生理周期对情景记忆的影响
An effect of menstrual cycle phase on episodic memory
Received: 2021-03-14
来自进化心理学的理论及研究结果提示, 女性性激素可能是情景记忆的重要影响因素, 但是, 具体机制尚不清晰。本研究以女性生理周期性激素水平的自然变化构成的两个时期(卵泡后期、黄体中期)为自变量, 利用“What-Where-When Task”情景记忆任务(实验1), 结合事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)技术(实验2), 探讨生理周期不同阶段完成情景记忆任务的成绩及其可能的内在机制。实验1招募生理周期稳定的33名女性为被试, 在卵泡后期和黄体中期各参加一次实验, 随机顺序依次完成O任务(仅记忆物品, object)、P任务(仅记忆物品位置, position)、OO任务(记忆物品及其呈现顺序, object + order)、OP任务(记忆物品及其呈现位置, object + position)以及PO任务(记忆物品呈现位置及顺序, position + order)。结果发现, 在完成PO任务时, 黄体中期的回忆正确率显著高于卵泡后期。实验2借用事件相关电位技术, 进一步探究生理周期影响情景记忆PO任务的原因, 结果发现, 黄体中期额叶脑区的P300以及LPC波的振幅显著大于卵泡后期, 且完成PO任务时的感受性与右侧额叶P300振幅显著正相关。基于上述ERP的结果, 可以认为, 黄体中期在PO任务上的好成绩可能得益于显著增强的认知控制能力, 这一解释符合前人研究结论。总之, 本研究发现:生理周期对情景记忆中客体的空间位置与时间顺序整合的记忆产生显著影响, 黄体中期的记忆效果显著好于卵泡后期, 可能是因为该时期显著增强的认知控制能力。本研究有望为理解影响情景记忆的因素提供新的视角。
关键词:
Episodic memory refers to the recollection of personally experienced events in a specific context. Evolutionary psychology findings have suggested that female sex hormones may be important influencing factors for episodic memory, but the specific mechanism underlying these influences are unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine whether periodic fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone over the menstrual cycle may influence episodic memory in the What-Where-When Task.
Healthy women with stable menstrual cycles and not taking exogenous hormones were recruited for two experiments. In Experiment 1, episodic memory was tested with 33 women during the late follicular phase (FP) and during the mid-luteal phase (LP) with the following five tasks employing images of objects as stimuli: object-only, position-only, object-position binding, object-order binding, and position-order binding. The testing order was counter-balanced across subjects. After a learning phase, participants were asked to recollect elements according to the requirements of each task, and the accuracy rates of their recollections were recorded as dependent variables.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that recollection accuracy differed between the late FP and mid-LP for only one of the tasks, namely the position-order binding task. Thus, in Experiment 2, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the performance of the position-order binding task, while recollection accuracy performance was evaluated. For the position-order binding task in both experiments, a significantly higher response accuracy rate was observed in the mid-LP than in the late FP. Regarding the ERP results, amplitudes of the P300 component and the late positive component (LPC) in frontal cortices, which has associated with cognitive control, were found to be higher in the mid-LP than in the late FP. The present results support the notion that people may have greater cognitive control of episodic memory in the mid-LP than in the late FP.
In conclusion, the present results showed that menstrual cycle phase affects position-order binding memory performance and concomitant neural activities. Better episodic memory performance during the mid-LP, relative to the late FP, could be attributed to better cognitive control ability. This study provides new information on physiological factors that can affect episodic memory.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
李建花, 解佳佳, 庄锦英.
LI Jianhua, XIE Jiajia, ZHUANG Jin-Ying.
1 引言
