Relationship between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analysis

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.01228

Abstract

Abstract:

Aggression and violence are prevalent public health problems, tremendously harming individuals, families and society. Supposedly, low self-esteem is an important cause of aggression. However, some researchers have suggested that aggression may be attributable to threatened egoism, that is, the inflated and narcissistic view of self that is threatened, rather than low self-esteem itself. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between narcissism and aggression. However, these results appear somewhat inconsistent in different studies. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to explore the strength and moderators of the relationship between narcissism and aggression.
We included Chinese and English literature from 1965 to 2021. A total of 177 independent effect sizes (121 studies, 73687 participants) were found within the criteria of the meta-analysis. On the basis of the characteristics of studies, we selected the random-effects model. After the data was coded, independent effect sizes were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.3 program.
The results of the funnel plot and Egger test showed no publication bias. Results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.27, 95% CI [0.25, 0.29]) between narcissism and aggression. Additionally, the moderation analyses revealed that the strength of the relationship was moderated by gender and the modes of reporting narcissism, but not by the modes of reporting aggression or culture. Meanwhile, different types of narcissism related differently to aggression, in that covert narcissism was more positively correlated with aggression compared with overt narcissism, and maladaptive narcissism was more positively correlated with aggression compared with adaptive narcissism.
Based on the meta-analysis, narcissism and aggression were closely related. The mechanisms of aggression must be identified to develop effective prevention and intervention strategies to alleviate the public health problems caused by aggression. Future research could: (1) The present study found that the modes of reporting narcissism play a moderating role in the relationship between narcissism and aggression. Therefore, to gain insights into the reporters’ bias and obtain accurate and complete information regarding narcissism, the data of multiple reporters can be employed. (2) Overt narcissism and covert narcissism are distinct structures, and the existing studies on the relationship between narcissism and aggression have paid less attention to covert narcissism. The present study found that covert narcissism is more likely to be a risk factor for aggression than overt narcissism. Therefore, future research could strengthen the exploration of covert narcissism.

Key words: narcissism, aggression, meta-analysis

ZHANG Lihua, ZHU He. (2021). Relationship between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(11), 1228-1243.

