Emotional attentional bias among adolescents with different levels of interpersonal competence

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0866

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WU Yingying, ZHANG Yating, WU Xingyan, WANG Zhenxing, CHEN Lanqing, XIE Hanying. (2026). Emotional attentional bias among adolescents with different levels of interpersonal competence. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(5), 866-886.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0866

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2026/V58/I5/866

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1 Mixed-effects model (LMM/GLMM) results for attentional bias indices in Experiment 1

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t/z	p	β	95% CI
Attentional bias score (RT)	Intercept	?2.25	8.34	96.13	?0.27	0.788	?0.23	[?0.65, 0.20]
	Low vs. Medium	11.77	6.80	56.68	1.73	0.089	0.51	[?0.09, 1.11]
	Low vs. High	3.87	6.81	56.82	0.57	0.572	0.17	[?0.43, 0.77]
	Negative × Positive	11.22	7.09	52.14	1.58	0.120	0.49	[?0.15, 1.12]
	Medium × Positive	?16.62	10.09	86.60	?1.65	0.103	?0.03	[?0.20, 0.14]
	High × Positive	?16.84	10.41	82.93	?1.62	0.109	?0.72	[?1.64, 0.20]
First fixation probability	Intercept	0.75	0.91		0.83	0.407	1.72	[ 0.98, 2.47]
	Low vs. Medium	?0.11	0.55		?0.21	0.837	?0.11	[?1.19, 0.97]
	Low vs. High	?0.19	0.57		?0.33	0.742	?0.2	[?1.31, 0.92]
	Negative × Positive	?0.09	0.18		?0.53	0.599	?0.09	[?0.44, 0.26]
	Medium × Positive	0.16	0.26		0.60	0.546	0.15	[?0.36, 0.66]
	High × Positive	0.25	0.26		0.97	0.334	0.25	[?0.26, 0.75]
First fixation latency bias (ms)	Intercept	?11.90	50.18	243.19	?0.24	0.813	0.04	[?0.09, 0.18]
	Low vs. Medium	?59.99	31.22	3038.92	?1.92	0.055	?0.11	[?0.22, 0.01]
	Low vs. High	?22.68	32.19	63.41	?0.71	0.484	?0.04	[?0.16, 0.08]
	Negative × Positive	?15.58	54.51	99.44	?0.29	0.776	?0.03	[?0.23, 0.17]
	Medium × Positive	53.76	46.29	156.59	1.16	0.247	0.1	[?0.07, 0.27]
	High × Positive	18.23	48.03	77.23	0.38	0.705	0.03	[?0.14, 0.20]
First fixation duration bias (ms)	Intercept	31.18	19.60	58.02	1.59	0.117	0.02	[?0.09, 0.12]
	Low vs. Medium	12.41	15.83	62.71	0.78	0.436	0.06	[?0.08, 0.19]
	Low vs. High	6.13	15.59	55.44	0.39	0.696	0.03	[?0.11, 0.16]
	Negative × Positive	?7.98	16.66	237.09	?0.48	0.633	?0.04	[?0.19, 0.11]
	Medium × Positive	?25.61	22.54	156.20	?1.14	0.258	?0.12	[?0.31, 0.08]
	High × Positive	?11.06	22.51	155.16	?0.49	0.624	?0.05	[?0.25, 0.15]
Gaze duration bias (ms)	Intercept	59.00	40.84	78.09	1.45	0.153	0.10	[?0.04, 0.24]
	Low vs. Medium	?5.71	28.00	112.12	?0.20	0.839	?0.02	[?0.17, 0.14]
	Low vs. High	2.41	28.05	113.57	0.09	0.932	0.01	[?0.15, 0.16]
	Negative × Positive	?87.61	33.24	145.11	?2.64	0.009	?0.25	[?0.43, ?0.06]
	Medium × Positive	?2.60	33.94	2344.22	?0.08	0.939	?0.01	[?0.19, 0.18]
	High × Positive	41.60	34.33	233.93	1.21	0.227	0.12	[?0.07, 0.31]
Total fixation duration bias (ms)	Intercept	44.99	40.68	67.79	1.11	0.273	0.09	[ 0.00, 0.19]
	Low vs. Medium	?29.98	30.94	147.29	?0.97	0.334	?0.06	[?0.19, 0.06]
	Low vs. High	?8.00	32.32	69.25	?0.25	0.805	?0.02	[?0.15, 0.12]
	Negative × Positive	?77.79	30.65	322.77	?2.54	0.012	?0.16	[?0.29, ?0.03]
	Medium × Positive	20.64	40.72	3051.78	0.51	0.612	0.04	[?0.12, 0.21]
	High × Positive	20.03	43.55	164.31	0.46	0.646	0.04	[?0.14, 0.23]