19世纪70年代, Tulving将长时记忆划分为情景记忆(Episodic Memory)和语义记忆(Semantic Memory), 并将情景记忆定义为存储何时(when)、在哪里(where)、发生了什么(what)的记忆系统, 是个体有意识地记住自己经历的事件所发生的时间和地点的能力(Tulving, 2002)。例如, 考试的时候我们可能通过回忆“那个下雨天我坐在教室的某个座位学的这个知识”, 帮助我们顺利答题。因此, 与事件相关的时间、地点等信息可以易化我们对自己经历过的事件的提取。由此, 情景记忆有两个组成部分:对客体信息的记忆和对客体所处上下文环境信息的记忆。其中, 客体信息是观察者直接关注的信息, 如这个客体是什么, 上下文环境信息则是表明客体呈现的条件, 包括空间信息和时间顺序信息(Chalfonte & Johnson, 1996)。情景记忆是个体认知能力的重要组成部分, 不仅涉及对客体信息及客体所发生的地点、时间顺序的记忆, 也包含对这些信息的整合(Dere et al., 2006)。
近年, 来自进化心理学取向及认知神经科学的研究提示, 人类女性生理周期可能会对情景记忆产生影响。具体而言, 人类女性性激素的变化, 不仅存在着生命周期, 即由童年的低水平、青年的高峰水平到老年的低水平的变化; 还存在着以月为单位的周期性变化, 即生理周期(Menstrual Cycle), 主要是雌二醇(Estrogen)和孕酮(Progesterone)水平的周期性波动(孙晓丽 等, 2013)。女性个体的生理周期长度一般在25~35天之间, 平均为28天, 大体可以分为月经期(第1~6天)、卵泡期(第7~14天)和黄体期(第15~28天)三个时期(Wilcox et al., 2000)。其中, 月经期雌二醇、孕酮都处在最低水平; 之后进入卵泡期, 雌二醇水平逐渐提升, 在排卵前一天达到峰值; 接下来进入黄体期, 孕酮水平逐步提升, 并在黄体中期达到峰值(Ball et al., 2013)。
进化理论认为, 从适应功能上, 女性生理周期与繁殖、求偶等行为或动机密切相关, 伴随生理周期不同阶段所承载的功能, 女性的心理与行为也会表现出适应性的改变。例如, 黄体期女性处于类孕育状态, 心理上, 需要面对身体内在环境和外在社会环境发生的变化并承担作为母亲的职责; 行为上, 需要保护胎儿免遭伤害, 减少冒险行为(Crawley et al., 2008)。实证研究发现, 黄体期女性随孕酮水平的提升, 对社会支持、威胁等线索更敏感, 促进自我保护(Barrett & Kurzban, 2006)。具体而言, 与卵泡期相比较, 黄体期女性对恐惧、愤怒、厌恶、悲伤面孔的识别准确性更高(Maner & Miller, 2014); 对负性场景无意识自动回忆频率更高, 且与唾液孕酮水平呈正相关(Ferree et al., 2011)。Ertman等人让两组女性分别在排卵期、黄体期观看中性和负性效价图片, 一周后自由回忆, 结果显示黄体期对情绪性图片的编码更好, 唾液孕酮水平与对情绪性图片的回忆量呈正相关(Ertman et al., 2011)。黄体期女性也更加关注社会刺激(Ackerman et al., 2009; Anderson et al., 2010; Reynolds et al., 2018), 表现出更多的亲社会行为(Stenstrom et al., 2018)。有研究者让女性被试在连续35天内(覆盖整个生理周期)每天填一份问卷, 请她们想象自己购物时, 会花多少钱在亲人身上, 结果发现, 与卵泡期相比, 黄体期女性给亲人花更多钱; 之后探究生理周期对匿名他人捐赠行为的影响, 同样发现黄体期有更多亲社会行为(Stenstrom et al., 2018)。另一方面, 卵泡后期女性的主要目标是寻求优质的潜在配偶。有研究发现女性在卵泡后期对男性面孔的识别会更快、记忆效果更好、注视时间更长, 特别是对男性化男性面孔(Allan et al., 2012)。女性在卵泡后期更注重修饰打扮(庄锦英, 王佳玺, 2015), 在异性面前走路的步态更加性感(Guéguen, 2012; Miller et al., 2007), 等等, 目的均指向获得优质配偶。
有研究者认为, 黄体期女性会调动认知控制能力编码社会刺激, 提高个体对社会信息的检测能力及对有害或有利线索的敏感性, 进而趋利避害(Maner & Miller, 2014)。来自认知神经科学的研究, 为黄体期女性认知控制能力提升的假说提供了证据。例如, 来自静息态脑功能成像的研究发现, 相较于卵泡后期, 黄体中期女性背外侧前额叶脑区的激活水平显著增强(Zhuang et al., 2020); 在跨期决策任务中, 黄体中期女性的折扣率显著降低(安小芬, 2018), 同时, 卵泡后期背外侧前额叶脑区与纹状体(奖赏脑区)的功能性联接强度与折扣率显著负相关(Zhuang et al., 2020)。大量证据表明, 背外侧前额叶脑区在认知控制中扮演重要角色。背外侧前额叶与背侧纹状体脑区之间信号交流的质量可以调控对冲动性的认知控制(Cieslik et al., 2013; Sheline et al., 2010)。右侧尾状核头部以及壳核与背外侧前额叶之间构成的神经通路被公认为是一个认知环路 (Rotge et al., 2008)。一般而言, 诸如强迫症(van Den Heuvel et al., 2005)、帕金森症(Williams-Gray et al., 2007)以及亨廷顿症(Watkins et al., 2000)患者, 其前额叶与纹状体之间的功能性联结通常会出现改变, 随之而来的是认知执行功能的缺陷。对网络游戏成瘾者静息态脑功能连接的研究发现, 其右侧尾状核与背外侧前额叶之间功能连接强度的降低与认知控制缺陷存在相关关系 (Yuan et al., 2016)。对女性吸烟者在不同生理周期静息态脑功能成像的研究发现, 相较于黄体期女性, 卵泡期女性认知控制脑区与奖赏相关脑区之间的功能连接减弱, 女性对吸烟行为的认知控制也随之减弱(Wetherill et al., 2016)。
目前, 关于生理周期的研究主要集中在与进化理论密切相关的诸如求偶、社会互动等领域, 对影响情景记忆等一般认知能力的研究较少, 尚不清楚随生理周期而改变的性激素水平通过影响哪些认知功能以及通过怎样的方式影响了情景记忆的表现。如前所述, 如果黄体期较强的认知控制能力是独立于任务的(如静息态的研究发现), 那么, 这种较强的认知控制能力也应该会对情景记忆产生影响; 其次, 如前所述, 成功的情景记忆, 不仅涉及对客体信息及客体上下文信息的记忆, 也包含对这些信息的整合; 而对信息的整合, 需要较强的认知控制的参与(DuBrow & Davachi, 2016; Jenkins & Ranganath, 2010)。基于上述考虑, 本研究选取生理周期的卵泡后期(雌二醇水平基本处于峰值, 孕酮水平较低)和黄体中期(雌二醇、孕酮均处于较高水平), 探讨生理周期对情景记忆的影响。并提出如下假设:(1)与卵泡后期相比较, 黄体中期女性在情景记忆任务中对各要素的整合能力显著增强; (2)黄体中期在情景记忆任务中显著增强的整合能力, 得益于与认知控制能力相关脑区, 即前额叶脑区的积极参与。为验证上述假设, 开展两个实验研究。实验1为探索性研究, 借助What-Where-When任务范式, 探究生理周期对情景记忆各成分及其整合的影响。实验2借助事件相关电位技术, 验证假设2。
2 实验1:生理周期影响情景记忆初探
招募生理周期稳定的女性在卵泡后期、黄体中期各参加一次实验, 使用What-Where-When任务范式, 探究生理周期对情景记忆各成分及其整合的影响。
2.1 实验方法
2.1.1 被试
根据GPower软件(Faul et al., 2007)对实验计划样本量进行估算。根据前人相关研究, 探究生理周期对认知功能的影响时, 其效应量通常大于或等于中等效应量。例如, Ikarashi等人(2020)探究生理周期对陈述性记忆的影响, 其生理周期的效应量为0.510。Yamazaki和Tamura (2017)要求被试完成情绪表情识别任务, 计算得到生理周期的效应量为0.604。由此, 本研究设置参数为中等效应量0.50, 在统计检验力1 - β = 0.80, α = 0.05的条件下, 计算配对样本t检验合适的样本量为34人。通过校园被试招募平台, 筛选右利手、视力或矫正视力正常的女性被试36名, 年龄18~25岁(M ± SD: 20.79 ± 2.12), 生理周期稳定在28~30天, 且未使用任何激素类药物及药械。最后, 由于3名被试的生理周期在实验后未保持稳定, 被删除。
