were also found. Conclusion The mental health of rescue troops was influenced by their temperament types and coping styles. Some servicemen had need for psychological help in time Related Articles | Metrics

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Vicarious Trauma: Self-protection of Rescue Workers in Crisis Intervention XU Si-An;YANG Xiao-Feng 2009, 17 (03):  570-573.  Abstract ( 1688 )   Vicarious trauma is a common phenomenon in crisis intervention, which brings varying degrees of physical and psychological harms to rescue workers. Therefore, the problem of vicarious trauma of rescue workers should be concerned about in time to protect their own mental health. Researches have shown that vicarious trauma mainly results from the personal factors of rescue individuals and the specific environmental factors. At present, the interventions to vicarious trauma mainly include the strategies of upgrading the professional level, mastering the skills of self-regulation, and implementing the group sharing, etc Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Psychological Harmony and Satisfaction with Government among Local Residents of 5·12 Sichuan Earthquake Devastated Areas BAI Xin-Wen;REN Xiao-Peng;ZHENG Rui;LI Shu 2009, 17 (03):  574-578.  Abstract ( 1279 )   The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between local residents’ psychosocial state and satisfaction with government among devastated areas of 5·12 Sichuan Earthquake using the framework of psychological harmony. A convenience sample of 1385 local residents from slightly, moderately, and extremely devastated areas responded to the survey. Results of hierarchical regression indicated that although satisfaction with local and central government was significantly related to psychological harmony, satisfaction with local government was a stronger predictor. In addition, satisfaction with local government partially mediated the effect of satisfaction with central government on psychological harmony. Findings were discussed concerning their practical implications for the different roles that central and local governments should play Related Articles | Metrics

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Belief in A Just World and Subjective Well-Being: Comparing Disaster Sites with Normal Areas WU Sheng-Tao;WANG Li;ZHOU Ming-Jie;WANG Wen-Zhong;ZHANG Jian-Xin 2009, 17 (03):  579-587.  Abstract ( 1366 )   Justice and happiness are two goals of individuals as public person and private person separately, which are consistent logically and have been confirmed by some psychological researches, but can be inconsistent in low standard. The present study investigated the general belief in a just world(GBJW) and subjective well-being of people in disaster sites and normal areas, and their correlates in Chinese indigenous background. The authors found that: 1) Comparing to normal areas, participants in disaster sites endorsed more GBJW and less negative affection, and there was interaction of region and gender. 2) Affective well-being (mainly positive affection) could predicted slightly GBJW in disaster sites, while it did not do in back-normal period and in normal areas. However, cognitive well-being (life satisfaction) could predicted GBJW in both conditions. In conclusion, the dialectical correlation of affective well-being, cognitive well-being and belief in a just world, implies the special model of affective expression and rational pursuit of Chinese who lives in the private relationship and much suffering world Related Articles | Metrics

