子女越孝顺老年人越幸福吗?老年人孝道期待的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01381

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

孝道是影响老年人幸福感的重要变量之一, 然而, 以往研究却得出相互矛盾的结论, 其中可能的重要原因之一是没有聚焦老年人孝道期待的实现程度。采用二次响应面回归分析探究老年人孝道期待和子女孝道支持行为之间的匹配度对老年人生活满意度和孤独感的影响。研究结果表明, 对于生活满意度而言, 和不匹配相比, 情感期待和情感支持以及联络期待和联络支持匹配时老年人生活满意度更高; 在期待和支持匹配的情况下, 生活满意度随信息期待和信息支持的增加而提高; 并且老年人的生活满意度仅随工具支持的增加而提高, 但与工具期待没有关系。对于孤独感而言, 在情感期待和情感支持二者不匹配时, 较于情感期待低于情感支持, 情感期待高于情感支持时老年人的孤独感更高; 孤独感仅随联络支持和信息支持的增加而降低, 与联络期待、信息期待、工具期待以及工具支持没有关系。该研究得出以下结论：老年人孝道期待的实现程度是提高其生活满意度的重要因素, 而情感期待高于情感支持是影响老年人孤独感的重要因素。

关键词: 孝道期待, 孝道支持行为, 二次响应面回归分析, 孤独感, 生活满意度

Abstract:

Filial piety is an essential variable influencing the intergenerational interaction in the context of Chinese culture. Filial piety is a model of China’s refined traditional culture which guides family interactions based on blood relationships. It is, therefore, a social moral and normative behavior standard. Filial piety plays a vital role in older adults’ lives. However, conclusions from previous studies concerning the relationship between filial responsibility expectation and older adults’ quality of life are not consistent. This is partly because the studies did not consider filial support behaviors from adult children and filial discrepancy.

Few studies have investigated whether older adults’ filial responsibility expectations match filial support from children and the effects of filial discrepancy on their life satisfaction and loneliness. To bridge this gap, the present study aimed to test whether filial discrepancy affects older adults’ life satisfaction and loneliness using a quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis.

Our results showed that older adults’ life satisfaction was higher when emotional expectation and support, as well as contact expectation and support matched compared with when these expectations and supports did not match. The slope of the matching line was significantly positive (β = 3.23, p < 0.001). Specifically, a good match between emotional expectation and support linearly increased life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was higher when contact expectation and support matched than when they did not match. Moreover, the slope of the matching line was significantly positive (β = 1.74, p = 0.010). Specifically, when the contact expectation and support matched, life satisfaction increased with the increase in these two variables. Notably, older adults’ high life satisfaction was associated with children’s high instrumental support, but not the instrumental expectation. It was found that when emotional expectation and emotional support were mismatched, older adults felt lonelier when the emotional expectation was higher than emotional support compared with when the emotional expectation was lower than emotional support. Low loneliness was associated with high contact support and information support. However, loneliness was not related to contact expectation, information expectation, instrumental expectation, or instrumental support.

In summary, our study found significant differences in the impact of filial discrepancy on the positive indicator of happiness in older adults (life satisfaction) and the negative indicator (loneliness). For life satisfaction, matching emotional expectation and emotional support, as well as contact expectation and contact support, are critical factors which improve older adults’ life satisfaction. In terms of loneliness, higher emotional expectation compared with emotional support increases older adults’ loneliness.

Key words: filial responsibility expectation, filial support behavior, quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis, loneliness, life satisfaction

中图分类号:

B844

李西营, 金奕彤, 刘静, 张星宇, 皮忠玲. (2022). 子女越孝顺老年人越幸福吗?老年人孝道期待的作用. 心理学报, 54(11), 1381-1390.

LI Xiying, JIN Yitong, LIU Jing, ZHANG Xingyu, PI Zhongling. (2022). Is older adult happier with more filial piety children? The role of filial responsibility expectation of older adult. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(11), 1381-1390.

图/表 7

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变量	M ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1 情感期待	4.37 ± 0.58	1
2 工具期待	3.57 ± 0.91	0.68**	1
3 联络期待	4.36 ± 0.67	0.71**	0.59**	1
4 信息期待	4.24 ± 0.71	0.75**	0.63**	0.67**	1
5 情感支持	3.18 ± 0.63	0.42**	0.34**	0.35**	0.37**	1
6 工具支持	3.35 ± 0.60	0.42**	0.34**	0.35**	0.43**	0.71**	1
7 联络支持	3.46 ± 0.59	0.42**	0.28**	0.41**	0.42**	0.77**	0.74**	1
8 信息支持	3.48 ± 0.56	0.54**	0.23**	0.33**	0.37**	0.77**	0.78**	0.078**	1
9 孤独感	36.38 ± 8.66	-0.09	0.04	0.04	-0.16*	-0.10	-0.10	-0.18*	-0.12	1
10生活满意度	26.36 ± 5.45	0.25**	0.18*	0.25**	0.29**	0.21**	0.26**	0.33**	0.25**	-0.42**