首先, 用倒数法(Blake et al., 2016; Fales et al., 2014)确定女性被试参加实验的两个时期:卵泡后期(Late Follicular Phase, late FP; 从下次经期第一天倒数15~17天)、黄体中期(Middle Luteal Phase, mid-LP; 从下次经期第一天倒数6~8天); 然后, 分别请被试在两个时期完成相同的情景记忆任务。对完成任务的顺序进行了被试间的平衡:17名女性被试先在卵泡后期参加实验, 后在黄体中期参加实验; 另外16名女性先在黄体中期参加实验, 后在卵泡后期参加实验。所有被试均签署了知情同意书, 完成实验后获取一定的报酬。
2.1.2 实验设计
实验采用What-Where-When Task实验范式(Kessels et al., 1999), 共有五种实验任务, 分别为:仅记忆物品(object, O任务)、仅记忆物品位置(position, P任务)、记忆物品及其呈现顺序(object + order, OO任务)、记忆物品及其呈现位置(object + position, OP任务)、记忆物品呈现位置及顺序(position + order, PO任务)。以卵泡后期和黄体中期两时期为自变量, 以测验阶段的回忆正确量为因变量。
2.1.3 实验材料
通过前测确定用于情景记忆任务的图片(见图1), 均是日常生活中常见物品的彩色白底图片, 主要为动物、植物、文具、衣物、日用品等。请另外的38名被试(14名男性, 年龄18~22岁:M ± SD: 20.7 ± 1.6; 24名女性, 年龄18~26岁:M ± SD: 20.3 ± 2.7)对这些物品进行熟悉度评分(使用李克特量表, 1~9评分, 1代表非常不熟悉, 9代表非常熟悉)。之后, 选择熟悉度评分的均值大于7的图片58张作为实验材料, 随机选取其中的35张作为记忆材料, 剩余的23张作为干扰材料。将作为记忆材料的35张图片随机分为5组, 每组7张, 随机分配为一种实验任务的学习材料, 干扰材料(23张)用于测验阶段的干扰项。使用E-prime 2.0编写实验程序, 运行程序的电脑为联想14寸笔记本, 屏幕分辨率为1366 × 768 pixel, 垂直刷新频率为60 Hz, 刺激呈现在屏幕中央5 × 5的方格中。实验过程中, 参与者距电脑屏幕40~50 cm, 每个物品的水平及垂直视角均约为2.65°。
图1
2.1.4 实验流程
图2
5种实验任务的学习及测验阶段的具体要求分别如下:(1) O任务(仅记忆物品, What)。学习阶段:告知被试仅需记忆呈现的物品, 无需记忆物品呈现的顺序及位置; 测验阶段:屏幕上按5行6列同时呈现30个物品图片, 其中7个为学习阶段看到过的, 其余23个物品图片来自干扰材料, 要求被试不考虑呈现顺序, 选出学习阶段呈现的7个物品即可。(2) P任务(仅记忆位置, Where)。学习阶段:告知被试仅需要记忆哪些位置呈现过物品, 无需记忆呈现了哪些物品及其呈现顺序; 测验阶段:屏幕上仅呈现与学习阶段同样大小的5 × 5空白方格, 没有物品呈现, 要求被试确定刚刚呈现过物品的位置, 顺序随机。(3) OO任务(记忆物品及其呈现顺序, What and When)。学习阶段:告知被试需要记忆呈现的物品及物品呈现的顺序, 无需记忆物品呈现的位置; 测验阶段:屏幕上5行6列同时呈现30个物品图片, 其中7个为学习阶段看到过的, 其余23个物品来自干扰材料, 要求被试既要考虑刚刚呈现的物品, 也要考虑它们的呈现顺序, 请被试按学习阶段物品呈现的顺序, 依次键入7个物品的编号。(4) OP任务(记忆物品及其呈现位置, What and Where)。学习阶段:告知被试需要记忆呈现了哪些物品及其对应的呈现位置, 无需记忆呈现的先后顺序; 测验阶段:如图2B所示, 左边呈现5 × 5空白方格及其编号, 右边呈现目标物品及其编号, 要求被试将学习阶段所呈现的物品及其呈现位置配对, 键入其配对编号, 顺序随机。(5) PO任务(记忆物品呈现的位置及位置呈现的顺序, Where and When)。学习阶段:告知被试需要记忆哪些位置呈现过物品及其呈现的先后顺序, 无需记忆具体呈现的物品是什么; 测验阶段:屏幕上呈现与学习阶段同样大小的5 × 5空白方格, 要求被试按学习阶段的呈现顺序键入呈现过物品的位置编号。
2.2 结果分析
以每种实验条件下的正确回忆率作为因变量, 对前后两次测试的顺序效应进行配对样本t检验, 结果显示, 均无显著差异(见表1), 即不存在顺序效应。
表1 前后两次回忆正确率以及配对样本t检验
任务类型 | 第一次实验 (M ± SE) | 第二次实验 (M ± SE) | t | 自由度 | p (双尾) | 95%置信区间 | 效应量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O任务 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.83 | 32 | 0.379 | -0.02, 0.06 | 0.152 |
P任务 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | -0.69 | 32 | 0.497 | -0.16, 0.08 | 0.120 |
OO任务 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.03 | -1.95 | 32 | 0.061 | -0.17, -0.004 | 0.337 |
OP任务 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | -0.18 | 32 | 0.861 | -0.10, 0.08 | 0.032 |
PO任务 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.61 | -1.25 | 32 | 0.220 | -0.24, 0.06 | 0.218 |
以每种实验任务下的正确回忆率作为因变量(见表2的描述性统计), 以生理周期的两个阶段作为自变量, 分别进行配对样本t检验, 结果发现(见图3):在任务O、P、OO、OP条件下, 生理周期两时期正确回忆率均没有显著差异, 对应的t值及p值分别为:t(32) = -1.36, p = 0.184, 95%置信区间为[-0.07, 0.01], 效应量dz = 0.236; t(32) = -0.38, p = 0.707, 95%置信区间为[-0.14, 0.10], 效应量dz = 0.067; t(32) = -1.08, p = 0.286, 95%置信区间为[-0.14, 0.04], 效应量dz = 0.190; t(32) = -1.68, p = 0.102, 95%置信区间为[ -0.16, 0.02], 效应量dz = 0.293。但在完成PO任务时, 黄体中期的记忆效果显著好于卵泡后期, t(32) = -4.31, p < 0.001, 95%置信区间为[-0.38, 0.14], 效应量dz = 0.750。
表2 生理周期两时期被试在各任务的平均回忆正确率(M ± SE)
任务类型 | 生理周期 | |
---|---|---|
卵泡后期 | 黄体中期 | |
O任务 | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.02 |
P任务 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.05 |
OO任务 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.93 ± 0.02 |
OP任务 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.48 ± 0.04 |
PO任务 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.72 ± 0.06 |
图3
2.3 讨论