Table 1 Mixed-effects model (LMM/GLMM) results for attentional bias indices in Experiment 1

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t/z	p	β	95% CI
Attentional bias score (RT)	Intercept	?2.25	8.34	96.13	?0.27	0.788	?0.23	[?0.65, 0.20]
	Low vs. Medium	11.77	6.80	56.68	1.73	0.089	0.51	[?0.09, 1.11]
	Low vs. High	3.87	6.81	56.82	0.57	0.572	0.17	[?0.43, 0.77]
	Negative × Positive	11.22	7.09	52.14	1.58	0.120	0.49	[?0.15, 1.12]
	Medium × Positive	?16.62	10.09	86.60	?1.65	0.103	?0.03	[?0.20, 0.14]
	High × Positive	?16.84	10.41	82.93	?1.62	0.109	?0.72	[?1.64, 0.20]
First fixation probability	Intercept	0.75	0.91		0.83	0.407	1.72	[ 0.98, 2.47]
	Low vs. Medium	?0.11	0.55		?0.21	0.837	?0.11	[?1.19, 0.97]
	Low vs. High	?0.19	0.57		?0.33	0.742	?0.2	[?1.31, 0.92]
	Negative × Positive	?0.09	0.18		?0.53	0.599	?0.09	[?0.44, 0.26]
	Medium × Positive	0.16	0.26		0.60	0.546	0.15	[?0.36, 0.66]
	High × Positive	0.25	0.26		0.97	0.334	0.25	[?0.26, 0.75]
First fixation latency bias (ms)	Intercept	?11.90	50.18	243.19	?0.24	0.813	0.04	[?0.09, 0.18]
	Low vs. Medium	?59.99	31.22	3038.92	?1.92	0.055	?0.11	[?0.22, 0.01]
	Low vs. High	?22.68	32.19	63.41	?0.71	0.484	?0.04	[?0.16, 0.08]
	Negative × Positive	?15.58	54.51	99.44	?0.29	0.776	?0.03	[?0.23, 0.17]
	Medium × Positive	53.76	46.29	156.59	1.16	0.247	0.1	[?0.07, 0.27]
	High × Positive	18.23	48.03	77.23	0.38	0.705	0.03	[?0.14, 0.20]
First fixation duration bias (ms)	Intercept	31.18	19.60	58.02	1.59	0.117	0.02	[?0.09, 0.12]
	Low vs. Medium	12.41	15.83	62.71	0.78	0.436	0.06	[?0.08, 0.19]
	Low vs. High	6.13	15.59	55.44	0.39	0.696	0.03	[?0.11, 0.16]
	Negative × Positive	?7.98	16.66	237.09	?0.48	0.633	?0.04	[?0.19, 0.11]
	Medium × Positive	?25.61	22.54	156.20	?1.14	0.258	?0.12	[?0.31, 0.08]
	High × Positive	?11.06	22.51	155.16	?0.49	0.624	?0.05	[?0.25, 0.15]
Gaze duration bias (ms)	Intercept	59.00	40.84	78.09	1.45	0.153	0.10	[?0.04, 0.24]
	Low vs. Medium	?5.71	28.00	112.12	?0.20	0.839	?0.02	[?0.17, 0.14]
	Low vs. High	2.41	28.05	113.57	0.09	0.932	0.01	[?0.15, 0.16]
	Negative × Positive	?87.61	33.24	145.11	?2.64	0.009	?0.25	[?0.43, ?0.06]
	Medium × Positive	?2.60	33.94	2344.22	?0.08	0.939	?0.01	[?0.19, 0.18]
	High × Positive	41.60	34.33	233.93	1.21	0.227	0.12	[?0.07, 0.31]
Total fixation duration bias (ms)	Intercept	44.99	40.68	67.79	1.11	0.273	0.09	[ 0.00, 0.19]
	Low vs. Medium	?29.98	30.94	147.29	?0.97	0.334	?0.06	[?0.19, 0.06]
	Low vs. High	?8.00	32.32	69.25	?0.25	0.805	?0.02	[?0.15, 0.12]
	Negative × Positive	?77.79	30.65	322.77	?2.54	0.012	?0.16	[?0.29, ?0.03]
	Medium × Positive	20.64	40.72	3051.78	0.51	0.612	0.04	[?0.12, 0.21]
	High × Positive	20.03	43.55	164.31	0.46	0.646	0.04	[?0.14, 0.23]

