人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00259

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食物在社会生活中发挥着重要作用, 具有性别文化意义。两个研究分别探索了外显与内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在及其对人物评价的影响。研究1采用提名法、自我报告法和语义启动范式检验外显和内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在, 结果表明被试均持“男性偏好男性化食物, 女性偏好女性化食物”的外显食物性别刻板印象, 女性被试持有内隐食物性别刻板印象。研究2采用情境实验法和内隐关系评估程序进一步测量被试对食物性别刻板不一致目标人物在热情和能力维度上的评价, 结果发现人们对食物性别刻板不一致男性在热情维度的内隐评价更加积极。

关键词: 食物性别刻板印象, 内隐联想测验, 语义启动范式, 内隐关系评估程序, 热情-能力, 人物评价

Abstract:

Interpersonal evaluations refer to people’s perception of someone and how they judge personalities based on existing information. Recent research has focused on food gender stereotypes and their effect on impression evaluations. However, past studies on food gender stereotypes were mostly conducted within Western cultural context, while few studies were based on non-Western culture, and unsystematically only focused on the impressions of sexual attractiveness, personal qualities, or masculinity/femininity. Therefore, this study examined whether food gender stereotypes exist in the Chinese cultural context while investigating these stereotype effects on impression evaluations based on the Big Two model, which provided a good theoretical basis and measurement index. We hypothesized that the Chinese also held food gender stereotypes and had different impression evaluations on individuals consistent or inconsistent with food gender stereotypes of different genders. To test these hypotheses, we performed two separate studies. In total, 788 participants were recruited online and 132 through advertising on campus. Study 1 comprised examining whether participants held explicit and implicit food gender stereotypes using open nomination, self-reporting, and semantic priming paradigms. Study 2 involved measuring participants' evaluation of competence and warmth on individuals with given food gender stereotypes using questionnaires and Implicit Relational Assessment Procedures. Results revealed that both genders held the explicit food gender stereotype of “men like masculine food and women like feminine food,” but only women held implicit food gender stereotypes. Additionally, participants reported higher evaluations for competence and lower evaluations for warmth on men who were consistent with the food gender stereotype, while for women who were consistent, participants thought they were warmer but less competent. Implicitly, both genders held stereotyped evaluations that inconsistent men were warmer. In conclusion, this research explored and examined the unique content of food gender stereotypes in the Chinese cultural context, which deepens the understanding of food gender stereotypes and contributes significantly to the field of cross-cultural food gender stereotypes. Furthermore, we creatively combined our study purposes with the Big Two model and systematically investigated people’s evaluation of individuals with consistent/inconsistent food gender stereotypes in two aspects, which has important implications for future research.

Key words: food-gender stereotype, implicit association test, semantic priming paradigm, implicit relational assessment procedures, warmth-competence, impression evaluation

中图分类号:

B849: C91

佐斌, 戴月娥, 温芳芳, 高佳, 谢志杰, 何赛飞. (2021). 人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响. 心理学报, 53(3), 259-272.

ZUO Bin, DAI Yuee, WEN Fangfang, GAO Jia, XIE Zhijie, HE Saifei. (2021). “You were what you eat”: Food gender stereotypes and their impact on evaluation of impression. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(3), 259-272.