由结果可知, 前后两次测验成绩不存在显著差异, 即不存在顺序效应或练习效应。在各实验条件下, 配对样本t检验显示, 仅在完成PO任务(记忆位置及位置顺序)时, 黄体中期的记忆效果显著好于卵泡后期; 而在完成其他任务时, 两时期不存在显著差异。
考察上述5类记忆任务的特点, 完成PO任务需要对物品呈现的时间、地点两类环境信息进行整合, 而在完成其他四类任务时, 要么只需记住一类环境信息, 要么只需记住物品与另一类环境信息的结合, 均比记住PO任务中两类环境信息的组合更具体; 或者说, PO任务包含了更多抽象信息的组合。前人研究发现, 老年人随记忆能力的衰退, 在情景记忆任务中对客体信息的记忆能力完好, 但将多种信息整合起来的能力明显下降, 特别是对时间和空间信息的整合(PO任务)能力下降显著(Chalfonte & Johnson, 1996)。可见, PO任务的特点与前述4类任务有所不同, 完成PO任务, 需要更多的认知控制资源(DuBrow & Davachi, 2016)。认知控制能力是指在机体受到干扰或冲突的情况时, 能够通过其自身促进任务相关信息加工过程以及促进与任务相关的行为来加以灵活运用当前需求的能力, 个体需要将注意力集中在任务目标相关的信息上, 还要抑制或忽略与任务无关的信息, 是完成认知活动所必需的高级认知功能, 对注意、工作记忆、语言加工、决策等认知过程有很大的影响(Botvinick et al., 1999)。为进一步验证女性黄体中期PO任务成绩显著增强的认知控制假设, 本研究尝试通过实验2收集被试在完成PO任务时的事件相关电位(event-related potential, ERP)数据, 为认知控制假说提供证据。
事件相关电位主要由刺激的特点或个体内部认知活动引起, 因而包括外源性成分和内源性成分, 外源性成分的出现主要取决于刺激的特点, 外部信息的物理特性会引起注意转移、注意定向等活动, 从而表现出电位上的差异, 包括P1, N1, N2, P2波, 其中N1及P1成分与选择性注意有关, 其波幅与注意程度正相关, 注意分配越多, 波幅越大, 该成分可以表示注意在特定对象身上的集中(Jha, 2002; 罗跃嘉, Parasuraman, 2001)。N2、P2成分波幅增加一般表明刺激材料复杂性程度较高, 可以反映相关皮层对信息的接收、处理和传递能力(Folstein & van Petten, 2008; Näätänen & Picton, 1986); 内源性成分是由个体心理活动引起的, 个体根据行为目标和意图分配认知资源, 与认知过程紧密相关, 其代表性成分通常为出现在300 ms左右的P300 (Polich, 2007), 该成分是评定感觉、记忆、选择性注意、思维等高级认知活动的指标(Howe et al., 2014), 是大脑联合皮层活动引起的与复杂心理认知活动有关的心理过程(Twomey et al., 2015), 该成分的波幅与任务难度以及为完成任务所需分配的心理资源正相关(Kumar et al., 2009; Moser et al., 2009)。新近研究发现, P300在脑区上的空间分布可能代表了不同的认知成分:顶叶的P300更多反应了认知加工过程中注意资源的自动投入, 而前额叶的P300更多反应了认知加工过程中的认知控制功能(Daffner et al., 2011; Fabiani & Friedman, 1995; Fjell & Walhovd, 2001; Kida et al., 2012; Kok, 2001; Yamaguchi & Knight, 1991)。
根据记忆提取的双过程模型(dual-process models), 对情景记忆的成功提取主要依赖两个不同的过程:熟悉度(Familiarity)和主动回忆(Recollection)。熟悉度是指对遇到过的人或物的自动检索, 不需要回忆特定的时空信息(Kutas & Federmeier, 2011); 而主动回忆需要认知控制提供精确的情景信息。利用事件相关电位开展的研究发现, 利用熟悉度对情景记忆项目的提取, 更多是一种自动化的过程, 与早期额叶中部负性电位N400有关(Kutas & Federmeier, 2011); 主动回忆与晚期正成分(Late Positive Component, LPC)有关(Ecker et al., 2007; Woodruff et al., 2006)。晚期正成分LPC是出现在500~800 ms的正波, 与回忆准确性有关且主要出现在中央顶叶或左侧顶叶(Curran & Cleary, 2003; Liu & Guo, 2020), 最近研究显示进行记忆检索时, 该波会广泛出现在各脑区(Nardini & Leynes, 2020), 且与自我相关的情景回忆相关(Brezis et al., 2017; Coronel & Federmeier, 2016; Leynes & Mok, 2017)。病理研究发现, 海马病变会极大降低LPC, 也体现了LPC波与记忆的高相关性(Addante et al., 2012; Hoppstädter et al., 2015)。进一步地, 当要求被试回忆更多细节或同时检索目标相关的情境信息时, 由于需要更强的认知控制, 会有更大的LPC信号(Küper & Zimmer, 2018; Leynes & Crawford, 2018; Wilding, 1999)。
综上所述, 我们假设, 相较于卵泡后期, 黄体中期在PO任务中的好成绩可能得益于更强的认知控制能力, 由此, 相较于卵泡后期, 黄体中期在完成PO任务时, 额叶脑区上的P300以及LPC的波幅应该显著增强。
3 实验2:对情景记忆PO任务的ERP研究
3.1 实验方法
3.1.1 被试
根据实验1在PO任务上的效应量(0.750), 运用GPower计算在统计检验力1 - β = 0.80, α = 0.05的条件下, 进行配对样本t检验合适的样本量为16人。通过校园广告招募生理周期稳定的女性被试30名, 年龄18~22岁(M ± SD: 20.13 ± 1.04), 所有被试视力或矫正视力正常。采用与实验1相同的倒数法确定被试的卵泡后期、黄体中期作为两个测试点, 每个被试在这两个阶段分别参加一次实验。剔除只参加一次实验的两名被试, 有效被试28名(13名被试先在黄体中期, 15名被试先在卵泡后期参加实验), 年龄为19~22岁(M ± SD: 20.14 ± 0.93), 其中16名被试同意佩戴EEG实验设备完成实验任务, 12名被试仅参加相同任务的行为实验, 因而数据处理涉及16名被试的脑电数据, 28名被试的行为数据。
3.1.2 实验设计
实验任务参照实验1的PO任务, 结合信号检测论计算因变量指标, 自变量为生理周期的两个阶段(卵泡后期、黄体中期), 因变量为回忆正确率、感受性以及判定标准。
3.1.3 实验程序
被试首先填写基本信息问卷及知情同意书, 之后(其中16名被试佩戴脑电帽)在电脑上完成PO任务, 共有8个block, 每个block包含一个学习阶段和一个测验阶段。学习阶段(见图4A):7张物品图片依次呈现在5 × 5方格的任意位置, 每个呈现3 s。实验材料的物品图片全部来自实验1的学习材料与干扰材料。通过指导语告知被试只需记忆哪些位置呈现了物品, 以及这些位置的呈现顺序。呈现完毕后即进入测验阶段。测验阶段, 如图4B所示, 在一个5 × 5的方格内两两呈现学习阶段的物品, 所呈现位置均为学习阶段呈现过的, 仅要求被试判断呈现过物品位置的顺序, 即判断左边位置是否较右边位置先呈现过物品, 若回答是, 按F键, 若不是按J键, 无时间限制, 被试按键反应后自动进入下一屏, 每次判断之间间隔时间500~800 ms, 共完成7种位置顺序的判断。之后, 进行第二个block的学习与测验, 以此类推, 共完成8个block、56次位置呈现顺序的判断。卵泡后期、黄体中期两次实验内容及过程相同。
图4
3.1.4 ERP数据采集
用64导脑电记录系统、10~20倍系统扩展的电极帽、采样率为1000 Hz、带通滤波为0.05~30 Hz, 记录大脑皮层活动的Electroencephalographic (EEG)。接地电极位于Fpz和Fz连线的中点, 有两个电极用于监控眼电, 其中, 左眼外侧1 cm处的一个电极记录水平眼电, 右眼眶下侧1 cm处有一个电极记录垂直眼电。通过使用脑电膏, 保证数据记录过程中, 电极与头皮接触良好, 保持电阻小于10 kΩ。