Figure 1. Fixation probability toward emotional faces and neutral faces for the three groups under negative (A) and positive (B) conditions. Note. Data points indicate the start of each time bin.

Figure 1. Fixation probability toward emotional faces and neutral faces for the three groups under negative (A) and positive (B) conditions. Note. Data points indicate the start of each time bin.

Table 2 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the pre-keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	214.45	7.22	50.85	29.69	< 0.001	0.01	[?0.17, 0.19]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	0.66	9.17	46.58	0.07	0.943	0.01	[?0.22, 0.24]
	Low vs. High Competence	5.22	9.69	54.32	0.54	0.592	0.06	[?0.17, 0.30]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?0.81	4.40	4802.13	?0.18	0.854	?0.01	[?0.12, 0.10]
	Neutral vs. Positive	0.83	4.98	57.78	0.17	0.868	0.01	[?0.10, 0.13]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?3.31	6.64	93.47	?0.50	0.620	?0.04	[?0.20, 0.12]
	High Competence × Negative	?4.75	7.32	58.39	?0.65	0.519	?0.06	[?0.24, 0.12]
	Medium Competence × Positive	4.00	6.95	56.18	0.58	0.567	0.05	[?0.12, 0.21]
	High Competence × Positive	?3.99	7.10	64.29	?0.56	0.577	?0.05	[?0.22, 0.12]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	243.17	10.68	55.41	22.78	< 0.001	?0.01	[?0.18, 0.16]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	9.30	13.37	50.35	0.70	0.490	0.07	[?0.14, 0.28]
	Low vs. High Competence	10.52	15.03	48.28	0.70	0.488	0.08	[?0.15, 0.32]
	Neutral vs. Negative	4.88	7.14	67.70	0.68	0.497	0.04	[?0.07, 0.14]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?0.38	6.85	4778.20	?0.06	0.955	?0.004	[?0.11, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?9.37	10.33	69.03	?0.91	0.368	?0.07	[?0.22, 0.08]
	High Competence × Negative	4.83	12.73	51.09	0.38	0.706	0.04	[?0.15, 0.23]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?7.03	9.68	4772.87	?0.73	0.467	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.09]
	High Competence × Positive	1.57	10.20	843.11	0.15	0.878	0.01	[?0.14, 0.17]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	434.68	26.33	35.01	16.51	< 0.001	?0.13	[?0.30, 0.04]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	15.38	36.77	41.79	0.42	0.678	0.04	[?0.17, 0.26]
	Low vs. High Competence	137.35	54.74	24.95	2.51	0.019	0.4	[ 0.10, 0.70]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?8.76	17.23	4779.14	?0.51	0.611	?0.03	[?0.12, 0.07]
	Neutral vs. Positive	31.13	17.63	1098.11	1.77	0.078	0.09	[?0.01, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?0.92	24.47	4762.46	?0.04	0.970	?0.002	[?0.14, 0.14]
	High Competence × Negative	?19.45	26.59	88.36	?0.73	0.466	?0.05	[?0.21, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?26.00	24.68	124.19	?1.05	0.294	?0.08	[?0.21, 0.06]
	High Competence × Positive	?58.33	28.85	72.98	?2.02	0.047	?0.17	[?0.33, 0.00]

