Figure 1. Results of Experiment 1. (A) Emotional motivation parameter (Φ). Differences in participants’ reciprocal preferences (Obligation-motivated vs. communal-motivated) before and after observational learning. (B) Changes in emotional motivation parameter (|ΔΦ|). Differences in the degree of change in reciprocal preferences between obligation-motivated and communal-motivated participants after observational learning. *** p < 0.001; * p < 0.05

Figure 2. Results of Experiment 2. Changes in emotional motivation parameter (|ΔΦ|). Differences in the degree of change in reciprocal preferences between obligation-motivated and communal-motivated participants after observing individuals with different authority condition. ** p < 0.01.