The causes of body image disturbance: An explanation from “looking-glass self” perspective

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.02013

Abstract

Abstract:

Body image disturbance mainly refers to the individual's negative perception of the body, negative emotional experience and the corresponding negative behavior regulation. The "looking-glass self" theory suggests that the attitude and reaction of others is a "mirror" from which we know ourselves. According to this theory, the main external reasons for body image disturbance include the negative real evaluations from the primary group and the diverse real evaluations from the secondary group. Meanwhile, the main internal reasons include the fear of subjective imaginary evaluation and the deviation of subjective perceptual evaluation. To alleviate the increasing disturbance and promote the benign transformation of disorders, further researches are needed to explore the sources of body image disturbance, improve the intervention strategy on social interest, and disclose the basic influence of the other-oriented under face culture.

Key words: body image disturbance, looking-glass self, real evaluation, negative parenting, social interest

CLC Number:

B848

LI Qingqing, LIU Yi. The causes of body image disturbance: An explanation from “looking-glass self” perspective[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(11): 2013-2023.

Figures/Tables 3

References 58

[1]	姜彩芬 . ( 2009, 4月). 面子文化产生根源及社会功能. 广西社会科学, ( 3), 116-120.
[2]	林语堂 . ( 1994). 中国人. 上海: 学林出版社.
[3]	王玉慧, 吕振勇, 陈红, 吴双双, 肖子伦 . ( 2016). 男性身体意象失调:大众媒体的影响及作用机制. 心理科学进展, 24( 2), 282-292. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00282 URL
[4]	杨国枢 . ( 2004). 中国人的心理与行为:本土化研究. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社.
[5]	周璠, 石岩 . ( 2014). 女大学生体重知觉偏差及探因. 心理学报, 46( 1), 101-112.
[6]	Adler, M., & Dumas, B.( 1983). International portfolio choice and corporation finance: A synthesis. The Journal of Finance, 38( 3), 925-984. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02511.x URL
[7]	Altabe, M., & Thompson, J.K. ( 1996). Body image: a cognitive self-schema construct ? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20( 2), 171-193. doi: 10.1007/BF02228033 URL
[8]	Al-Yagon, M.( 2011). Adolescents’ subtypes of attachment security with fathers and mothers and self-perceptions of socioemotional adjustment. Psychology, 2( 4), 291-299.
[9]	Arroyo, A.( 2014). Connecting theory to fat talk: Body dissatisfaction mediates the relationships between weight discrepancy, upward comparison, body surveillance, and fat talk. Body Image, 11( 3), 303-306. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.04.006 URL
[10]	Bautista, C.L., & Hope, D.A . ( 2015). Fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety and response to positive and negative online social cues. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39( 5), 658-668. doi: 10.1007/s10608-015-9687-3 URL
[11]	Cacioli, J.P., & Mussap, A.J . ( 2014). Avatar body dimensions and men's body image. Body Image, 11( 2), 146-155. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.11.005 URL
[12]	Cash, T. F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., & Whitehead, A. ( 2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the body image states scale. Eating Disorders, 10( 2), 103-113. doi: 10.1080/10640260290081678 URL
[13]	Cash, T.F., & Pruzinsky, T.( 2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. Nursing Standard, 27( 4), 354-355.
[14]	Chang, F. C., Lee, C. M., Chen, P. H., Chiu, C. H., Pan, Y. C., & Huang, T. F. ( 2013). Association of thin-ideal media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors among adolescents in Taiwan. Eating Behaviors, 14( 3), 382-385. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.002 URL
[15]	Cooley, C.H. ( 1940). Human nature and the social order. ( pp.351-353). Macmillan Co.
[16]	Drury, C. A.A., & Louis, M.( 2002). Exploring the association between body weight, stigma of obesity, and health care avoidance. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 14( 12), 554-561. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00089.x URL pmid: 12567923
[17]	Erikson, E.H. ( 1994). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: Norton. ( Original work published 1959)
[18]	Feragen, K.B., & Stock, N.M . ( 2016). A longitudinal study of 340 young people with or without a visible difference: the impact of teasing on self-perceptions of appearance and depressive symptoms. Body Image, 16, 133-142. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.01.003 URL