图/表 6

参考文献 75

[1]	Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., & Boles, S. (2010). A sketch of the implicit relational assessment procedure (irap) and the relational elaboration and coherence (rec) model. Psychological Record, 60(3), 527-542.
[2]	Bian, L., Leslie, S.-J., & Cimpian, A. (2017). Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children's interests. Science, 355(6323), 389-391. doi: 10.1126/science.aah6524 URL pmid: 28126816
[3]	Breen, A. B., & Karpinski, A. (2013). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay males and lesbians among heterosexual males and females. Journal of Social Psychology, 153(3), 351-374.
[4]	Cai, H. J., Huang, X. F., & Song, H. R. (2008). The relationship between sex-role and subjective well-being in China. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 40(4), 474-486.
	[ 蔡华俭, 黄玄凤, 宋海荣. (2008). 性别角色和主观幸福感的关系模型: 基于中国大学生的检验. 心理学报, 40(4), 474-486.]
[5]	Cai H., J., & Yang, Z. L. (2002). Using IAT to study the structure of gender self-concept. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 34(2), 59-65.
	[ 蔡华俭, 杨治良. (2002). 大学生性别自我概念的结构. 心理学报, 34(2), 59-65.]
[6]	Cai, H. J., Zhou, Y., & Shi, Q. H. (2001). Implicit association test (IAT) and its application in the study of gender stereotypes. Journal of Social Psychology Research,(4), 6-11.
	[ 蔡华俭, 周颖, 史青海. (2001). 内隐联想测验(IAT)及其在性别刻板印象研究中的应用. 社会心理研究, (4), 6-11. ]
[7]	Cambon, L., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2017). Compensation is for real: Evidence from existing groups in the context of actual relations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(6), 745-756.
[8]	Cambon, L., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2018). Two routes toward compensation: An investigation into the mechanisms of compensation for high-and low-status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 77, 24-35.
[9]	Cavazza, N., Guidetti, M., & Butera, F. (2015). Ingredients of gender-based stereotypes about food. Indirect influence of food type, portion size and presentation on gendered intentions to eat. Appetite, 91, 266-272. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.068 URL pmid: 25934089
[10]	Cavazza, N., Guidetti, M., & Butera, F. (2017). Portion size tells who I am, food type tells who you are: Specific functions of amount and type of food in same- and opposite-sex dyadic eating contexts. Appetite, 112, 96-101. URL pmid: 28111085
[11]	Dai, T. T., Zuo, B., & Wen, F. F. (2014). The compensation effect between warmth and competence in social cognition. Advances in Psychological Science, 22(3), 502-511. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00502 URL
	[ 代涛涛, 佐斌, 温芳芳. (2014). 社会认知中热情与能力的补偿效应. 心理科学进展, 22(3), 502-511.]
[12]	Derous, E., Ryan, A. M., & Serlie, A. W. (2015). Double jeopardy upon resumé screening: When achmed is less employable than aïsha. Personnel Psychology, 68(3), 659-696.
[13]	Drake, C. E., Primeaux, S., & Thomas, J. (2017). Comparing implicit gender stereotypes between women and men with the implicit relational assessment procedure. Gender Issues, 35(7), 1-18.
[14]	Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., & Sczesny, S. (2020). Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018. American Psychologist, 75(3), 301-315.
[15]	Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology(pp. 458-476). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49.
[16]	Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). Gpower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods*, 39(2), 175-191. URL pmid: 17695343
[17]	Finn, M., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Mcenteggart, C. (2018). Exploring the single-trial-type-dominance-effect in the irap: Developing a differential arbitrarily applicable relational responding effects (daarre) model. Psychological Record, 68(8), 11-25.
[18]	Fiske, S. T. (2004). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. New York: Wiley.
[19]	Fiske, S. T. (2018). Stereotype content: warmth and competence endure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(2), 67-73. doi: 10.1177/0963721417738825 doi: 10.1177/0963721417738825 URL pmid: 29755213
[20]	Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77-83.
[21]	Fiske, S. T., Xu, J., Cuddy, A. C., & Glick, P. (1999). (Dis) Respecting versus (Dis)liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 473-489.
[22]	Gal, D., & Wilkie, J. (2010). Real men don’t eat quiche. Regulation of gender-expressive choices by men. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(4), 291-301.
[23]	Galinsky, A. D., Hall, E. V., & Cuddy, A. J. C. (2013). Gendered races: implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation. Psychology Science, 24(4), 498-506.
[24]	Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27. URL pmid: 7878162
[25]	Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 3-25. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.3 URL pmid: 11863040
[26]	Guan, J., & Cheng, J. T. (2011). Dimensionality and measure of stereotype content model and ifluence of involvement. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 184-188.
	[ 管健, 程婕婷. (2011). 刻板印象内容模型的确认、测量及卷入的影响. 中国临床心理学杂志, 19(2), 184-188.]