Table 2 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the pre-keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	214.45	7.22	50.85	29.69	< 0.001	0.01	[?0.17, 0.19]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	0.66	9.17	46.58	0.07	0.943	0.01	[?0.22, 0.24]
	Low vs. High Competence	5.22	9.69	54.32	0.54	0.592	0.06	[?0.17, 0.30]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?0.81	4.40	4802.13	?0.18	0.854	?0.01	[?0.12, 0.10]
	Neutral vs. Positive	0.83	4.98	57.78	0.17	0.868	0.01	[?0.10, 0.13]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?3.31	6.64	93.47	?0.50	0.620	?0.04	[?0.20, 0.12]
	High Competence × Negative	?4.75	7.32	58.39	?0.65	0.519	?0.06	[?0.24, 0.12]
	Medium Competence × Positive	4.00	6.95	56.18	0.58	0.567	0.05	[?0.12, 0.21]
	High Competence × Positive	?3.99	7.10	64.29	?0.56	0.577	?0.05	[?0.22, 0.12]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	243.17	10.68	55.41	22.78	< 0.001	?0.01	[?0.18, 0.16]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	9.30	13.37	50.35	0.70	0.490	0.07	[?0.14, 0.28]
	Low vs. High Competence	10.52	15.03	48.28	0.70	0.488	0.08	[?0.15, 0.32]
	Neutral vs. Negative	4.88	7.14	67.70	0.68	0.497	0.04	[?0.07, 0.14]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?0.38	6.85	4778.20	?0.06	0.955	?0.004	[?0.11, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?9.37	10.33	69.03	?0.91	0.368	?0.07	[?0.22, 0.08]
	High Competence × Negative	4.83	12.73	51.09	0.38	0.706	0.04	[?0.15, 0.23]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?7.03	9.68	4772.87	?0.73	0.467	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.09]
	High Competence × Positive	1.57	10.20	843.11	0.15	0.878	0.01	[?0.14, 0.17]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	434.68	26.33	35.01	16.51	< 0.001	?0.13	[?0.30, 0.04]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	15.38	36.77	41.79	0.42	0.678	0.04	[?0.17, 0.26]
	Low vs. High Competence	137.35	54.74	24.95	2.51	0.019	0.4	[ 0.10, 0.70]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?8.76	17.23	4779.14	?0.51	0.611	?0.03	[?0.12, 0.07]
	Neutral vs. Positive	31.13	17.63	1098.11	1.77	0.078	0.09	[?0.01, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?0.92	24.47	4762.46	?0.04	0.970	?0.002	[?0.14, 0.14]
	High Competence × Negative	?19.45	26.59	88.36	?0.73	0.466	?0.05	[?0.21, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?26.00	24.68	124.19	?1.05	0.294	?0.08	[?0.21, 0.06]
	High Competence × Positive	?58.33	28.85	72.98	?2.02	0.047	?0.17	[?0.33, 0.00]

