The influence of social reward and punishment on deception

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1622

Abstract

Abstract:

Deception is a complex behavior involving the dissemination of misleading information or the intentional omission of relevant details, conveyed verbally and nonverbally. Although extensive research has explored strategies to mitigate deception, rewards and punishments have consistently emerged as key deterrents. Prior studies have predominantly focused on tangible incentives, such as monetary or token-based rewards and punishments. However, given that deception frequently occurs in interpersonal contexts, social rewards and punishments—eliciting positive or negative emotional responses—may also influence deceptive behavior. Despite this, their precise impact remains unclear.

To address this gap, the present study employed three experiments to examine the interplay between social rewards, social punishments, and deception, while also investigating the underlying mediating and moderating mechanisms. Experiment 1 engaged 30 participants in a signaling game (also known as the sender-receiver game) to assess whether social rewards and punishments influence deception in a manner similarly to monetary incentives. Experiment 2, involving 60 participants, extended this investigation by incorporating an adapted reputation concern scale to explore reputation concern as a potential mediator. Experiment 3 examined the moderating role of social value orientation (SVO). Participants with different SVOs, identified using the SVO Slider Measure, were recruited to determine whether social value orientation moderates the effects of social rewards and punishments on deception.

Findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated that social rewards and punishments, akin to monetary incentives, reduced deceptive behaviors, with social punishments proving more effective than social rewards. Drift-diffusion modeling (DDM) analysis revealed that, under conditions of social and monetary rewards and punishments, the drift rate (ν) was significantly lower compared to the condition without incentives, indicating that both forms of incentives promote evidence accumulation favoring non-deceptive behavior. Experiment 2 established reputation concern as a mediator in the relationship between social incentives and deception: Social incentives heightened reputation concerns, thereby reducing deception, whereas monetary incentives did not elicit this effect. Experiment 3 identified social value orientation as a moderator: Individuals with a pro-social orientation exhibited heightened reputation concerns in response to social incentives, leading to reduced deception, whereas this effect was absent among pro-self individuals.

Overall, the study confirms that social rewards and punishments effectively reduce deceptive behavior. By elucidating the psychological mechanisms involved and broadening the empirical understanding of social incentives, these findings offer valuable insights into mitigating deception in interpersonal interactions. Future research could further explore the moderating effects of different social contexts or individual differences to more comprehensively delineate the boundary conditions under which social rewards and punishments influence deceptive behavior.

Key words: social reward and punishment, deception, reputation concern, social value orientation, Drift-Diffusion Modeling

YUAN Bo, ZHAO Jingshi, QI Dan, ZHAO Tong, HU Jiaqi. (2025). The influence of social reward and punishment on deception. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(9), 1622-1637.

Figures/Tables 12

Figure 1. Illustration of the Signaling Game Task.

Figure 2. Task procedure of Experiment 1.

Figure 3. Deception rates under different reward and punishment conditions. The error bars represent the standard error.

Figure 4. Deception rates in the next trial after participants received social reward and punishment feedback compared to the deception rates under the no feedback condition.

Figure 5. The left column shows the posterior probability density distributions of the four DDM parameters under different reward and punishment conditions. From top to bottom, the parameters are drift rate (v), boundary height (α), starting point bias (z), and non-decision time (τ). The orange line represents the no reward or punishment condition, the green line represents the social reward and punishment condition, and the blue line represents the monetary reward and punishment condition. The right column shows the corresponding posterior trace plots for each model parameter. Color figures are available in the electronic version, and the same applies hereafter.

Figure 6. The Impact of Different Types of Rewards and Punishments on Deceptive Behavior.

Figure 7. Mediating Effect Path Diagram of Social Rewards and Punishments
Note: *** p < 0.001, and similarly hereafter.

Figure 8. Mediation Effect Path Diagram of Monetary Rewards and Punishments.

Figure 9. The left column shows the posterior probability density distributions of the four parameters of the DDM under different reward and punishment conditions. From top to bottom, these are the drift rate (v), boundary height (α), starting point bias (z), and non-decision time (τ). The orange line represents the no reward and punishment condition, the green line represents the social reward and punishment condition, and the blue line represents the monetary reward and punishment condition. The right column shows the corresponding posterior trace plots for each model parameter.

Figure 10. Deception rates of proself and prosocial individuals under different reward and punishment conditions. The red solid circles represent the mean for each condition, while each semi-transparent circle represents the deception rate of each participant. The symmetric shapes on both sides indicate the probability distribution of the deception rate.

Table 1 Results of the moderation analysis of social value orientation.

Outcome Variable	Predictor Variable	Overall Fit Indicators		Regression Coefficient Significance
Outcome Variable	Predictor Variable	R²	F	β	t
Reputation Concern		0.10	13.64^***
	Social Rewards and Punishments			0.88	4.50^***
	Social Value Orientation			0.82	3.99^***
	Social Rewards × Social Value Orientation			0.90	2.18^*
Deceptive Behavior		0.27	35.82^***
	Reputation Concern			−0.06	−7.79^***
	Social Rewards and Punishments			−0.05	−1.83
	Social Value Orientation			−0.20	−6.48^***
	Social Rewards × Social Value Orientation			−0.03	−0.45

Figure 11. The left column shows the posterior probability density distributions of the four DDM parameters under different reward and punishment conditions. From top to bottom, they are the drift rate (v), boundary height (α), starting point bias (z), and non-decision time (τ). The orange line represents the no reward/punishment condition, the green line represents the social reward/punishment condition, and the blue line represents the monetary reward/punishment condition. The right column shows the posterior trace plots for the corresponding model parameters.

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