变量	M ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1 情感期待	4.37 ± 0.58	1
2 工具期待	3.57 ± 0.91	0.68**	1
3 联络期待	4.36 ± 0.67	0.71**	0.59**	1
4 信息期待	4.24 ± 0.71	0.75**	0.63**	0.67**	1
5 情感支持	3.18 ± 0.63	0.42**	0.34**	0.35**	0.37**	1
6 工具支持	3.35 ± 0.60	0.42**	0.34**	0.35**	0.43**	0.71**	1
7 联络支持	3.46 ± 0.59	0.42**	0.28**	0.41**	0.42**	0.77**	0.74**	1
8 信息支持	3.48 ± 0.56	0.54**	0.23**	0.33**	0.37**	0.77**	0.78**	0.078**	1
9 孤独感	36.38 ± 8.66	-0.09	0.04	0.04	-0.16*	-0.10	-0.10	-0.18*	-0.12	1
10生活满意度	26.36 ± 5.45	0.25**	0.18*	0.25**	0.29**	0.21**	0.26**	0.33**	0.25**	-0.42**

变量	多项式回归						响应面分析
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p		β	t	p
情感期待	1.19	3.05	0.003	0.07	5.36	0.001	a₁	3.23	4.51	< 0.001
情感支持	2.04	3.71	< 0.001				a₂	-0.86	-3.27	0.001
情感期待²	-0.11	-0.07	0.945				a₃	-0.86	-1.36	0.176
情感期待×情感支持	-0.13	-0.58	0.564				a₄	-0.61	-1.70	0.090
情感支持²	-0.72	-3.70	0.000
工具期待	0.27	0.55	0.582	0.01	0.62	0.603	—
工具支持	1.15	2.86	0.005
工具期待²	0.05	0.26	0.794
工具期待×工具支持	0.09	0.42	0.672
工具支持²	-0.22	-1.31	0.190
联络期待	0.10	0.23	0.822	0.04	2.84	0.039	a₁	1.74	2.62	0.010
联络支持	1.64	3.49	0.001				a₂	-0.14	-0.58	0.565
联络期待²	-0.01	-0.04	0.971				a₃	-1.54	-2.39	0.018
联络期待×联络支持	0.34	1.73	0.086				a₄	-0.82	-2.24	0.026
联络支持²	-0.47	-2.68	0.008
信息期待	0.84	1.90	0.060	0.06	4.51	0.004	a₁	2.73	4.65	< 0.001
信息支持	1.89	4.24	< 0.001				a₂	-0.51	-2.28	0.024
信息期待²	0.21	1.39	0.168				a₃	-1.05	-1.59	0.117
信息期待×信息支持	-0.17	-0.88	0.378				a₄	-0.17	-0.49	0.627
信息支持²	-0.55	-3.00	0.003

变量	多项式回归						响应面分析
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p		β	t	p
情感期待	1.19	3.05	0.003	0.07	5.36	0.001	a₁	3.23	4.51	< 0.001
情感支持	2.04	3.71	< 0.001				a₂	-0.86	-3.27	0.001
情感期待²	-0.11	-0.07	0.945				a₃	-0.86	-1.36	0.176
情感期待×情感支持	-0.13	-0.58	0.564				a₄	-0.61	-1.70	0.090
情感支持²	-0.72	-3.70	0.000
工具期待	0.27	0.55	0.582	0.01	0.62	0.603	—
工具支持	1.15	2.86	0.005
工具期待²	0.05	0.26	0.794
工具期待×工具支持	0.09	0.42	0.672
工具支持²	-0.22	-1.31	0.190
联络期待	0.10	0.23	0.822	0.04	2.84	0.039	a₁	1.74	2.62	0.010
联络支持	1.64	3.49	0.001				a₂	-0.14	-0.58	0.565
联络期待²	-0.01	-0.04	0.971				a₃	-1.54	-2.39	0.018
联络期待×联络支持	0.34	1.73	0.086				a₄	-0.82	-2.24	0.026
联络支持²	-0.47	-2.68	0.008
信息期待	0.84	1.90	0.060	0.06	4.51	0.004	a₁	2.73	4.65	< 0.001
信息支持	1.89	4.24	< 0.001				a₂	-0.51	-2.28	0.024
信息期待²	0.21	1.39	0.168				a₃	-1.05	-1.59	0.117
信息期待×信息支持	-0.17	-0.88	0.378				a₄	-0.17	-0.49	0.627
信息支持²	-0.55	-3.00	0.003

变量	多项式回归						响应面分析
变量	β	t	p	ΔR²	F	p		β	t	p
情感期待	-0.74	-1.14	0.256	0.04	2.78	0.042	a₁	-3.37	-2.81	0.006
情感支持	-2.63	-2.85	0.005				a₂	0.99	2.25	0.025
情感期待²	-0.27	-0.99	0.323				a₃	1.88	1.79	0.076
情感期待×情感支持	0.45	1.25	0.214				a₄	0.09	0.15	0.884
情感支持²	0.81	2.47	0.015
工具期待	-0.47	-0.59	0.559	0.02	1.27	0.285	—
工具支持	-0.94	-1.42	0.157
工具期待²	0.11	0.36	0.722
工具期待×工具支持	0.58	1.61	0.108
工具支持²	-0.27	-1.00	0.319
联络期待	0.52	0.67	0.504	0.01	1.36	0.780	—
联络支持	-1.88	-2.35	0.020
联络期待²	-0.07	-0.25	0.804
联络期待×联络支持	-0.04	-0.11	0.910
联络支持²	0.31	1.02	0.309
信息期待	-0.32	-0.43	0.670	0.02	1.58	0.193	—
信息支持	-1.53	-2.02	0.045
信息期待²	-0.29	-1.13	0.258
信息期待×信息支持	-0.04	-0.14	0.892
信息支持²	0.60	1.94	0.054