[27]	He, Z. R. (2012). Gender consciousness in Laozi and its historical influence. Journal of South China Normal University (social science edition),(1), 107-113.
	[ 贺璋瑢. (2012). 《老子》的性别意识及其历史影响. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), (1), 107-113.]
[28]	Hentschel, T., Heilman, M. E., & Peus, C. V. (2019). The multiple dimensions of gender stereotypes: A current look at men’s and women’s characterizations of others and themselves. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2019.00011.
[29]	Higgs, S., & Thomas, J. (2016). Social influences on eating. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1-6.
[30]	Hofstede, G. (Eds.), Xu, L. S. (Review). (2008). Culture’s consequence: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
	[ Hofstede, G. (著). 许力生导读. (2008). 文化之重：价值、行为、体制和组织的跨国比较 (第二版). 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.
[31]	Hoyt, W. D., Hamilton, S. B., & Rickard, K. M. (2003). The effects of dietary fat and caloric content on the body-size estimates of anorexic profile and normal college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 85-91. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10119 URL pmid: 12508333
[32]	Jiang, X. H., Yang, F., Li, X. L., & Wang, M. F. (2016). Implicit gender stereotypes on warmth and competence dimensions in children. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(4), 613-617.
	[ 姜新华, 杨峰, 李秀丽, 王美芳. (2016). 8-13岁儿童关于能力与热情的内隐性别刻板印象. 中国临床心理学杂志, 24(4), 613-617.]
[33]	Johnson, K. L., Freeman, J. B., & Pauker, K. (2012). Race is gendered: how covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(1), 116-131. doi: 10.1037/a0025335 URL pmid: 21875229
[34]	Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 28(3), 280-290.
[35]	Kimura, A., Wada, Y., Asakawa, A., Masuda, T., Goto, S. I., Dan, I., & Oka, T. (2012). Dish influences implicit gender-based food stereotypes among young Japanese adults. Appetite, 58(3), 940-945.
[36]	Kimura, A., Wada, Y., Goto, S.-I., Tsuzuki, D., Cai, D. S., Oka, T., & Dan, I. (2009). Implicit gender-based food stereotypes. semantic priming experiments on young Japanese. Appetite, 52(2), 521-524. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.002 URL pmid: 19056438
[37]	Ma, F., & Liang, N. J. (2006). A study on implicit mathematics gender stereotype by SEB. Journal of Psychological Science, 29(5), 1116-1118.
	[ 马芳, 梁宁建. (2006). 内隐数学-性别刻板印象的SEB研究. 心理科学, 29(5), 1116-1118.]
[38]	Ma, F., & Liang, N. J. (2008). A study on implicit mathematics gender stereotype by IAT. Journal of Psychological Science, 31(1), 35-39.
	[ 马芳, 梁宁建. (2008). 数学性别刻板印象的内隐联想测验研究. 心理科学, 31(1), 35-39.]
[39]	Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C., & Hewstone, M. (Eds). (1996). Foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: Guilford.
[40]	Mooney, K. M., Detore, J., & Malloy, K. A. (1994). Perceptions of women related to food choice. Sex Roles, 31(7-8), 433-442.
[41]	Mooney, K. M., & Lorenz, E. (1997). The effects of food and gender on interpersonal perceptions. 36(9-10), 639-653.
[42]	Mõttus, R., Mcneill, G., Jia, X. L., Craig, L. C. A., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2013). The associations between personality, diet and body mass index in older people. Health Psychology, 32(4), 353-360. doi: 10.1037/a0025537 URL pmid: 21928903
[43]	Murcott, A.(1983). The sociology of food and eating: Essays on the sociological significance of food. Aldershot, England: Grower.
[44]	Nath, J.(2011). Gendered fare? A qualitative investigation of alternative food and masculinities. Journal of Sociology, 47(3), 261-278.
[45]	Oakes, M. E. (2004). Good foods gone bad: “Infamous” nutrients diminish perceived vitamin and mineral content of foods. Appetite, 42(3), 273-278. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2003.10.004 URL pmid: 15183918
[46]	Okahana, H., & Zhou, E. (2018). Graduate enrollment and degrees: 2007 to 2017. Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools.
[47]	Park, B., Smith, J. A., & Correll, J. (2008). "Having it all" or "doing it all"? Perceived trait attributes and behavioral obligations as a function of workload, parenthood, and gender. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(7), 1156-1164.
[48]	Plaks, J. E., Stroessner, S. J., Dweck, C. S., & Sherman, J. W. (2001). Person theories and attention allocation: Preferences for stereotypic versus counterstereotypic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 876-893. URL pmid: 11414372
[49]	Pliner, P., & Chaiken, S. (1990). Eating, social motives, and self-presentation in women and men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(3), 240-254.
[50]	Pohlmann, A.(2014). Threatened at the table: Meat consumption, maleness and men's gender identities. Dissertations & Theses- Gradworks. University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
[51]	Qian, M. Y., Luo, S. H., Zhang, G. J., Chen, P.,& Yao, P. (1999). An elementary survey of sex stereotype. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(1), 14-19.
	[ 钱铭怡, 罗珊红, 张光健, 陈萍, 姚萍. (1999). 关于性别刻板印象的初步调查. 应用心理学, 5(1), 14-19.]
[52]	Raynor, D. A., & Levine, H. (2009). Associations between the five-factor model of personality and healt behaviors among college students. Journal of American College Health, 58(1), 73-81. doi: 10.3200/JACH.58.1.73-82 URL pmid: 19592356
