老年人情绪注意积极效应的发生机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.02064

心理科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (12): 2064-2076.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.02064

老年人情绪注意积极效应的发生机制

刘海宁¹^,²^,³, 刘晓倩²^,³^,⁴, 刘海虹¹, 李峰⁵^,⁶, 韩布新²^,³()

¹ 承德医学院心理学系, 河北承德 067000
² 中国科学院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室, 北京 100101
³ 中国科学院大学人文学院心理学系, 北京 100040
⁴ 中国政法大学社会学院, 北京 102249
⁵ 江西财经大学统计学院, 南昌 330013
⁶ 江西财经大学应用统计研究中心, 南昌 330013

收稿日期:2018-10-15 出版日期:2019-12-15 发布日期:2019-10-21
通讯作者: 韩布新 E-mail:hanbx@psych.ac.cn
基金资助:
* 国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA233);承德医学院人文社会科学研究项目高层次人才科研启动基金(201906);2019年度承德市社会科学发展研究课题(20193143);河北省高等学校人文社会科学重点项目(SD191067)

The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention

LIU Haining¹^,²^,³, LIU Xiaoqian²^,³^,⁴, LIU Haihong¹, LI Feng⁵^,⁶, HAN Buxin²^,³()

¹ Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
² Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
⁴ School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
⁵ School of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China
⁶ Research Center of Applied Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China

Received:2018-10-15 Online:2019-12-15 Published:2019-10-21
Contact: HAN Buxin E-mail:hanbx@psych.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

20世纪, 许多心理学家从“厄运与苦难”视角研究人晚年遭遇的身体、认知和情绪衰老, 但是近年的理论与实证研究从“老化悖论”——老年人情绪加工的积极效应——视角挑战这一“定论”。积极效应指老年人认知加工过程中比年轻人更偏好正性而非负性材料的现象。第二代社会情绪选择理论包括积极效应理论、认知控制假说和强弱整合模型3个关于认知和情绪功能年龄差异的理论模型, 特别强调了认知控制在老年人积极情绪加工中的潜在作用, 而自动化加工与控制性加工的区分则取决于注意资源配置。因此, 认知控制在老年人对积极情绪的注意加工中起重要作用。此外, 注意偏向的时间进程也是影响老年人情绪注意中积极效应的关键因素。最后, 综合以往研究构建出认知控制对老年人积极效应发生作用的注意阶段模型。未来研究可从中国老年人情绪注意加工模式、不同认知控制子成分的作用机制、提高研究生态学效度和注意的治疗品质几个方面继续探索。

关键词: 积极效应, 情绪注意, 认知控制, 年老化, 注意阶段模型

Abstract:

In the 20th century, many psychologists who held the “doom and suffering” perspective studied the physical, cognitive, and emotional losses experienced by people in their later years. However, recent theoretical and empirical researches have challenged this generally acknowledged truth from the perspective of the “aging paradox” which recognized the positivity effect of aging on emotional processing. The positivity effect has been observed in cases where older adults preferred positive materials rather than negative materials compared to younger adults in cognitive processing. The second-generation socioemotional selectivity theories incooperated the positivity effect theory, cognitive control hypothesis, and strength and vulnerability integration three theoretical models, which describe the effects of age differences on cognitive and emotional functions and emphasize the potential role of cognitive control in the positive emotional process of older adults. However, the distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes depends on the allocation of attentional resources. Therefore, the cognitive control may play an important role in attention processes of positive emotional information among the elderly. In addition, the time course of attention bias may be another key factor associated with positivity effects. Finally, based on these factors accounted for, the attention stage model of cognitive control which would influence the positivity effects of aging was constructed. Future studies could explore Chinese elderly’s emotional attention processing mode, the functional mechanisms of different cognitive control subcomponents, and the treatment quality of attention, to improve the ecological validity of the studies.

Key words: positivity effect, emotional attention, cognitive control, aging, attention stage model

中图分类号:

B844

刘海宁, 刘晓倩, 刘海虹, 李峰, 韩布新. (2019). 老年人情绪注意积极效应的发生机制. 心理科学进展 , 27(12), 2064-2076.

LIU Haining, LIU Xiaoqian, LIU Haihong, LI Feng, HAN Buxin. (2019). The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(12), 2064-2076.

图/表 2

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研究类型	具体研究	年龄段或平均年龄	研究范式	注意偏向模式	PE	刺激呈现后的时间窗
行为反应	Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2	19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84	双任务	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向	有无	被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上
	Bannerman et al., 2011	18~22 vs.60~74	双眼竞争	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	10 ms
眼动	Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009	18~21 vs.57~84	观看图片	年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	500 ms以后
	Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2	17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88	场景选择	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向	无无	— —
	Isaacowitz et al., 2018	18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86	场景选择	老、中、青均表现出积极偏向	无	—
ERP	Hilimire et al., 2014	18~31 vs.61~77	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	0~130 ms
	Meng et al. 2015	18~22 vs.60~74	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	400~1000 ms
	Renfroe et al., 2016	20 vs. 72	观看图片	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：双向偏向	无	400~800 ms
	喻婧等, 2015	17~26 vs.61~75	oddball	年轻人：无偏向老年人：消极偏向年轻人：消极偏向老年人：无偏向	无有	270~460 ms 500~850 ms
脑成像	Leclerc & Kensing, 2010	18~26 vs.62~81	视觉搜索任务	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	被试做出反应或4000 ms
	Wright et al., 2006	21~27 vs.62~81	熟悉再认范式	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：消极偏向	无	200 ms

研究类型	具体研究	年龄段或平均年龄	研究范式	注意偏向模式	PE	刺激呈现后的时间窗
行为反应	Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2	19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84	双任务	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向	有无	被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上
	Bannerman et al., 2011	18~22 vs.60~74	双眼竞争	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	10 ms
眼动	Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009	18~21 vs.57~84	观看图片	年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	500 ms以后
	Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2	17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88	场景选择	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向	无无	— —
	Isaacowitz et al., 2018	18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86	场景选择	老、中、青均表现出积极偏向	无	—
ERP	Hilimire et al., 2014	18~31 vs.61~77	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	0~130 ms
	Meng et al. 2015	18~22 vs.60~74	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	400~1000 ms
	Renfroe et al., 2016	20 vs. 72	观看图片	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：双向偏向	无	400~800 ms
	喻婧等, 2015	17~26 vs.61~75	oddball	年轻人：无偏向老年人：消极偏向年轻人：消极偏向老年人：无偏向	无有	270~460 ms 500~850 ms
脑成像	Leclerc & Kensing, 2010	18~26 vs.62~81	视觉搜索任务	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	被试做出反应或4000 ms
	Wright et al., 2006	21~27 vs.62~81	熟悉再认范式	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：消极偏向	无	200 ms

老年人情绪注意积极效应的发生机制

The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention

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