Figures/Tables 4

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Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Alexander, 2020	324	College student	20.59	0.24	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Amad, 2015	214	College student	20.44 ± 2.40	0.71	NPI	RPQ	Thesis
	288	College student	22.65 ± 2.51	0.53	NPI	RPQ	Thesis
An, 2021	296	Driver	36.86 ± 10.49	0.49	ZHNPQ	Other	Other
Ang, 2010	809	Child, adolescent	9~16	0.52	NPQC	Other	SSCI
Ang, 2011	336	Adolescent	14.29 ± 1.29	0.52	NPQC	Other	SSCI
	374	Adolescent	14.86 ± 1.45	0.46	NPQC	Other	SSCI
Ang, 2016	1024	Adolescent	14.10 ± 1.15	0.58	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Ball, 2018	168	Driver	35.03 ± 14.25	0.49	SD3	Other	SSCI
Barnett, 2016	831	College student	21 ± 3.86	0.29	PNI	BPAQ	SSCI
Barry, 2007	160	Aggressive child	9~12	0.64	APSD	Other	SSCI
Barry, 2009	213	Adolescent who dropout	16.77 ± 0.69	0.79	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Barry, 2015	251	Adolescent who dropout	16.78 ± 0.73	1.00	PNI, NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Baughman, 2012	657	Adult	23.1 ± 8.65	0.31	SD3	Other	SSCI
Bird, 2016	60	College student	22.7 ± 2.93	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
	54	College student	21.28 ± 2.90	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
Burtăverde, 2016	274	College student	25.08 ± 8.02	0.21	SD3	Other	SSCI
	95	Driver	31.47 ± 7.88	0.53	SD3	Other	SSCI
Burton, 2011	262	College student	33.38 ± 9.54	0.56	NPI	Other	SSCI
Bushman, 2009	280	College student	-	0.50	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Caiozzo, 2016	1180	College student	18.85 ± 1.15	0.32	NPI	Other	SSCI
Chen, 2018	424	College student	19.7	0.50	NPQ, ZHNPQ-C	BPAQ, AOABS	Thesis
Cheng, 2020	795	College student	20.70 ± 2.06	0.25	NPI	BPAQ	Core
Chester, 2016	30	College student	18.86 ± 1.25	0.50	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Crowe, 2019	591	Adult	37.0 ± 11.8	0.38	Other	Other, RPQ	SSCI
de Zavala, 2009	92	College student	28.80 ± 7.10	0.43	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Deng, 2017	362	Adolescent	-	0.50	Other	BPAQ	Core
Dinić, 2018	621	General	-	0.50	SD3	RPQ	SSCI
Dobrucalı, 2021	304	Driver	33.54 ± 9.54	0.63	Other	Other	SSCI
Donnellan, 2005	3143	College student	19.6 ± 1.6	0.32	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Edwards, 2013	362	Driver	20.65 ± 2.72	0.32	Other	Other	SSCI
Erzi, 2020	309	Adult	18~39	0.12	SD3	Other	SSCI
Falkenbach, 2013	118	College student	20 ± 2.65	0.26	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Fan, 2016	814	Adolescent	14.67 ± 1.58	0.53	NPI, ZHNPQ-C	Other	SSCI
Fanti, 2013	2036	Adolescent	16 ± 0.89	0.50	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Fanti, 2015	1416	Adolescent	12.89 ± 0.78	0.50	APSD	Other	SSCI
Gai, 2016	407	Adolescent	13.09 ± 0.44	0.53	CNS	Other	Other
	483	Adolescent	13.85 ± 0.42	0.49	CNS	Other	Other
Gao, 2014	88	Prisoner	-	1.00	ZHNPQ	Other	Core
Geng, 2015	577	College student	21.14 ± 1.07	0.44	DTDD, SD3	BPAQ	Core
Gewirtz-Meydan, 2018	256	General	34.38 ± 8.88	0.50	PNI	Other	ESCI