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The Change of Teacher’s Subjective Well-being after the Wenchuan Earthquake and Mediator Analysis TAO Su;WANG Fang;XU Yan;LI Jian;LUO Fang;ZHAI Sheng-Nan 2009, 17 (03):  588-593.  Abstract ( 1329 )   questionnaire study was conduct two months after the Wenchuan Earthquake. The subjects were 508 teachers from kindergarten, elementary school and high school in Shifang and Mianzhu of Sichuan Province. The results showed: (1) After the 5·12 Earthquake, the well-being of teachers in disaster area decreased sharply; (2) The well-being of teachers in ponderosity disaster area decreased much more than it of teachers in heavy disaster area and mild disaster area; (3) The objective loss can significant predict well-being decrease. The symptom of posttraumatic stress completely mediated the association between objective loss and well-being decrease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychosomatic Recovery by Relaxing and Rebuilding the Brain: Possible Application in Post Traumatic Psychological Recovery LUO Fei ;LUO Jing ;WU Yi-Bing ;LI Jia-Yin ;WANG Jin-Yan ;GUO Jian-You 2009, 17 (03):  594-601.  Abstract ( 1047 )   It has been gradually revealed that the nervous system has excellent rebuilding capacity throughout the entire life. The brain can be changed by either external factors such as sensory or behavioral experiences, or by internal factors like cognition, relax, and attention. A large-scale natural disaster like Wenchuan earthquake may initiate persistent brain functional changes by a brief exposure. Conversely, application of this principle of plasticity may lead to successful recovery of a damaged brain, repair of a mal-developed function, or reshaping of a deformed mind. The 3R (relax, recover, rebuild) technique may be employed in the treatment of various neural or mental problems with a variety of nature, including post traumatic psychological syndromes following Wenchuan earthquake. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Qualitative Psychological Analysis of the Rumors Appeared after A Disaster: The Evidence from the Rumors Appeared after SUN Jia-Qing;JIN Sheng-Hua;CAO Shen-Shen 2009, 17 (03):  602-609.  Abstract ( 2260 )   The rumors appeared in internet after "5·12 Wenchuan earthquake" were analyzed using the method of qualitative research in the next two months, particularly content analysis and grounded theory. In the context of internet, the results revealed not only the similarity content such as the forecast and reasons of earthquake but also the differences between the rumors appeared after "5·12 Wenchuan earthquake" and the rumors appeared before, such as that about donation. Most of the rumors condemned the people who had social predominance with the emotion of astoundment and angry. This procedure makes individual get the feelings of control and regulates negative emotion. Rumors upgraded their acceptance by people in the way of blurring the role of addresser, adding many details and scientific logic into the content, and making use of some social psychological factors such as emotion and moral Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive Function Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Executive Control CHEN Wen-Feng;XUAN Yu-Ming;LIU Ye;FU Xiao-Lan;FU Qiu-Fang 2009, 17 (03):  610-615.  Abstract ( 1642 )   Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often accompanied with cognitive malfunctions, such as deficit in attentional sustain, biased attention towards trauma-related information, biased memory for traumatic events, and impairment in declarative memory and autobiographical memory. More evidences have been accumulated in recent years and these cognitive malfunctions in PTSD are proposed to be related with the deficit in executive control. Though it needs further studies for justifying this uniform explanation, executive function can be a good starting point for filtering and treatment of PTSD in a practical sense Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Researches on Resilience at Biological Level after Traumatic Event LEI Ming;ZHANG Qing-Lin 2009, 17 (03):  616-622.  Abstract ( 1535 )   Resilience refers to the phenomenon that a person has the achievement of positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity or trauma. There has been a personal ability-based approach and a developmental result-based approach to identify the brain and neurobiological evidence for resilience. The studies of resilient mechanism at biological level mainly focus on inhibition of traumatic memory, brain plasticity, regulation of neurobiology and effect from protective factors including gene, temperament, emotion regulation, cognitive process, and early experience. Finally, the future research trends in the relevant areas were discussed Related Articles | Metrics

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Posttraumatic Growth: An New Perspective of Trauma after 5·12 Earthquake ZHANG Qian;ZHENG Yong 2009, 17 (03):  623-630.  Abstract ( 1084 )   Posttraumatic growth (PTG) was defined as the experience of significant positive change arising from the struggle with a major life crisis. Whether it was coping outcome or coping strategy, had constructive function or illusion function, its key component was cognition or action, there existed controversy. And three explanatory models of PTG were strength through suffering, psychological preparedness and existential reevaluation. With regard to the relationship about PTG and mental health, it was still uncertain. Suggestions on researches in the region were proposed, which included clarifying the concept of PTG, conducting process research and longitudinal research, establishing behavior indicators, paying attention to the clinical application of PTG, conducting researches in Chinese contest, and providing new ideas for the work of people’s mental reconstruction after they sufferred 5·12 earthquake Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief Review of Psychological Pain Research: Focused on the Psychological Pain of Victims from the 5·12 Earthquake FAN Zhao-Feng;YU Guo-Liang;LIU Cong-Hui 2009, 17 (03):  631-638.  Abstract ( 1793 )   As an important concept in the field of social cognitive psychology and disaster psychology, psychological pain has been given a surge of interest in the west over the past decade. This review provides a critical synthesis of empirical studies from a broad perspective, including the definition and existing evidences of psychological pain, how it was measured and related with physical pain and suicide. Further studies should not only focus on the method diversification, but also on cross-cultural studies, aiming to construct an interventional mechanism to remove or relieve psychological pain. It is also worthwhile to pay attention to the significance of psychological pain studies on the individual survival, adaptation, and development Related Articles | Metrics

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What Catastrophe Leaved to Our Mind？Reviewing the Roots Causes Psychological Trauma and the Brain Mechanisms of Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction WU Ze-Lian;HE Yuan-Yuan;LI Hong 2009, 17 (03):  639-644.  Abstract ( 2029 )   rauma refers to the catastrophic or traumatic events harmful to individuals, including body injury and psychological harm. Strong emotional and psychological reaction caused by traumatic factors will form psychological shadows, and the improper coping of these events will lead to a post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper explored the roots of psychological trauma and the brain mechanisms of post-traumatic stress reaction or disorders，which were caused by traumatic events from a psychological point of view. Finally, according to the latest psychological research results, some suggestions of intervention are provided for the relevant departments to make relevant policies Related Articles | Metrics