[19]	Fowler, D., Hodgekins, J., Garety, P., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., … Bebbington, P. E.( 2012). Negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia: a longitudinal pathway analysis using structural equation modeling. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38( 5), 1063-1073 doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr019 URL
[20]	Gilbert, S., & Thompson, J.K. ( 1996). Feminist explanations of the development of eating disorders: common themes, research findings, and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology Science & Practice, 3( 3), 183-202.
[21]	Gillen, M.M. ( 2015). Associations between positive body image and indicators of men's and women's mental and physical health. Body Image, 13, 67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002 URL
[22]	Glauert, R., Rhodes, G., Fink, B., & Grammer, K. ( 2010). Body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to thin bodies. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43( 1), 42-49. doi: 10.1002/eat.20663 URL pmid: 19260041
[23]	Israelashvili, M., Kim, T., & Bukobza, G. ( 2012). Adolescents' over-use of the cyber world--internet addiction or identity exploration ?. Journal of Adolescence, 35( 2), 417-424. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.015 URL
[24]	Jere, W. A., Bem, D., & Persuasión .( 2012). Self-perception Theory.Equ Press.
[25]	Jung, J., & Lee, S.H. ( 2010). Cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between korean and U.S. women. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34( 4), 350-365.
[26]	Kearney-Cooke, A., & Tieger, D.( 2015 ). Body Image Disturbance and the Development of Eating Disorders. The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders. doi: 10.1002/9781118574089.ch22 URL
[27]	Keery, H., Van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. ( 2004). An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1( 3), 237-251. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001 URL
[28]	Kenny, D.A., & DePaulo, B.M . ( 1993). Do people know how others view them? an empirical and theoretical account. Psychological Bulletin, 114( 1), 145-161. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.145 URL
[29]	Kinch, J.W. ( 1963). A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68( 4), 481-486. doi: 10.1086/223404 URL
[30]	Kjeld, P. É. (2012). Primary and secondary groups. Aud Publishing.
[31]	Liechty, J. M., Clarke, S., Birky, J. P., Harrison, K., & Team, S. K. ( 2016). Perceptions of early body image socialization in families: exploring knowledge, beliefs, and strategies among mothers of preschoolers. Body Image, 19, 68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.010 URL
[32]	Lindner, D., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Jentsch, F. ( 2012). Social comparison and the ‘circle of objectification’. Sex Roles, 67( 3-4), 222-235. doi: 10.1007/s11199-012-0175-x URL
[33]	Lorenzo, G. L., Biesanz, J. C., & Human, L. J. ( 2010). What is beautiful is good and more accurately understood: Physical attractiveness and accuracy in first impressions of personality. Psychological Science, 21( 12), 1777-1782. doi: 10.1177/0956797610388048 URL
[34]	Ma, A. C.H., & Smith, A.R . ( 2015). Ask and you shall receive: desire and receipt of feedback via facebook predicts disordered eating concerns. Int J Eat Disord, 48( 4), 436-442. doi: 10.1002/eat.22336 URL
[35]	Maphis, L. E., Martz, D. M., Bergman, S. S., Curtin, L. A., & Webb, R. M. ( 2013). Body size dissatisfaction and avoidance behavior: how gender, age, ethnicity, and relative clothing size predict what some won't try. Body Image, 10( 3), 361-368. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.02.003 URL
[36]	McCabe, M. P., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Karantzas, G. ( 2010). Impact of a healthy body image program among adolescent boys on body image, negative affect, and body change strategies. Body Image, 7( 2), 117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.10.007 URL
[37]	Michael, S. L., Wentzel, K., Elliott, M. N., Dittus, P. J., Kanouse, D. E., Wallander, J. L., … Schuster, M. A. ( 2014). Parental and peer factors associated with body image discrepancy among fifth-grade boys and girls. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43( 1), 15-29.
[38]	Miltner, K.M., & Baym, N.K . ( 2015). The selfie of the year of the selfie: reflections on a media scandal. International Journal of Communication, 9( 1), 1701-1715.
[39]	Oh, K., & Damhorst, M.L. ( 2009). Coorientation of body image among older married couples. Body Image, 6( 1), 43-47.
