ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (6): 667-680.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00667

• 研究报告 • 上一篇    

外强中瘠、虚饰以财?自我威胁情境下异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系

杨宝琰1,2(), 陈莎莎1, 苏少青1, 陈芳丽1   

  1. 1西北师范大学心理学院
    2西北师范大学西北少数民族教育发展研究中心, 兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-30 发布日期:2021-04-25
  • 通讯作者: 杨宝琰 E-mail:yangby2005@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金一般项目(17BSH099)

Outwardly strong but inwardly weak, pretensions to wealth? Exploring the impact of heterogeneous high self-esteem on materialism in a self-threat situation

YANG Baoyan1,2(), CHEN Shasha1, SU Shaoqing1, CHEN Fangli1   

  1. 1School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    2Research Center for Education of Northwest Ethnic Minorities, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • Received:2020-06-30 Online:2021-04-25
  • Contact: YANG Baoyan E-mail:yangby2005@126.com

摘要:

通过3个研究探讨异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系, 以及在自我威胁情境下异质性高自尊与物质主义的关系是否会发生变化。研究1采用问卷法考察异质性高自尊与物质主义的相关关系, 结果发现, 安全高自尊者的物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者; 研究2通过要求不同高自尊者与吸引力高/低的同性进行对比操纵自我威胁, 然后测量外显物质主义, 结果发现, 在吸引力威胁情境下, 安全高自尊者的外显物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者的外显物质主义; 研究3通过虚拟的智力测验排名反馈操纵自我威胁, 然后测量内隐物质主义。结果发现, 在智力威胁情境下, 安全高自尊者的内隐物质主义显著低于脆弱高自尊者的内隐物质主义。据此可认为, 异质性高自尊既是解开高自尊与物质主义矛盾关系的切入点, 也是瓦解自我威胁与物质主义正向关系的突破口。

关键词: 异质性高自尊, 物质主义, 自我威胁

Abstract:

Self-esteem, as a core individual variable, has a long-standing inverse relationship with materialism. However, some studies have found that people with high self-esteem have higher materialistic orientation than those with low self-esteem, which contradicts previous research. In this connection, researchers need to rethink the relationship between these two variables. The heterogeneity hypothesis of high self-esteem holds that there are secure high self-esteem and fragile high self-esteem in high self-esteem groups, which may guide our understanding of this contradictory relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore whether materialistic orientation was associated with different sub-types of high self-esteem, that is, that high self-esteem is heterogeneous, and to explore whether the relationship would change under self-threat situations.

The results of study 1 indicated that the relationship between high fragile self-esteem and materialism was positive, while the relationship between high secure self-esteem and materialism was negative. The materialism of people with high fragile self-esteem was significantly higher than those with high secure self-esteem. The results of study 2 suggested that attractiveness threat moderated the relationship between heterogeneous high self-esteem and materialism. Specifically, in the attractive threat scenarios, materialism of secure high self-esteem was low, while materialism of fragile high self-esteem was high. In the non-attractive threat situation, the difference in materialism measures between them was insignificant. This finding was further replicated in study 3 where intellectual threat moderated the relationship between heterogeneous high self-esteem and implicit materialism. Notably, in the context of an intellectual threat, implicit materialism of the secure high self-esteem group was low, while implicit materialism of the fragile high self-esteem group was high. In the non-intellectual threat situation, the difference in implicit materialism scores was not significant.

Therefore, from the perspective of heterogeneous high self-esteem, this study essentially proved the low materialism level of those with secure high self-esteem and high materialism level of those with fragile high self-esteem. It signifies that the two conclusions of previous studies are reasonable. If there exists a greater number of secure high self-esteem individuals among a population of high self-esteem persons, the relationship between high self-esteem and materialism is negative. On the contrary, if there is a greater number of fragile high self-esteem individuals, the relationship is positive, thereby solving the puzzle of the contradictory relationship between high self-esteem and materialism. Furthermore, this study can urge educators to pay more attention to the cultivation of children's secure high self-esteem rather than unquestioningly cultivating high self-esteem.

To delve deeper into the impact of high self-esteem on materialism orientation, three studies were conducted. In study 1, 420 college students from 4 universities were surveyed by questionnaire to explore the correlation between heterogeneous high self-esteem and materialism. Study 2 was aimed to verify the causal relationship, and used attractiveness threat to self-esteem to investigate whether the attractiveness threat played a moderating role in the relationship between different types of high self-esteem and materialism where participants with fragile high self-esteem and secure high self-esteem were randomly assigned either to the attractiveness threat group or the control group. They were asked to compare their own attractiveness to the most and the least attractive images of the same sex selected from pre-test, respectively. Study 3 used intellectual threat as a form of self-threat priming and measured materialism at the implicit level where heterogeneous high self-esteem participants were randomly assigned to the intellectual threat group or the control group. The former completed 13 difficult questions from Raven's Progressive Matrices and received negative feedback, while the latter completed 13 simple questions from Raven's Progressive Matrices and received positive feedback.

Key words: heterogeneous high self-esteem, materialism, self-threats

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