Golmaryami, 2010	43	Adolescent	16.76 ± 0.77	0.56	NPIC	Peer nomination, PCS	SSCI
Goodboy, 2015	227	College student	20.97 ± 2.32	0.46	DD	Other	SSCI
Gumpel, 2015	1661	Adolescent	13~18	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Han, 2018	918	Adolescent	14.97 ± 1.06	0	APSD	Other	Core
Hart, Richardson, 2018	448	Adult	36.79 ± 12.20	0.38	NPI	Other	SSCI
Hart, Tortoriello, 2018	680	College student	18.60 ± 0.88	0.22	NPI, PNI	Other	SSCI
He, 2010	223	College student	20.14 ± 1.66	0.26	NPI	BPAQ	Thesis
He, 2016	773	Adolescent	14.72 ± 1.90	0.53	ZHNPQ	Other	Thesis
Heinze, 2020	648	General	27.68 ± 9.84	0.19	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
Houlcroft, 2012	300	College student	-	-	PNI, other	BPAQ	SSCI
Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Jonason, 2015	290	General	31.60 ± 10.34	0.35	SD3	RPQ	SSCI
Jones, 2015	325	Adult, college student	34.96 ± 12.75; 20.62 ± 2.46	0.36	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Juarros-Basterretxea, 2020	196	Prisoner	36.50 ± 9.85	1.00	MCMI-Ⅲ	CTS2	SSCI
Kalemi, 2019	196	Prisoner	35.47 ± 10.73	0	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
	157	General	35.47 ± 10.73	0	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Kauten, 2013	154	Adolescent who dropout	17.05 ± 0.88	0.84	APSD	PCS	SSCI
Kauten, 2014	183	Adolescent	16.97 ± 0.80	0.87	PNI	PCS, peer nomination	SSCI
Kauten, 2015	153	Adolescent who dropout	17.12 ± 1.04	0.85	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Kealy, 2017	1000	Adult	49.6 ± 14.6	1.00	PNI	Other	SSCI
Keene, 2016	400	College student	21.39	0.20	PNI	BPAQ	SSCI
Kerig, 2010	252	Adolescent	-	0.56	APSD	Other	SSCI
Kiire, 2017	344	College student	19.0 ± 1.25	0.47	SD3	Other	SSCI
Kim, 2008	1471	General	21.30 ± 4.96	0.83	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
Kircaburun, 2018	761	College student	20.70 ± 2.28	0.36	DD	Other	SSCI
Klimstra, 2014	611	Adolescent	16.79 ± 0.87	0.46	DD	Other	SSCI
	302	Adolescent	12.79 ± 0.78	0.52	DD	Peer nomination, Other	SSCI
Knight, 2018	443	College student	19	0.30	PNI	Other	SSCI
Kokkinos, 2016	94	College student	-	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
Küfner, 2013	100	College student	27.79 ± 3.67	0.37	NPI	Other	SSCI
	68	College student	24.50 ± 3.87	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Kurek, 2019	709	Adolescent	15.56	0.50	PNI	Other	SSCI
Lau, 2013	139	Adolescent	13.55 ± 2.18	0.49	APSD	PCS	SSCI
Law, 2018	136	College student	19.86 ± 4.22	0.24	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Li, 2011	102	College student	18~23	0.31	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Other
Li, 2016	162	College student	19.59 ± 1.24	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Li, 2018	718	College student	19.48 ± 1.12	0.17	PNI	Other	Core
Liao, 2015	358	College student	20.39 ± 1.30	0.54	ZHNPQ	CTS2	Core
Linton, 2013	224	College student	21.45 ± 0.89	0.30	NPI	BPAQ, other	SSCI
Liu, 2019	530	Adolescent	18.81 ± 1.76	0.18	DD	BPAQ	SSCI
Liu, 2021	498	Prisoner	34.01 ± 6.67	1.00	NPI, HSNS	Other	Core
Lobbestael, 2014	100	College student	19.47 ± 2.16	1.00	NPI, HSNS	RPQ	SSCI