3.1.5 ERPs数据处理与统计分析
使用eeglab离线处理EEG数据, 分析测验阶段刺激呈现的脑电数据。首先降采样为250 Hz, 以全脑平均作为参考, 之后手动剔除坏段后分别进行0.1 Hz的低通滤波和30 Hz的高通滤波, 使用独立成分分析(Independent Component Analysis, ICA)探测矫正眼电及其他原因引起的伪迹。根据伪迹校正的结果, 剔除波幅在±75 μV范围以外的试次。之后选取测验阶段图片刺激呈现后的1000 ms作为分析时程, 刺激呈现前的200 ms作为基线, 以潜伏期、振幅峰值作为度量指标。最后, 使用ERPlab插件, 平均所有被试不同条件正确试次的ERPs波形图, 得到ERPs波形图。
根据前人研究, 将所有电极分为中线电极:Cz、Pz、CPz; 左侧额叶(left-frontal):F1、F3、FC3; 右侧额叶(right-frontal):F2、F4、FC4; 左侧中央(left-central):C1、C3、CP3; 右侧中央(right-central):C2、C4、CP4; 左侧顶叶(left-parietal):P1、P3、PO3; 右侧顶叶(right-parietal):P2、P4、PO4九个区域(见图5) (Ecker et al., 2007; Tanguay et al., 2018)。参照前人相关研究及本实验的假设, 主要分析两个晚期成分P300和LPC晚期正波, 时间窗分别是260~320 ms、480~670 ms (Bermúdez-Margaretto et al., 2018; Ecker et al., 2007)。对各成分各兴趣区的潜伏期及振幅首先通过配对样本t检验比较两生理周期的差异, 之后重复测量方差分析检验生理周期及各兴趣区的主效应及可能存在的交互作用。
图5
3.2 结果
3.2.1 行为结果
被试正确判断与记忆阶段完全相同的刺激即为击中, 将不同呈现判断为完全相同即为虚惊。根据信号检测论计算感受性(d′)与判断标准(β), 其中d′= Z(击中) - Z(虚报); β = O (击中)/O (虚惊), 记录每位被试的击中率、虚报率, 之后进行POZ转化(杨治良, 钟毅平, 1996), 计算出其在两个实验时期的感受性和判断标准。
两时期反应正确率、感受性、判断标准如表3所示, 分别进行配对样本t检验, 在正确率上, 生理周期两时期差异显著, t(27) = -2.15, p = 0.040 < 0.05, 95% CI为[-6.90, -0.16], 效应量dz = 0.528, 表现为黄体中期的正确率显著高于卵泡后期, 复制了实验1的结果; 在感受性上, 两时期差异边缘显著, t(27) = -1.94, p = 0.063, 95% CI 为[-0.78, 0.02], 效应量dz = 0.456, 同样表现为黄体中期感受性更好; 在判断标准上, 两时期没有显著差异, t(27) = -0.87, p = 0.390, 95% CI为[-2.22, 0.93], 效应量dz = 0.264。
表3 卵泡后期、黄体中期个体回忆正确率、感受性、判断标准结果(括号内为标准差)
生理周期 | 正确率(%) | 感受性d′ | 判断标准β |
---|---|---|---|
卵泡后期 | 77.80 (11.02) | 1.76 (1.11) | 1.29 (1.43) |
黄体中期 | 81.34 (10.19) | 2.14 (1.12) | 1.59 (3.58) |
3.2.2 ERP结果
图6
图7
P300成分
260~320 ms间的P300成分在各ROI均出现, 且两时期潜伏期没有显著差异(见图6)。对振幅进行配对样本t检验显示, 右侧额叶卵泡后期的P300振幅(-3.47 ± 1.72 μV)显著小于黄体中期(-2.68 ± 1.80 μV), t(15) = 3.06, p = 0.008 < 0.01, 95% CI为[-1.34, -0.24], 效应量dz = 0.824; 左侧顶叶卵泡后期的P300振幅(5.14 ± 2.70 μV)显著大于黄体中期的P300振幅(4.25 ± 2.61 μV), t(15) = 2.72, p = 0.016 < 0.05, 95% CI为[0.19, 1.59], 效应量dz = 0.547; Pz电极卵泡后期的P300振幅(4.53 ± 2.75 μV)显著大于黄体中期的P300振幅(3.58 ± 2.43 μV), t(15) = 2.42, p = 0.029 < 0.05, 95% CI为[0.11, 1.79], 效应量dz = 0.479; 右侧顶叶卵泡后期的P300振幅(5.83 ± 2.85 μV)显著大于黄体中期的P300振幅(4.74 ± 2.83 μV), t (15) = 2.961, p = 0.010 < 0.05, 95% CI为[0.30, 1.86], 效应量dz = 0.596; 2 (生理周期:卵泡后期、黄体中期) × 3 (前中后ROIs:额叶、中部、顶叶) × 3 (左中右ROIs:左侧、中间、右侧)重复测量方差分析显示:生理周期和前中后ROIs交互作用显著, F(2, 30) = 11.83, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.441, 表现为额叶区域黄体中期时振幅更大(M黄体中期 - M卵泡后期 = 0.52, p = 0.048 < 0.05), 而顶叶区域卵泡后期时振幅更大(M黄体中期 - M卵泡后期 = -0.97, p = 0.008 < 0.01)。
晚期正成分(LPC)
配对样本t检验显示, 右侧额叶黄体中期的LPC振幅(-0.67 ± 1.00 μV)显著大于卵泡后期LPC振幅(-1.14 ± 1.09 μV), t(15)= 2.59, p = 0.020 < 0.05, 95% CI 为[-0.86, -0.08], 效应量dz = 0.652; 2 (生理周期:卵泡后期、黄体中期) × 3 (前中后ROIs:额叶、中部、顶叶) × 3 (左中右ROIs:左侧、中间、右侧)重复测量方差分析, 未发现生理周期的主效应或生理周期与脑区的交互作用。
对其他波形图的观察比较发现, 早期ERP成分(N1)波出现在左侧中央、Cz电极、CPz电极等区域, 卵泡后期、黄体中期两时期N1成分的潜伏期在各ROIs均没有显著差异(见图6)。对振幅进行配对样本t检验, 发现左侧中央卵泡后期的N1振幅(0.80 ± 0.77 μV)显著大于黄体中期N1振幅(0.33 ± 0.77 μV), t(15) = 3.09, p = 0.007 < 0.01, 95% CI为[-0.78, -0.15], 效应量dz = 0.746; Cz电极卵泡后期的N1振幅(0.83 ± 1.49 μV)显著大于黄体中期N1振幅(0.36 ± 1.24 μV), t(15) = 3.13, p = 0.007 < 0.01, 95% CI 为[-0.78, -0.15], 效应量dz = 0.748; CPz电极卵泡后期的N1振幅(0.67 ± 1.15 μV)显著大于黄体中期N1振幅(0.10 ± 0.91 μV), t(15) = 2.30, p = 0.036 < 0.05, 95% CI 为[-1.10, -0.04], 效应量dz = 0.620; 2 (生理周期:卵泡后期、黄体中期)× 3 (前中后ROIs:额叶、中部、顶叶) × 3 (左中右ROIs:左侧、中间、右侧)重复测量方差分析发现:仅生理周期主效应边缘显著, F(1, 15) = 4.39, p = 0.054, ηp2 = 0.226, 且表现为卵泡后期振幅(0.42 ± 1.81 μV)大于黄体中期(0.13 ± 1.95 μV)。对其他成分进行分析, 均没有发现生理周期的显著效应。
3.2.3 行为与脑电的相关分析
P300成分
将被试完成PO任务时的正确率、感受性与ERP数据(右侧额叶、左侧顶叶、右侧顶叶、Pz电极的260~320 ms平均振幅)进行相关分析, 探究行为反应与神经活动之间的关联。结果显示, 右侧额叶振幅与感受性(r = 0.408, p = 0.025 < 0.05)显著正相关, 如图8所示。
图8
晚期正成分