[40]	Paap, C.E., & Gardner, R.M . ( 2011). Body image disturbance and relationship satisfaction among college students. Personality & Individual Differences, 51( 6), 715-719.
[41]	Petroff, A. B., Martz, D. M., Webb, R. M., & Galloway, A. T. ( 2011). Predicting ideal body mass index: what does clothing size have to do with it ?. Body Image, 8( 2), 126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.02.003 URL pmid: 21429834
[42]	Pole, M., Crowther, J. H., & Schell, J. ( 2004). Body dissatisfaction in married women: the role of spousal influence and marital communication patterns. Body Image, 1( 3), 267-278. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.06.001 URL
[43]	Rajagopalan, J., & Shejwal, B.( 2014). Influence of sociocultural pressures on body image dissatisfaction. Psychological Studies, 59( 4), 357-364. doi: 10.1007/s12646-014-0245-y URL
[44]	Reas, D. L., Grilo, C. M., Masheb, R. M., & Wilson, G. T. ( 2005). Body checking and avoidance in overweight patients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37( 4), 342-346. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X URL
[45]	Savitsky, K., Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. ( 2001). Do others judge us as harshly as we think? overestimating the impact of our failures, shortcomings, and mishaps. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81( 1), 44-56.
[46]	Schaefer, M.K., & Salafia, E. H.B . ( 2014). The connection of teasing by parents, siblings, and peers with girls' body dissatisfaction and boys' drive for muscularity: the role of social comparison as a mediator. Eating Behaviors, 15( 4), 599-608. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.018 URL
[47]	Shontz, F.C. ( 1970). The sense of the body. (book reviews: perceptual and cognitive aspects of body experience). Science, 168, 813-814. doi: 10.1126/science.168.3933.813 URL
[48]	Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M.( 2014). Media matters for boys too! the role of specific magazine types and television programs in the drive for thinness and muscularity in adolescent boys. Eating Behaviors, 15( 4), 679-682. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.002 URL
[49]	Stice, E., Rohde, P., Durant, S., Shaw, H., & Wade, E. ( 2013). Effectiveness of peer-led dissonance-based eating disorder prevention groups: results from two randomized pilot trials. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51( 4-5), 197-206. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.004 URL
[50]	Tiggemann, M.( 2015). Considerations of positive body image across various social identities and special populations. Body Image, 14, 168-176. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.002 URL pmid: 25865460
[51]	Tiggemann, M., & Andrew, R.( 2012). Clothes make a difference: the role of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 66( 9-10), 646-654. doi: 10.1007/s11199-011-0085-3 URL
[52]	Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A.( 2014). Nettweens: The internet and body image concerns in preteenage girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34( 5), 606-620. doi: 10.1177/0272431613501083 URL
[53]	Valkenburg, P.M., & Peter, J.( 2011). Online communication among adolescents: an integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(2), 121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020 URL
[54]	Valls, M., Bonvin, P., & Chabrol, H. ( 2013). Association between muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction among normal-weight french men. Journal of Men s Health, 10(4), 139-145. doi: 10.1089/jomh.2013.0005 URL
[55]	Vartanian, L.R., & Dey, S.( 2013). Self-concept clarity, thin-ideal internalization, and appearance-related social comparison as predictors of body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10( 4), 495-500. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.004 URL
[56]	Williamson, D. A., Perrin, L., Blouin, D. C., & Barbin, J. M. ( 2000). Cognitive bias in eating disorders: interpretation of ambiguous body-related information. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity , 5( 3), 143-151.
[57]	Wong, M.M. ( 2010). Body weight perception and methods of weight reduction used by patients with first-episode psychotic disorders in hong kong. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry : Official Journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan, 20( 4), 169.
[58]	Zanetti, T., Santonastaso, P., Sgaravatti, E., Degortes, D., & Favaro, A. ( 2013). Clinical and temperamental correlates of body image disturbance in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 21( 1), 32-37. doi: 10.1002/erv.2190 URL pmid: 22807118