	94	College student	-	1.00	NPI, HSNS	CRT	SSCI
Lobbestael, 2020	153	General	-	-	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Lu, 2020	1366	College student	19.56 ± 1.30	0.50	ZHNPQ-O	BPAQ	Core
Lustman, 2010	210	College student	20.12 ± 3.97	0.31	NPI	Other	SSCI
Maples, 2010	108	College student	19.16 ± 1.30	0.56	SCID-II, other	CRT, RPQ, other	SSCI
	143	College student	19.31 ± 1.67	0.57	SCID-II, other	CRT, RPQ, other	SSCI
March, 2020	1001	Adult	22.42 ± 4.31	0.46	NPI	Other	SSCI
Marsee, 2005	200	Adolescent	13.16 ± 1.57	0.43	APSD	Other	SSCI
Ménard, 2018	2441	College student	19.40 ± 2.18	0.45	PNI	CTS2	SSCI
Meng, 2014	323	Adolescent	15.7	0.41	ZHNPQ	AOABS	Other
Michel, 2013	381	General	36	0.46	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Miller, 2009	86	College student	-	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Muñoz, 2013	85	Prisoner	15.50 ± 1.28	1.00	APSD	CRT	SSCI
Odaci, 2013	424	College student	18.69 ± 0.97	0.49	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Ojanen, 2012	383	Adolescent	12~14	0.47	NPI	Peer nomination	SSCI
Okada, 2010	262	College student	20.09 ± 1.05	0.39	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
	127	College student	19.89 ± 2.21	0.33	Other	Other	SSCI
Öngen, 2010	247	College student	17~26	0.44	NPI	BPAQ	Other
Onishi, 2012	547	Child, adolescent	10~15	0.48	Other	Other	SSCI
Pabian, 2015	324	Adolescent	16.05 ± 1.31	0.37	SD3	Other	SSCI
Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Pailing, 2014	159	Adult	29.25 ± 11.09	0.27	SD3	Other	SSCI
Pechorro, 2016	438	Prisoner	17.15 ± 1.76	1.00	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Przepiorka, 2014	334	Driver	32.81 ± 10.08	0.69	NPI	Other	SSCI
Reidy, 2008	91	College student	20	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Reidy, 2010	137	College student	-	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Sagioglou, 2016	504	General	34.71 ± 11.54	0.51	SD3	BPAQ	SCIE
Seah, 2008	698	Adolescent	13.99 ± 1.04	0.55	NPQC	RPQ	SSCI
Shi, 2020	324	High school student	15.31 ± 0.56	0.52	DTDD	BPAQ	Thesis
Song, 2013	602	College student	20.73 ± 1.40	0.49	NPI, HSNS	BPAQ	Other
Stuart, 2019	262	Adolescent	14.40 ± 1.26	0	PNI	Other	SSCI
Tanrikulu, 2019	598	College student	20.23 ± 1.84	0.61	NPI	Other	SSCI
Tetreault, 2018	342	College student	26.54 ± 7.73	0.40	SD3	Other	SSCI
Thomaes, 2008	280	Child	11.7 ± 1.0	0.55	CNS	Peer nomination, Other	SSCI
Twenge, 2003	31	College student	18.9	0.52	NPI	CRT	SSCI
van Geel, 2017	1568	Vocational High School	17.58 ± 1.39	0.38	SD3	Other	SSCI
Vize, 2019	192	College student	19.54 ± 2.59	0.50	Other	RPQ, other	SSCI
von Collani, 2005	401	General	34.7 ± 13.1	0.46	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Wallace, 2012	174	Adolescent who dropout	17.04 ± 0.88	0.83	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Washburn, 2004	233	Adolescent	12.52 ± 1.15	0.37	NPI	Other	SSCI
Webster, 2016	64	General	19.1 ± 1.8	0.50	DD	BPAQ, other	SSCI
Westhead, 2015	305	Adult	27.58 ± 10.39	0.44	SD3	Other	SSCI
Wink, 1991	350	General, college student	37 ± 10.22	0.50	Other	Other	SSCI