将被试完成PO任务的正确率、感受性与ERP数据(右侧额叶480~670 ms平均波幅)进行相关及回归分析, 未发现行为结果与神经活动的相关性(p > 0.4)。
早期成分
将被试完成PO任务的正确率、感受性与ERP数据(左侧中央、Cz电极、CPz电极的N1振幅)进行相关分析, 探究行为反应与神经活动之间的关联。结果显示, CPz电极振幅与正确率(r = -0.409, p = 0.025 < 0.05)、感受性(r = -0.381, p = 0.038 < 0.05)显著负相关。相关及多元回归结果如图9所示。
图9
3.3 讨论
行为数据显示黄体中期回忆正确率显著高于卵泡后期; 在感受性上, 两时期的差异边缘显著, 表现为黄体中期好于卵泡后期; 而判断标准在两个时期没有显著差异。
ERP结果显示, 完成情景记忆的PO任务时, 表现出N1成分、P300成分、晚期正成分LPC在卵泡后期、黄体中期的差异。具体而言, P300成分出现了脑区和生理周期的交互作用:额叶区域黄体中期的振幅显著大于卵泡后期, 而顶叶区域黄体中期的振幅显著小于卵泡后期; 对于晚期正成分LPC, 同样显示右侧额叶黄体中期的振幅显著大于卵泡后期。根据前述研究, 额叶尤其是右侧额叶的P300以及LPC振幅, 与认知控制的参与度高度相关(Fabiani & Friedman, 1995; Küper & Zimmer, 2018; Leynes & Crawford, 2018; Wilding, 1999; Fjell & Walhovd, 2001)。可以认为, 黄体中期完成PO任务时, 有更多认知控制的参与。这与前述核磁共振研究结论相一致(Zhuang et al., 2020), 即无论静息态还是任务态的fMRI结果均表明, 黄体中期具有更强的认知控制能力。相关分析的结果发现, 感受性与右侧额叶的P300振幅显著正相关。上述这些结果为我们的假设提供了证据, 即黄体中期完成PO任务时记忆成绩的提升得益于认知控制能力的增强; 同时, 排除了被试对记忆任务的态度、动机等因素的影响。这一结果首次在情景记忆领域重复了前述关于黄体中期有更强认知控制的研究结论(Zhuang et al., 2020)。
另一方面, 卵泡后期的N1振幅显著大于黄体中期。由于N1成分的波幅与选择性注意程度正相关, 注意分配越多, 波幅越大, 该成分可以表示注意对特定对象的集中, 体现了外部刺激对注意资源的攫取(Jha, 2002; 罗跃嘉, Parasuraman, 2001), 即完成PO任务时卵泡后期集中了更多的注意资源在记忆对象上。同样的, 相较于黄体中期, 顶叶P300在卵泡后期波幅更大, 进一步展现了卵泡后期更多注意资源的自动投入(Kida et al., 2012)。相关分析的结果表明, N1成分在CPz电极振幅与正确率、感受性显著负相关, 提示我们, 卵泡后期在外部刺激上过多注意资源的投入, 可能降低了个体在完成PO任务时的认知控制, 由此导致成绩下降。
总之, 上述结果表明, 在完成PO任务时, 黄体中期会有更强的认知控制参与任务, 提升了记忆表现; 而卵泡后期会集中较多的注意资源在外部刺激上, 这或许也是影响记忆成绩的一个原因。
4 总讨论
实验1的结果发现, 生理周期影响情景记忆中对空间位置及位置顺序(PO)信息的整合, 实验2借助ERP技术探究其中的原因, 发现相较于卵泡后期, 黄体中期在完成PO任务时, 在额叶观察到更大的P300及LPC波幅, 这些结果表明, 黄体中期在情景记忆的PO任务中的好成绩得益于认知控制能力的增强。而相较于黄体中期, 卵泡后期在完成PO任务时, 会观察到更大的N1波幅及顶叶P300波幅, 表明此时期在完成PO任务时注意资源对外部刺激的自动投入。这一结果提示, 生理周期对情景记忆的影响, 与前述对繁殖、求偶行为的影响, 可能使用了相同的底层支持规则。未来研究, 可以进一步借助脑电等技术以及对激素等生化指标的精准测定, 同时测量两类任务, 探讨由生理周期所引发的激素变化如何影响与改变大脑的结构与功能, 以进一步识别并确定这些底层规则。
本研究的意义在于, 脱离繁殖、求偶的情景, 探讨女性生理周期对一般认知能力(情景记忆)的影响, 结果发现, 这种影响仍然是存在的。即用于繁殖、求偶目的的激素所形成的认知能力, 可能也会广泛影响其他社会情景或任务中的行为。例如, 有研究用视觉线索任务探究孕酮水平与对社会刺激敏感性之间的关系, 发现高孕酮水平会提升个体对社会刺激的普遍敏感性, 与社会刺激传达的特定意图无关(Maner & Miller, 2014)。这与本研究显示的个体黄体中期感受性更好, 与完成任务的动机、态度无关相一致。未来研究可以进一步探讨生理周期对多巴胺通路结构与功能塑造的特点及其与具体社会及认知任务之间的关系。
其次, 利用生理周期研究性激素水平的变化对情景记忆的影响, 比单纯只关注单一激素水平变化的研究更具有生态效度, 毕竟无论随年龄而变化的性激素水平, 还是随生理周期而变化的性激素水平, 都是多种激素水平的协同变化。有研究发现, 女性黄体中期跨期决策任务中的折扣率与雌激素水平在孕酮激素水平中所占比重显著正相关(Zhuang et al., 2020)。未来研究可以测量两时期激素水平, 确定具体激素水平或相对激素水平与情景记忆成绩之间的关系, 期望为理解情景记忆或其他社会行为提供多激素水平协同活动的视角。
本研究尚存在一些局限性:首先, 由于缺少一个基线水平, 尚不能确定黄体中期显著增强的认知控制能力是该时期绝对认知控制能力的提升, 还是由于卵泡后期其他认知过程对认知控制能力的削弱导致的。未来研究可以增加一个对照组开展研究。其次, 由于对两个时期的激素水平没有进行测试, 尚不能确定黄体中期完成PO任务的好成绩是由于哪一种激素的绝对水平或者相对水平导致的, 未来研究可以在测定激素水平的基础上进一步开展。
5 结语
利用“What-Where-When Task”探究生理周期对情景记忆的影响, 得到以下主要结论:
(1)生理周期对情景记忆中客体的空间位置与时间顺序整合的记忆产生显著影响, 表现为黄体中期的记忆效果显著好于卵泡后期。
(2)黄体中期在情景记忆信息整合能力上的好成绩, 与额叶脑区的P300和LPC波的振幅增强有关, 可能得益于认知控制能力的增强。
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Encoding focus alters diagnostic recollection and event-related potentials (ERPs)
DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.011 URL [本文引用: 1]
Brain sex matters: Estrogen in cognition and Alzheimer's disease
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.006 URL [本文引用: 1]
Unitization could facilitate item recognition but inhibit verbatim recognition for picture stimuli: Behavioral and event-related potential study
DOI:10.1007/s00426-020-01442-w URL [本文引用: 1]
The early ERP effects reflect neural activity in spatialscale of visual attention
早期ERP效应与视觉注意空间等级的脑调节机制
Hormones and social monitoring: Menstrual cycle shifts in progesterone underlie women's sensitivity to social information
DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.09.001 URL [本文引用: 3]
Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus?
DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.06.002 URL [本文引用: 1]
Electrophysiological correlates of decreasing and increasing emotional responses to unpleasant pictures
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00721.x URL [本文引用: 1]
N2 and automatic versus controlled processes
Encoding focus does not affect recollection of action memories: Event related potential (ERP) and modeling evidence
DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.001 URL [本文引用: 1]
Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b
DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
PMID:17573239
[本文引用: 1]
The empirical and theoretical development of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) is reviewed by considering factors that contribute to its amplitude, latency, and general characteristics. The neuropsychological origins of the P3a and P3b subcomponents are detailed, and how target/standard discrimination difficulty modulates scalp topography is discussed. The neural loci of P3a and P3b generation are outlined, and a cognitive model is proffered: P3a originates from stimulus-driven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing, whereas P3b originates from temporal-parietal activity associated with attention and appears related to subsequent memory processing. Neurotransmitter actions associating P3a to frontal/dopaminergic and P3b to parietal/norepinephrine pathways are highlighted. Neuroinhibition is suggested as an overarching theoretical mechanism for P300, which is elicited when stimulus detection engages memory operations.
Progesterone and women's anxiety across the menstrual cycle
DOI:S0018-506X(17)30384-7
PMID:29673619
[本文引用: 1]
Animal models and a few human investigations suggest progesterone may be associated with anxiety. Progesterone naturally fluctuates across the menstrual cycle, offering an opportunity to understand how within-person increases in progesterone and average progesterone levels across the cycle correspond to women's anxiety. Across two longitudinal studies, we simultaneously modeled the between- and within-person associations between progesterone and anxiety using multilevel modeling. In Study 1, 100 Polish women provided saliva samples and reported their anxiety at three phases of the menstrual cycle: follicular, peri-ovulatory, and luteal. A significant between-person effect emerged, revealing that women with higher average progesterone levels across their cycles reported higher levels of anxiety than women with lower progesterone cycles. This effect held controlling for estradiol. In Study 2, 61 American women provided saliva samples and reported their attachment anxiety during laboratory sessions during the same three cycle phases. A significant between-person and within-person association emerged: women with higher average progesterone levels reported higher levels of attachment anxiety, and as women's progesterone levels increased across their cycles, so too did their attachment anxiety. These effects held controlling for cortisol. In sum, both studies provide support for a link between menstrual cycle progesterone levels and subjective anxiety.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Provocation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A quantitative voxel- based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Resting-state functional MRI in depression unmasks increased connectivity between networks via the dorsal nexus
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1000446107 URL [本文引用: 1]
Menstrual cycle effects on prosocial orientation, gift giving, and charitable giving
DOI:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.055 URL [本文引用: 2]
Research situation of the women's menstrual cycle performance and impact factors
女性月经周期相关表现及影响因素的研究概况
The ERP correlates of self-knowledge: Are assessments of one's past, present, and future traits closer to semantic or episodic memory?
DOI:S0028-3932(17)30399-8
PMID:29107000
[本文引用: 1]
Self-knowledge concerns one's own preferences and personality. It pertains to the self (similar to episodic memory), yet does not concern events. It is factual (like semantic memory), but also idiosyncratic. For these reasons, it is unclear where self-knowledge might fall on a continuum in relation to semantic and episodic memory. In this study, we aimed to compare the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of self-knowledge to those of semantic and episodic memory, using N400 and Late Positive Component (LPC) as proxies for semantic and episodic processing, respectively. We considered an additional factor: time perspective. Temporally distant selves have been suggested to be more semantic compared to the present self, but thinking about one's past and future selves may also engage episodic memory. Twenty-eight adults answered whether traits (e.g., persistent) were true of most people holding an occupation (e.g., soldiers; semantic memory condition), or true of themselves 5 years ago, in the present, or 5 years from now (past, present, and future self-knowledge conditions). The study ended with an episodic recognition memory task for previously seen traits. Present self-knowledge produced mean LPC amplitudes at posterior parietal sites that fell between semantic and episodic memory. Mean LPC amplitudes for past and future self-knowledge were greater than for semantic memory, and not significantly different from episodic memory. Mean N400 amplitudes for the self-knowledge conditions were smaller than for semantic memory at sagittal sites. However, this N400 effect was not separable from a preceding P200 effect at these same electrode sites. This P200 effect can be interpreted as reflecting the greater emotional salience of self as compared to general knowledge, which may have facilitated semantic processing. Overall, our findings are consistent with a distinction between knowledge of others and self-knowledge, but the closeness of self-knowledge's neural correlates to either semantic or episodic memory appears to depend to some extent on time perspective.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Episodic memory: From mind to brain
DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 URL [本文引用: 1]
Inhibition of local estrogen synthesis in the hippocampus impairs hippocampal memory consolidation in ovariectomized female mice
DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.05.001 URL [本文引用: 1]
The classic P300 encodes a build‐to‐threshold decision variable
DOI:10.1111/ejn.12936 URL [本文引用: 1]
Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Dysfunction of frontal-striatal, particularly orbitofrontal-striatal, circuitry has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), characterized by obsessions, ritualistic behavior, anxiety, and specific cognitive impairments. In addition, neuropsychological studies in OCD have reported impairments in visuospatial tasks and executive functions, such as planning.To determine whether dorsal prefrontal-striatal dysfunction mediates planning impairment in patients with OCD.A parametric self-paced pseudorandomized event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging version of the Tower of London task was used in 22 medication-free patients with OCD and 22 healthy control subjects. This paradigm, allowing flexible responding and post hoc classification of correct responses, was developed to compare groups likely to differ in performance.Behavioral results showed significant planning impairments in OCD patients compared with control subjects. During planning, decreased frontal-striatal responsiveness was found in OCD patients, mainly in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus. In addition, OCD patients showed increased, presumably compensatory, involvement of brain areas known to play a role in performance monitoring and short-term memory processing, such as anterior cingulate, ventrolateral prefrontal, and parahippocampal cortices.These findings support the hypothesis that decreased dorsal prefrontal-striatal responsiveness is associated with impaired planning capacity in OCD patients. Because the described frontal-striatal dysfunction in OCD is independent of state anxiety and disease symptom severity, we conclude that executive impairment is a core feature in OCD.
