Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables
| Variables | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|
| 1. Subordinate gender a | — | — | — | | | | | | | | |
| 2. Subordinate age b | — | — | 0.06 | — | | | | | | | |
| 3. Subordinate education c | 2.86 | 0.67 | ?0.10 | ?0.29*** | — | | | | | | |
| 4. Subordinate organizational tenure d | 3.11 | 1.10 | 0.10 | 0.65*** | ?0.21** | — | | | | | |
| 5. Subordinate conscientiousness | 5.40 | 0.82 | 0.15* | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.08 | — | | | | |
| 6. Leader gender e | — | — | 0.18** | ?0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | — | | | |
| 7. Leader age f | — | — | 0.04 | 0.42*** | ?0.04 | 0.37*** | ?0.02 | ?0.03 | — | | |
| 8. Leader education g | 2.92 | 0.62 | ?0.01 | ?0.20** | 0.31*** | ?0.27*** | 0.09 | 0.13* | ?0.32*** | — | |
| 9. Leader organizational tenure h | 2.40 | 1.08 | 0.04 | 0.39*** | ?0.02 | 0.51*** | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.70*** | ?0.39*** | — |
| 10. Leader agreeableness | 5.17 | 1.10 | 0.07 | ?0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.08 | ?0.07 | 0.03 | ?0.05 | 0.14* |
| 11. Leader narcissism T1 | 4.29 | 1.25 | 0.11 | ?0.08 | ?0.02 | ?0.03 | 0.05 | ?0.09 | ?0.11 | ?0.02 | ?0.03 |
| 12. Abusive supervision T1 | 2.12 | 1.27 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ?0.17** | 0.15* | 0.05 | 0.04 | ?0.03 |
| 13. Abusive supervision T2 | 2.54 | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | ?0.19** | 0.07 | 0.04 | ?0.06 | ?0.06 |
| 14. Abusive supervision T3 | 2.13 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.08 | ?0.22*** | 0.11 | 0.18** | ?0.08 | 0.07 |
| 15. Abusive supervision T4 | 2.51 | 1.28 | ?0.06 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.09 | ?0.18** | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ?0.03 |
| 16. Constructive resistance T2 | 4.61 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | ?0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ?0.01 |
| 17. Constructive resistance T3 | 4.71 | 1.08 | 0.10 | ?0.03 | 0.04 | ?0.08 | 0.09 | ?0.05 | ?0.08 | 0.07 | ?0.09 |
| 18. Dysfunctional resistance T2 | 2.40 | 1.06 | ?0.03 | ?0.02 | 0.03 | ?0.03 | ?0.19** | 0.12 | ?0.03 | 0.11 | ?0.07 |
| 19. Dysfunctional resistance T3 | 2.50 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | ?0.08 | 0.06 | ?0.19** | 0.10 | ?0.01 | ?0.03 | ?0.05 |
| 20. Defensive silence T2 | 3.50 | 1.29 | 0.04 | ?0.02 | 0.00 | ?0.05 | ?0.15* | 0.05 | 0.05 | ?0.02 | ?0.06 |
| 21. Defensive silence T3 | 3.65 | 1.28 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ?0.03 | 0.04 | ?0.21** | 0.07 | 0.01 | ?0.14* | ?0.01 |
| Variables | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| 11. Leader narcissism T1 | 0.07 | — | | | | | | | | | |
| 12. Abusive supervision T1 | ?0.16** | ?0.14* | — | | | | | | | | |
| 13. Abusive supervision T2 | ?0.20** | 0.02 | 0.54*** | — | | | | | | | |
| 14. Abusive supervision T3 | ?0.13* | ?0.08 | 0.48*** | 0.56*** | — | | | | | | |
| 15. Abusive supervision T4 | ?0.19** | ?0.07 | 0.60*** | 0.64*** | 0.51*** | — | | | | | |
| 16. Constructive resistance T2 | ?0.02 | 0.03 | 0.16** | 0.10 | ?0.14* | ?0.07 | — | | | | |
| 17. Constructive resistance T3 | ?0.04 | 0.20** | 0.03 | 0.14* | ?0.10 | ?0.14* | 0.59*** | — | | | |
| 18. Dysfunctional resistance T2 | ?0.41*** | ?0.05 | 0.42*** | 0.43*** | 0.35*** | 0.44*** | ?0.05 | 0.05 | — | | |
| 19. Dysfunctional resistance T3 | ?0.26*** | 0.01 | 0.43*** | 0.42*** | 0.36*** | 0.44*** | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.53*** | — | |
| 20. Defensive silence T2 | ?0.17** | ?0.05 | 0.39*** | 0.27*** | 0.40*** | 0.26*** | ?0.06 | ?0.06 | 0.32*** | 0.34*** | — |
| 21. Defensive silence T3 | ?0.14* | ?0.11 | 0.44*** | 0.42*** | 0.37*** | 0.44*** | ?0.01 | ?0.05 | 0.29*** | 0.37*** | 0.65*** |