Yang, 2017	2195	College student	20.05 ± 1.49	0.43	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Core
Zerach, 2016	347	Adult	-	0.42	PNI	Other	SSCI
Zhai, 2012	233	Adolescent	17.17 ± 0.63	0.41	Other	BPAQ	Thesis
Zhang, 2012	338	College student	18~26	0.48	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Thesis
Zhang, 2019	715	Prisoner	-	-	Other	RPQ	Thesis
Zhang,& Lan, 2020	563	College student	-	0.55	NPQ	BPAQ	Core
Zhang,& Zhao 2020	675	College student	19.64 ± 1.39	0.44	DD	AOABS	SSCI
Zheng, 2020	615	College student	19.83 ± 1.44	0.35	DD	BPAQ	Core

Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Alexander, 2020	324	College student	20.59	0.24	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Amad, 2015	214	College student	20.44 ± 2.40	0.71	NPI	RPQ	Thesis
	288	College student	22.65 ± 2.51	0.53	NPI	RPQ	Thesis
An, 2021	296	Driver	36.86 ± 10.49	0.49	ZHNPQ	Other	Other
Ang, 2010	809	Child, adolescent	9~16	0.52	NPQC	Other	SSCI
Ang, 2011	336	Adolescent	14.29 ± 1.29	0.52	NPQC	Other	SSCI
	374	Adolescent	14.86 ± 1.45	0.46	NPQC	Other	SSCI
Ang, 2016	1024	Adolescent	14.10 ± 1.15	0.58	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Ball, 2018	168	Driver	35.03 ± 14.25	0.49	SD3	Other	SSCI
Barnett, 2016	831	College student	21 ± 3.86	0.29	PNI	BPAQ	SSCI
Barry, 2007	160	Aggressive child	9~12	0.64	APSD	Other	SSCI
Barry, 2009	213	Adolescent who dropout	16.77 ± 0.69	0.79	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Barry, 2015	251	Adolescent who dropout	16.78 ± 0.73	1.00	PNI, NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Baughman, 2012	657	Adult	23.1 ± 8.65	0.31	SD3	Other	SSCI
Bird, 2016	60	College student	22.7 ± 2.93	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
	54	College student	21.28 ± 2.90	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
Burtăverde, 2016	274	College student	25.08 ± 8.02	0.21	SD3	Other	SSCI
	95	Driver	31.47 ± 7.88	0.53	SD3	Other	SSCI
Burton, 2011	262	College student	33.38 ± 9.54	0.56	NPI	Other	SSCI
Bushman, 2009	280	College student	-	0.50	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Caiozzo, 2016	1180	College student	18.85 ± 1.15	0.32	NPI	Other	SSCI
Chen, 2018	424	College student	19.7	0.50	NPQ, ZHNPQ-C	BPAQ, AOABS	Thesis
Cheng, 2020	795	College student	20.70 ± 2.06	0.25	NPI	BPAQ	Core
Chester, 2016	30	College student	18.86 ± 1.25	0.50	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Crowe, 2019	591	Adult	37.0 ± 11.8	0.38	Other	Other, RPQ	SSCI
de Zavala, 2009	92	College student	28.80 ± 7.10	0.43	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Deng, 2017	362	Adolescent	-	0.50	Other	BPAQ	Core
Dinić, 2018	621	General	-	0.50	SD3	RPQ	SSCI
Dobrucalı, 2021	304	Driver	33.54 ± 9.54	0.63	Other	Other	SSCI
Donnellan, 2005	3143	College student	19.6 ± 1.6	0.32	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Edwards, 2013	362	Driver	20.65 ± 2.72	0.32	Other	Other	SSCI
Erzi, 2020	309	Adult	18~39	0.12	SD3	Other	SSCI
Falkenbach, 2013	118	College student	20 ± 2.65	0.26	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Fan, 2016	814	Adolescent	14.67 ± 1.58	0.53	NPI, ZHNPQ-C	Other	SSCI