Impaired planning but intact decision making in early Huntington's disease: Implications for specific fronto-striatal pathology
Previous neuropsychological data have suggested that deficits in early Huntington's disease (HD) include executive impairments, which often are linked with frontal-lobe dysfunction. This study sought to investigate the profile of cognitive deficits using two computerised tasks whose performance is known to rely on intact functions of separate areas of the prefrontal cortex. Twenty patients with early HD and 20 matched controls were given the one-touch Tower of London, a stringent measure of visuo-spatial planning, and a decision making task, which involved selecting and gambling on outcomes on the basis of their differing probabilities. Patients were significantly less accurate than controls on the planning test, which is sensitive to frontal lobe lesions and is strongly associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in functional imaging studies. On the decision making task, patients were unimpaired on the quality of their decision making, in contrast to previous reports of impairment on this task in patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. This dissociation of performance is discussed in terms of the usual path of progression of HD through the striatum and the resultant pattern of disruption of the functioning of the different cortico-striatal functional loops.
Influence of menstrual cycle phase on resting-state functional connectivity in naturally cycling, cigarette-dependent women
DOI:10.1186/s13293-015-0055-5 URL [本文引用: 1]
The timing of the "fertile window" in the menstrual cycle: Day specific estimates from a prospective study
DOI:10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1259 URL [本文引用: 1]
Separating retrieval strategies from retrieval success: An event-related potential study of source memory
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed two different source memory retrieval tasks. Each task was preceded by a study phase in which subjects heard an equal number of words spoken in a male or a female voice. A cue preceding each word indicated whether the subjects should make an active/passive (action) or a pleasant/unpleasant (liking) judgment to the word. In one retrieval task (the voice condition), subjects made a three-way distinction between new (unstudied) words, and words that had been spoken by the male or the female voice at study. In the second retrieval task (the task condition), subjects distinguished between new words, and words to which they had made an action or a liking judgment. All test words were presented visually. In keeping with previous findings, the differences between the ERPs to correct memory judgments for old and new items were characterised by two temporally and topographically dissociable modulations, with right-frontal and left-parietal maxima respectively. These 'old/new effects' displayed different sensitivities to successful retrieval of either voice or task information, providing further evidence that they index functionally dissociable processes. The direct comparison of the ERPs to correct rejections in the voice and task retrieval conditions revealed reliable differences over frontal scalp, suggesting that, irrespective of whether retrieval is successful, neural processing differs according to the source retrieval demands of the task.
Catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype influences frontoparietal activity during planning in patients with Parkinson's disease
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0774-07.2007
PMID:17475791
[本文引用: 1]
Cognitive dysfunction commonly occurs even in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Impairment on frontostriatally based executive tasks is particularly well described but affects only a proportion of early PD patients. Our previous work suggests that a common functional polymorphism (val(158)met) within the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene underlies some of this executive heterogeneity. In particular, an increasing number of methionine alleles, resulting in lower enzyme activity, is associated with impaired performance on the "Tower of London" planning task. The main objective of this study was to investigate the underlying neural basis of this genotype-phenotype effect in PD using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We scanned 31 patients with early PD who were homozygous for either valine (val) (n = 16) or methionine (met) (n = 15) at the COMT val(158)met polymorphism during performance of an executive task comprising both Tower of London (planning) and simple subtracting ("control") problems. A cross-group comparison between genetic subgroups revealed that response times for planning problems were significantly longer in met compared with val homozygotes, whereas response times for control problems did not differ. Furthermore, imaging data revealed a significant reduction in blood oxygen level-dependent signal across the frontoparietal network involved in planning in met/met compared with val/val patients. Hence, we have demonstrated that COMT genotype impacts on executive function in PD through directly influencing frontoparietal activation. Furthermore, the directionality of the genotype-phenotype effect observed in this study, when interpreted in the context of the existing literature, adds weight to the hypothesis that the relationship between prefrontal function and dopamine levels follows as an inverted U-shaped curve.
Electrophysiological dissociation of the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate electrophysiological correlates of recognition memory in a task that allowed segregation of test items according to whether they were recollected (operationalized by introspective report) or, if recollection failed, their level of familiarity (operationalized by recognition confidence). The amplitude of a negative-going ERP deflection that onsets around 300 ms post-stimulus varied inversely with familiarity strength. This effect was maximal over the left frontal scalp. It did not differ between the ERPs elicited by highly familiar versus recollected items, indicating that the recollection is not merely a consequence of strong familiarity. By contrast, a later positive deflection (onset ca. 500 ms post-stimulus) was enhanced in ERPs elicited by recollected relative to highly familiar items. This effect was maximal over the left posterior scalp and was insensitive to familiarity, as indicated by its absence in the contrast between items judged highly familiar versus highly unfamiliar. The findings constitute a double dissociation between the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity. Together with the results of a parallel functional magnetic resonance imaging study (A.P. Yonelinas et al., J. Neurosci. (2005), 25, 3002-3008), they indicate that recollection and familiarity rely on qualitatively distinct neural systems and strongly support dual-process models of recognition memory.
The influence of 8-week mindfulness training on unconscious emotion processing
八周正念训练对无意识情绪加工的影响
Age effects on the P300 to novel somatosensory stimuli
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to somatosensory task-relevant targets and task-irrelevant novel (tactile and shock) stimuli were studied in 30 subjects between the ages of 18 and 79. Target and novel P300 latencies increased linearly with age at comparable rates. P300 amplitudes and scalp topographies also changed with age. P300 amplitudes remained constant at frontal sites and decreased at central and parietal sites for both target and novel stimuli with increasing age. The current results extend the age-related novel P300 changes reported in the auditory and visual modalities to the somatosensory system. The age-related amplitude reduction at posterior scalp sites supports independent contributions of frontal and posterior association cortex to P300 generation.
The menstrual cycle affects recognition of emotional expressions: An event-related potential study
DOI:10.12688/f1000research.11563.1 URL [本文引用: 1]
A review of three new methods of modern experimental psychology
现代实验心理学三种新方法评述
Frontostriatal circuits, resting state functional connectivity and cognitive control in internet gaming disorder
DOI:10.1111/adb.12348 URL [本文引用: 1]
The relationship between menstrual cycles and women's ornamental behavior
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00729 URL [本文引用: 1]
女性生理周期与修饰行为的关系
Neural basis of increased cognitive control of impulsivity during the mid-luteal phase relative to the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2020.568399 URL [本文引用: 5]
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