Table 3 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	234.58	7.94	66.51	29.53	< 0.001	0.05	[?0.12, 0.22]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	2.83	10.20	70.28	0.28	0.782	0.03	[?0.19, 0.25]
	Low vs. High Competence	2.26	10.41	71.63	0.22	0.829	0.03	[?0.20, 0.25]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.99	4.72	5203.90	?0.42	0.673	?0.02	[?0.12, 0.08]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?1.75	4.90	1284.47	?0.36	0.721	?0.02	[?0.12, 0.09]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?7.27	6.71	5200.33	?1.08	0.279	?0.08	[?0.23, 0.06]
	High Competence × Negative	3.49	7.09	838.32	0.49	0.622	0.04	[?0.12, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?3.66	6.82	989.13	?0.54	0.591	?0.04	[?0.19, 0.10]
	High Competence × Positive	?6.68	6.98	108.12	?0.96	0.341	?0.08	[?0.23, 0.07]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	278.84	13.14	28.34	21.22	< 0.001	0.03	[?0.14, 0.21]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	11.15	19.21	39.08	0.58	0.565	0.08	[?0.18, 0.33]
	Low vs. High Competence	7.72	17.37	43.61	0.44	0.659	0.05	[?0.18, 0.28]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.83	7.55	5021.18	?0.24	0.808	?0.01	[?0.11, 0.09]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?4.11	7.74	964.02	?0.53	0.595	?0.03	[?0.13, 0.08]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?10.36	10.83	96.11	?0.96	0.342	?0.07	[?0.21, 0.07]
	High Competence × Negative	5.59	11.31	100.83	0.49	0.622	0.04	[?0.11, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?1.69	12.25	78.03	?0.14	0.891	?0.01	[?0.17, 0.15]
	High Competence × Positive	11.61	11.81	79.80	0.98	0.329	0.08	[?0.08, 0.23]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	516.21	30.50	28.03	16.93	< 0.001	?0.08	[?0.25, 0.09]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	11.06	42.72	41.05	0.26	0.797	0.03	[?0.20, 0.27]
	Low vs. High Competence	113.43	53.99	29.73	2.10	0.044	0.32	[ 0.03, 0.61]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?9.42	18.17	1101.27	?0.52	0.604	?0.02	[?0.13, 0.08]
	Neutral vs. Positive	10.57	19.10	71.40	0.55	0.582	0.03	[?0.08, 0.14]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?0.24	24.87	5110.00	?0.01	0.992	?0.003	[?0.14, 0.13]
	High Competence × Negative	?32.08	26.67	83.45	?1.20	0.232	?0.09	[?0.24, 0.05]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?6.15	25.65	80.80	?0.24	0.811	?0.02	[?0.16, 0.12]
	High Competence × Positive	?23.30	26.72	62.90	?0.87	0.387	?0.07	[?0.22, 0.08]