Fanti, 2013	2036	Adolescent	16 ± 0.89	0.50	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Fanti, 2015	1416	Adolescent	12.89 ± 0.78	0.50	APSD	Other	SSCI
Gai, 2016	407	Adolescent	13.09 ± 0.44	0.53	CNS	Other	Other
	483	Adolescent	13.85 ± 0.42	0.49	CNS	Other	Other
Gao, 2014	88	Prisoner	-	1.00	ZHNPQ	Other	Core
Geng, 2015	577	College student	21.14 ± 1.07	0.44	DTDD, SD3	BPAQ	Core
Gewirtz-Meydan, 2018	256	General	34.38 ± 8.88	0.50	PNI	Other	ESCI
Golmaryami, 2010	43	Adolescent	16.76 ± 0.77	0.56	NPIC	Peer nomination, PCS	SSCI
Goodboy, 2015	227	College student	20.97 ± 2.32	0.46	DD	Other	SSCI
Gumpel, 2015	1661	Adolescent	13~18	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Han, 2018	918	Adolescent	14.97 ± 1.06	0	APSD	Other	Core
Hart, Richardson, 2018	448	Adult	36.79 ± 12.20	0.38	NPI	Other	SSCI
Hart, Tortoriello, 2018	680	College student	18.60 ± 0.88	0.22	NPI, PNI	Other	SSCI
He, 2010	223	College student	20.14 ± 1.66	0.26	NPI	BPAQ	Thesis
He, 2016	773	Adolescent	14.72 ± 1.90	0.53	ZHNPQ	Other	Thesis
Heinze, 2020	648	General	27.68 ± 9.84	0.19	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
Houlcroft, 2012	300	College student	-	-	PNI, other	BPAQ	SSCI
Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Jonason, 2015	290	General	31.60 ± 10.34	0.35	SD3	RPQ	SSCI
Jones, 2015	325	Adult, college student	34.96 ± 12.75; 20.62 ± 2.46	0.36	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Juarros-Basterretxea, 2020	196	Prisoner	36.50 ± 9.85	1.00	MCMI-Ⅲ	CTS2	SSCI
Kalemi, 2019	196	Prisoner	35.47 ± 10.73	0	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
	157	General	35.47 ± 10.73	0	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Kauten, 2013	154	Adolescent who dropout	17.05 ± 0.88	0.84	APSD	PCS	SSCI
Kauten, 2014	183	Adolescent	16.97 ± 0.80	0.87	PNI	PCS, peer nomination	SSCI
Kauten, 2015	153	Adolescent who dropout	17.12 ± 1.04	0.85	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Kealy, 2017	1000	Adult	49.6 ± 14.6	1.00	PNI	Other	SSCI
Keene, 2016	400	College student	21.39	0.20	PNI	BPAQ	SSCI
Kerig, 2010	252	Adolescent	-	0.56	APSD	Other	SSCI
Kiire, 2017	344	College student	19.0 ± 1.25	0.47	SD3	Other	SSCI
Kim, 2008	1471	General	21.30 ± 4.96	0.83	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
Kircaburun, 2018	761	College student	20.70 ± 2.28	0.36	DD	Other	SSCI
Klimstra, 2014	611	Adolescent	16.79 ± 0.87	0.46	DD	Other	SSCI
	302	Adolescent	12.79 ± 0.78	0.52	DD	Peer nomination, Other	SSCI
Knight, 2018	443	College student	19	0.30	PNI	Other	SSCI
Kokkinos, 2016	94	College student	-	1.00	NPI	Other	SSCI
Küfner, 2013	100	College student	27.79 ± 3.67	0.37	NPI	Other	SSCI
	68	College student	24.50 ± 3.87	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Kurek, 2019	709	Adolescent	15.56	0.50	PNI	Other	SSCI
Lau, 2013	139	Adolescent	13.55 ± 2.18	0.49	APSD	PCS	SSCI
Law, 2018	136	College student	19.86 ± 4.22	0.24	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Li, 2011	102	College student	18~23	0.31	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Other
Li, 2016	162	College student	19.59 ± 1.24	0.50	NPI	Other	SSCI