[53]	Rocco, P., Adams, R. B., Ursula, H., Kleck, R. E., & Leslie, Z. (2017). Age and gender differences in facial attractiveness, but not emotion resemblance, contribute to age and gender stereotypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1704. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01704 URL pmid: 29033881
[54]	Rothgerber, H.(2013). Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(4), 363-375.
[55]	Rozin, P., Hormes, J. M., Faith, M. S., & Wansink, B. (2012). Is meat male? a quantitative multimethod framework to establish metaphoric relationships. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(3), 629-643. doi: 10.1086/664970 URL
[56]	Schösler, H., Boer, J. D., Boersema, J. J., & Aiking, H. (2015). Meat and masculinity among young Chinese, Turkish and Dutch adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 89(6), 152-159. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.013 URL
[57]	Song, J. J., Zuo, B., Wen, F. F., Tan, X., & Zhao, M. M. (2017). The effect of crossed categorization on stereotype-wealth × age group. Psychological Exploration, 37(2), 155-160.
	[ 宋静静, 佐斌, 温芳芳, 谭潇, 赵苗苗. (2017). 交叉分类对刻板印象的影响:穷富与年龄维度交叉为例. 心理学探新, 37(2), 155-160.]
[58]	Stein, R. I., & Nemeroff, C. J. (1995). Moral overtones of food: Judgments of others based on what they eat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(5), 480-490. doi: 10.1177/0146167295215006 URL
[59]	Su, H., Ren, X. P., Lu, K. W., & Zhang, H. (2016). The evolution of given names and times changes. Youth Studies,(3), 31-38.
	[ 苏红, 任孝鹏, 陆柯雯, 张慧. (2016). 人名演变与时代变迁. 青年研究(3), 31-38.]
[60]	Thomas, M. A. (2016). Are vegans the same as vegetarians? the effect of diet on perceptions of masculinity. Appetite, 97, 79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.021 URL pmid: 26593101
[61]	Tryon, M. S., Stanhope, K. L., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., Brown, R., Medici, V., … Laugero, K. D. (2015). Excessive sugar consumption may be a difficult habit to break: A view from the brain and body. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100(6), 2239-2247.
[62]	Vandello, J. A., Bosson, J. K., Cohen, D., Burnaford, R. M., & Weaver, J. R. (2008). Precarious manhood. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 95(6), 1325-1339. doi: 10.1037/a0012453 URL pmid: 19025286
[63]	Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Impression management and food intake. Current directions in research. Appetite, 86, 74-80. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.021 URL pmid: 25149198
[64]	Vartanian, L. R., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2007). Consumption stereotypes and impression management: How you are what you eat. Appetite, 48(3), 265-277. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.008 URL pmid: 17157957
[65]	Wang, P,.& Wang, K. (2009). Implicit relational assessment procedures: A new method for measuring implicit attitude. Journal of Psychological Science, 32(3), 669-671.
	[ 王沛, 王凯. (2009). 内隐关系评估程序:内隐态度测量的新方法. 心理科学, 32(3), 669-671.]
[66]	Wang, X., Geng, L., Qin, J., & Yao, S. (2016). The potential relationship between spicy taste and risk seeking. Judgment & Decision Making, 11(6), 547-553.
[67]	Wen, F. F., & Zuo, B. (2019). Concepts, cues and influential mechanisms of social categorization. Journal of Psychological Science, 42(2), 141-147.
	[ 温芳芳, 佐斌. (2019). 社会分类的概念、线索及影响机制. 心理科学, 42(2), 141-147.]
[68]	White, K., & Dahl, D. W. (2006). To be or not be? The influence of dissociative reference groups on consumer preferences. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 404-413.
[69]	Wolffhechel, K., Fagertun, J., Jacobsen, U. P., Majewski, W., Hemmingsen, A. S., Larsen, C. L., … Jarmer, H. (2014). Interpretation of appearance: The effect of facial features on first impressions and personality. Plos One, 9(9), e107721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107721. URL pmid: 25233221
[70]	Yu, H. Y., & Liang, N. J. (2005). Stereotypic explanatory bias (SEB) ——A new index to show people's implicit attitudes. Journal of Psychological Science, 28(1), 42-44.
	[ 俞海运, 梁宁建. (2005). 刻板解释偏差测量. 心理科学, 28(1), 42-44.]
[71]	Zarate, M. A., & Smith, E. R. (1990). Person categorization and stereotyping. Social Cognition, 8(2), 161-185.
[72]	Zellner, D. A., Loaiza, S., Gonzalez, Z., Pita, J., Morales, J., Pecora, D., & Wolf, A. (2006). Food selection changes under stress. Physiology and Behavior, 87(4), 789-793. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.014 URL pmid: 16519909
[73]	Zhang, Q., & Wang, M. F. (2014). The implicit mixed gender stereotypes regarding warmth and competence dimensions in college students: Evidences from IAT. Journal of Shandong Normal University (Humnnities and Social Sciences), 59(5), 126-130.
	[ 张庆, 王美芳. (2014). 大学生关于能力与热情的内隐混合性别刻板印象:来自IAT的证据. 山东师范大学学报:人文社会科学版, 59(5), 126-130.]
[74]	Zuo, B.(2015). Stereotype content and form. Wuhan: Central China Normal University Press,
	[ 佐斌.(2015). 刻板印象内容与形态. 武汉：华中师范大学出版社,
[75]	Zuo, B., & Liu, X. (2006). The researches of implicit gender stereotype based on IAT and SEB. Psychological Development and Education, 22(4), 57-63.
	[ 佐斌, 刘晅. (2006). 基于IAT和SEB的内隐性别刻板印象研究. 心理发展与教育, 22(4), 57-63.]