Table 3 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	234.58	7.94	66.51	29.53	< 0.001	0.05	[?0.12, 0.22]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	2.83	10.20	70.28	0.28	0.782	0.03	[?0.19, 0.25]
	Low vs. High Competence	2.26	10.41	71.63	0.22	0.829	0.03	[?0.20, 0.25]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.99	4.72	5203.90	?0.42	0.673	?0.02	[?0.12, 0.08]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?1.75	4.90	1284.47	?0.36	0.721	?0.02	[?0.12, 0.09]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?7.27	6.71	5200.33	?1.08	0.279	?0.08	[?0.23, 0.06]
	High Competence × Negative	3.49	7.09	838.32	0.49	0.622	0.04	[?0.12, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?3.66	6.82	989.13	?0.54	0.591	?0.04	[?0.19, 0.10]
	High Competence × Positive	?6.68	6.98	108.12	?0.96	0.341	?0.08	[?0.23, 0.07]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	278.84	13.14	28.34	21.22	< 0.001	0.03	[?0.14, 0.21]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	11.15	19.21	39.08	0.58	0.565	0.08	[?0.18, 0.33]
	Low vs. High Competence	7.72	17.37	43.61	0.44	0.659	0.05	[?0.18, 0.28]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.83	7.55	5021.18	?0.24	0.808	?0.01	[?0.11, 0.09]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?4.11	7.74	964.02	?0.53	0.595	?0.03	[?0.13, 0.08]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?10.36	10.83	96.11	?0.96	0.342	?0.07	[?0.21, 0.07]
	High Competence × Negative	5.59	11.31	100.83	0.49	0.622	0.04	[?0.11, 0.19]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?1.69	12.25	78.03	?0.14	0.891	?0.01	[?0.17, 0.15]
	High Competence × Positive	11.61	11.81	79.80	0.98	0.329	0.08	[?0.08, 0.23]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	516.21	30.50	28.03	16.93	< 0.001	?0.08	[?0.25, 0.09]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	11.06	42.72	41.05	0.26	0.797	0.03	[?0.20, 0.27]
	Low vs. High Competence	113.43	53.99	29.73	2.10	0.044	0.32	[ 0.03, 0.61]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?9.42	18.17	1101.27	?0.52	0.604	?0.02	[?0.13, 0.08]
	Neutral vs. Positive	10.57	19.10	71.40	0.55	0.582	0.03	[?0.08, 0.14]
	Medium Competence × Negative	?0.24	24.87	5110.00	?0.01	0.992	?0.003	[?0.14, 0.13]
	High Competence × Negative	?32.08	26.67	83.45	?1.20	0.232	?0.09	[?0.24, 0.05]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?6.15	25.65	80.80	?0.24	0.811	?0.02	[?0.16, 0.12]
	High Competence × Positive	?23.30	26.72	62.90	?0.87	0.387	?0.07	[?0.22, 0.08]

Table 4 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the post-keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	237.59	8.40	51.76	28.28	< 0.001	0.05	[?0.13, 0.22]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?10.19	10.74	49.15	?0.95	0.347	?0.1	[?0.32, 0.11]
	Low vs. High Competence	?7.11	11.40	54.60	?0.62	0.535	?0.07	[?0.31, 0.16]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.66	6.09	83.01	?0.27	0.786	?0.02	[?0.14, 0.11]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?5.49	5.24	1873.62	?1.05	0.295	?0.06	[?0.17, 0.05]
	Medium Competence × Negative	7.37	8.79	83.91	0.84	0.404	0.08	[?0.10, 0.25]
	High Competence × Negative	13.89	8.77	79.36	1.58	0.117	0.14	[?0.04, 0.32]
	Medium Competence × Positive	13.74	7.44	4858.03	1.85	0.065	0.14	[?0.01, 0.29]
	High Competence × Positive	15.19	7.91	75.19	1.92	0.059	0.16	[ 0.00, 0.32]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	295.72	14.04	52.34	21.06	< 0.001	0.08	[?0.09, 0.26]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?10.73	19.20	51.69	?0.56	0.579	?0.07	[?0.31, 0.17]
	Low vs. High Competence	?15.84	17.76	46.33	?0.89	0.377	?0.10	[?0.33, 0.12]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?7.71	8.92	60.99	?0.87	0.391	?0.05	[?0.16, 0.06]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?1.33	8.33	1427.67	?0.16	0.873	?0.01	[?0.11, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Negative	10.81	13.95	67.87	0.78	0.441	0.07	[?0.10, 0.24]
	High Competence × Negative	21.04	12.65	58.52	1.66	0.102	0.13	[?0.02, 0.29]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?2.43	11.75	4860.48	?0.21	0.836	?0.02	[?0.16, 0.13]
	High Competence × Positive	9.16	11.86	4842.58	0.77	0.440	0.06	[?0.09, 0.21]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	492.91	33.41	32.77	14.75	< 0.001	?0.05	[?0.24, 0.14]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?0.49	45.61	40.08	?0.01	0.992	?0.002	[?0.26, 0.26]
	Low vs. High Competence	22.84	46.34	37.37	0.49	0.625	0.07	[?0.20, 0.33]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?22.19	17.83	66.45	?1.25	0.218	?0.06	[?0.16, 0.04]
	Neutral vs. Positive	24.82	17.66	968.93	1.41	0.160	0.07	[?0.03, 0.17]
	Medium Competence × Negative	24.22	24.59	63.81	0.99	0.329	0.07	[?0.07, 0.21]
	High Competence × Negative	49.58	28.75	54.44	1.72	0.090	0.14	[?0.02, 0.31]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?20.99	25.11	105.35	?0.84	0.405	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.08]
	High Competence × Positive	?20.53	24.69	79.83	?0.83	0.408	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.08]