Li, 2018	718	College student	19.48 ± 1.12	0.17	PNI	Other	Core
Liao, 2015	358	College student	20.39 ± 1.30	0.54	ZHNPQ	CTS2	Core
Linton, 2013	224	College student	21.45 ± 0.89	0.30	NPI	BPAQ, other	SSCI
Liu, 2019	530	Adolescent	18.81 ± 1.76	0.18	DD	BPAQ	SSCI
Liu, 2021	498	Prisoner	34.01 ± 6.67	1.00	NPI, HSNS	Other	Core
Lobbestael, 2014	100	College student	19.47 ± 2.16	1.00	NPI, HSNS	RPQ	SSCI
	94	College student	-	1.00	NPI, HSNS	CRT	SSCI
Lobbestael, 2020	153	General	-	-	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Lu, 2020	1366	College student	19.56 ± 1.30	0.50	ZHNPQ-O	BPAQ	Core
Lustman, 2010	210	College student	20.12 ± 3.97	0.31	NPI	Other	SSCI
Maples, 2010	108	College student	19.16 ± 1.30	0.56	SCID-II, other	CRT, RPQ, other	SSCI
	143	College student	19.31 ± 1.67	0.57	SCID-II, other	CRT, RPQ, other	SSCI
March, 2020	1001	Adult	22.42 ± 4.31	0.46	NPI	Other	SSCI
Marsee, 2005	200	Adolescent	13.16 ± 1.57	0.43	APSD	Other	SSCI
Ménard, 2018	2441	College student	19.40 ± 2.18	0.45	PNI	CTS2	SSCI
Meng, 2014	323	Adolescent	15.7	0.41	ZHNPQ	AOABS	Other
Michel, 2013	381	General	36	0.46	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Miller, 2009	86	College student	-	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Muñoz, 2013	85	Prisoner	15.50 ± 1.28	1.00	APSD	CRT	SSCI
Odaci, 2013	424	College student	18.69 ± 0.97	0.49	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Ojanen, 2012	383	Adolescent	12~14	0.47	NPI	Peer nomination	SSCI
Okada, 2010	262	College student	20.09 ± 1.05	0.39	Other	BPAQ	SSCI
	127	College student	19.89 ± 2.21	0.33	Other	Other	SSCI
Öngen, 2010	247	College student	17~26	0.44	NPI	BPAQ	Other
Onishi, 2012	547	Child, adolescent	10~15	0.48	Other	Other	SSCI
Pabian, 2015	324	Adolescent	16.05 ± 1.31	0.37	SD3	Other	SSCI
Author, Year ^a	N	Participant type	Age ^b	Ratio of male	Narcissism measure ^c	Aggression measure ^d	Source ^e
Pailing, 2014	159	Adult	29.25 ± 11.09	0.27	SD3	Other	SSCI
Pechorro, 2016	438	Prisoner	17.15 ± 1.76	1.00	APSD	RPQ	SSCI
Przepiorka, 2014	334	Driver	32.81 ± 10.08	0.69	NPI	Other	SSCI
Reidy, 2008	91	College student	20	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Reidy, 2010	137	College student	-	1.00	NPI	CRT	SSCI
Sagioglou, 2016	504	General	34.71 ± 11.54	0.51	SD3	BPAQ	SCIE
Seah, 2008	698	Adolescent	13.99 ± 1.04	0.55	NPQC	RPQ	SSCI
Shi, 2020	324	High school student	15.31 ± 0.56	0.52	DTDD	BPAQ	Thesis
Song, 2013	602	College student	20.73 ± 1.40	0.49	NPI, HSNS	BPAQ	Other
Stuart, 2019	262	Adolescent	14.40 ± 1.26	0	PNI	Other	SSCI
Tanrikulu, 2019	598	College student	20.23 ± 1.84	0.61	NPI	Other	SSCI
Tetreault, 2018	342	College student	26.54 ± 7.73	0.40	SD3	Other	SSCI
Thomaes, 2008	280	Child	11.7 ± 1.0	0.55	CNS	Peer nomination, Other	SSCI
Twenge, 2003	31	College student	18.9	0.52	NPI	CRT	SSCI
van Geel, 2017	1568	Vocational High School	17.58 ± 1.39	0.38	SD3	Other	SSCI
Vize, 2019	192	College student	19.54 ± 2.59	0.50	Other	RPQ, other	SSCI
von Collani, 2005	401	General	34.7 ± 13.1	0.46	NPI	BPAQ	SSCI
Wallace, 2012	174	Adolescent who dropout	17.04 ± 0.88	0.83	NPIC	PCS	SSCI
Washburn, 2004	233	Adolescent	12.52 ± 1.15	0.37	NPI	Other	SSCI
Webster, 2016	64	General	19.1 ± 1.8	0.50	DD	BPAQ, other	SSCI
Westhead, 2015	305	Adult	27.58 ± 10.39	0.44	SD3	Other	SSCI
Wink, 1991	350	General, college student	37 ± 10.22	0.50	Other	Other	SSCI
Yang, 2017	2195	College student	20.05 ± 1.49	0.43	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Core
Zerach, 2016	347	Adult	-	0.42	PNI	Other	SSCI
Zhai, 2012	233	Adolescent	17.17 ± 0.63	0.41	Other	BPAQ	Thesis
Zhang, 2012	338	College student	18~26	0.48	ZHNPQ	BPAQ	Thesis
Zhang, 2019	715	Prisoner	-	-	Other	RPQ	Thesis
Zhang,& Lan, 2020	563	College student	-	0.55	NPQ	BPAQ	Core
Zhang,& Zhao 2020	675	College student	19.64 ± 1.39	0.44	DD	AOABS	SSCI
Zheng, 2020	615	College student	19.83 ± 1.44	0.35	DD	BPAQ	Core

Moderators	Heterogeneity test			Categories	k	N	r	95% CI
Moderators	Q_b	df	p	Categories	k	N	r	Lower limit	Upper limit
Narcissism measure	5.54	1	0.019	Others-report	10	1365	0.38	0.29	0.47
Narcissism measure	5.54	1	0.019	Self-report	166	71674	0.26	0.24	0.29
Aggression measure	1.46	2	0.482	Behavioral indicators	15	1637	0.22	0.13	0.30
				Others-report	14	2889	0.27	0.18	0.35
				Self-report	144	69161	0.27	0.25	0.30
Culture	0.06	1	0.808	Individualism	110	36450	0.26	0.23	0.29
Culture	0.06	1	0.808	Collectivism	65	32369	0.27	0.23	0.30

Moderators	Heterogeneity test			Categories	k	N	r	95% CI
Moderators	Q_b	df	p	Categories	k	N	r	Lower limit	Upper limit
Narcissism measure	5.54	1	0.019	Others-report	10	1365	0.38	0.29	0.47
Narcissism measure	5.54	1	0.019	Self-report	166	71674	0.26	0.24	0.29
Aggression measure	1.46	2	0.482	Behavioral indicators	15	1637	0.22	0.13	0.30
				Others-report	14	2889	0.27	0.18	0.35
				Self-report	144	69161	0.27	0.25	0.30
Culture	0.06	1	0.808	Individualism	110	36450	0.26	0.23	0.29
Culture	0.06	1	0.808	Collectivism	65	32369	0.27	0.23	0.30

Narcissism type	Aggression type	k	N	r	95% CI
Narcissism type	Aggression type	k	N	r	Lower limit	Upper limit
Total narcissism score	Proactive aggression	27	10102	0.34	0.27	0.40
	Reactive aggression	31	12037	0.30	0.23	0.36
	Anger	22	12467	0.22	0.16	0.28
	Hostility	22	12210	0.22	0.16	0.29
	Physical aggression	35	17756	0.24	0.19	0.29
	Verbal aggression	29	15260	0.25	0.20	0.31
	Direct aggression	5	2174	0.12	-0.02	0.26
	Indirect aggression	6	2892	0.28	0.15	0.39
	Overt aggression	6	1783	0.26	0.14	0.37
	Relational aggression	20	5775	0.31	0.24	0.37
Overt narcissism	Total aggression score	146	60670	0.25	0.23	0.27
	Proactive aggression	21	8239	0.33	0.24	0.41
	Reactive aggression	25	10174	0.27	0.19	0.34
	Anger	22	12148	0.18	0.13	0.23
	Hostility	16	7616	0.21	0.15	0.27
	Physical aggression	34	16430	0.23	0.18	0.27
	Verbal aggression	28	13086	0.23	0.19	0.28
Covert narcissism	Total aggression score	30	14414	0.32	0.27	0.37
	Proactive aggression	5	1708	0.28	0.10	0.44
	Reactive aggression	7	2515	0.29	0.16	0.42
	Anger	9	5150	0.36	0.28	0.43
	Hostility	11	5932	0.49	0.42	0.54
	Physical aggression	13	5932	0.27	0.21	0.34
	Verbal aggression	10	5150	0.24	0.16	0.32
Adaptive narcissism	Total aggression score	3	715	0.11	0.01	0.21
Maladaptive narcissism	Total aggression score	3	715	0.28	0.19	0.38