Table 4 Results of linear mixed-effects model (LMM) analysis for the post-keyword region in Experiment 2

Measure	Fixed Effect	b	SE	df	t	p	β	95% CI
First Fixation Duration	Intercept	237.59	8.40	51.76	28.28	< 0.001	0.05	[?0.13, 0.22]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?10.19	10.74	49.15	?0.95	0.347	?0.1	[?0.32, 0.11]
	Low vs. High Competence	?7.11	11.40	54.60	?0.62	0.535	?0.07	[?0.31, 0.16]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?1.66	6.09	83.01	?0.27	0.786	?0.02	[?0.14, 0.11]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?5.49	5.24	1873.62	?1.05	0.295	?0.06	[?0.17, 0.05]
	Medium Competence × Negative	7.37	8.79	83.91	0.84	0.404	0.08	[?0.10, 0.25]
	High Competence × Negative	13.89	8.77	79.36	1.58	0.117	0.14	[?0.04, 0.32]
	Medium Competence × Positive	13.74	7.44	4858.03	1.85	0.065	0.14	[?0.01, 0.29]
	High Competence × Positive	15.19	7.91	75.19	1.92	0.059	0.16	[ 0.00, 0.32]
Gaze Duration	Intercept	295.72	14.04	52.34	21.06	< 0.001	0.08	[?0.09, 0.26]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?10.73	19.20	51.69	?0.56	0.579	?0.07	[?0.31, 0.17]
	Low vs. High Competence	?15.84	17.76	46.33	?0.89	0.377	?0.10	[?0.33, 0.12]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?7.71	8.92	60.99	?0.87	0.391	?0.05	[?0.16, 0.06]
	Neutral vs. Positive	?1.33	8.33	1427.67	?0.16	0.873	?0.01	[?0.11, 0.10]
	Medium Competence × Negative	10.81	13.95	67.87	0.78	0.441	0.07	[?0.10, 0.24]
	High Competence × Negative	21.04	12.65	58.52	1.66	0.102	0.13	[?0.02, 0.29]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?2.43	11.75	4860.48	?0.21	0.836	?0.02	[?0.16, 0.13]
	High Competence × Positive	9.16	11.86	4842.58	0.77	0.440	0.06	[?0.09, 0.21]
Total Fixation Duration	Intercept	492.91	33.41	32.77	14.75	< 0.001	?0.05	[?0.24, 0.14]
	Low vs. Medium Competence	?0.49	45.61	40.08	?0.01	0.992	?0.002	[?0.26, 0.26]
	Low vs. High Competence	22.84	46.34	37.37	0.49	0.625	0.07	[?0.20, 0.33]
	Neutral vs. Negative	?22.19	17.83	66.45	?1.25	0.218	?0.06	[?0.16, 0.04]
	Neutral vs. Positive	24.82	17.66	968.93	1.41	0.160	0.07	[?0.03, 0.17]
	Medium Competence × Negative	24.22	24.59	63.81	0.99	0.329	0.07	[?0.07, 0.21]
	High Competence × Negative	49.58	28.75	54.44	1.72	0.090	0.14	[?0.02, 0.31]
	Medium Competence × Positive	?20.99	25.11	105.35	?0.84	0.405	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.08]
	High Competence × Positive	?20.53	24.69	79.83	?0.83	0.408	?0.06	[?0.20, 0.08]

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