偏好类型	M	SD	95% CI	t	Cohen's d
男性食物偏好	1.88	1.48	[1.69, 2.08]	19.26***	1.81
女性食物偏好	-2.24	1.50	[-2.43, -2.05]	-22.71***	2.13

偏好类型	M	SD	95% CI	t	Cohen's d
男性食物偏好	1.88	1.48	[1.69, 2.08]	19.26***	1.81
女性食物偏好	-2.24	1.50	[-2.43, -2.05]	-22.71***	2.13

目标个体	M	SD	95% CI	t	Cohen's d
刻板男性	0.20	0.81	[0.09, 0.31]	3.62^***	0.22
刻板女性	-0.51	0.85	[-0.62, -0.39]	-8.58^***	0.55
反刻板男性	-0.57	0.89	[-0.69, -0.44]	-9.16^***	0.56
反刻板女性	0.16	0.85	[0.04 0.27]	2.67^**	0.17

目标个体	M	SD	95% CI	t	Cohen's d
刻板男性	0.20	0.81	[0.09, 0.31]	3.62^***	0.22
刻板女性	-0.51	0.85	[-0.62, -0.39]	-8.58^***	0.55
反刻板男性	-0.57	0.89	[-0.69, -0.44]	-9.16^***	0.56
反刻板女性	0.16	0.85	[0.04 0.27]	2.67^**	0.17

比较对象	M	SD	t	95% CI	p	Cohen's d
男性-能力
一致积极-消极	-5.02	19.88	-1.64	[-11.22, 1.17]	0.11	0.01
不一致积极-消极	2.83	93.87	0.20	[-26.42, 32.98]	0.85	0.01
一致积极-不一致积极	-5.63	21.36	-1.71	[-12.29, 1.02]	0.10	0.02
一致消极-不一致消极	2.22	95.56	0.15	[-27.56, 32.00]	0.88	0.01
男性-热情
一致积极-消极	-1.51	14.03	-0.69	[-5.94, 2.92]	0.50	0.00
不一致积极-消极	-6.70	19.39	-2.21^*	[-12.82, -0.59]	0.03	0.02
一致积极-不一致积极	1.65	19.61	0.54	[-4.54, 7.83]	0.59	0.00
一致消极-不一致消极	-3.55	15.64	-1.45	[-8.49, 1.39]	0.15	0.01
女性-能力
一致积极-消极	-21.71	132.38	-1.10	[-61.48, 18.06]	0.28	0.06
不一致积极-消极	-0.12	13.59	-0.06	[-4.20, 3.97]	0.95	0.00
一致积极-不一致积极	-0.93	18.43	-0.34	[-6.47, 4.61]	0.74	0.00
一致消极-不一致消极	20.66	133.67	1.04	[-19.50, 60.82]	0.31	0.06
女性-热情
一致积极-消极	-3.65	24.27	-1.02	[-10.86, 3.56]	0.31	0.01
不一致积极-消极	0.86	14.72	0.40	[-3.51, 5.23]	0.70	0.00
一致积极-不一致积极	-0.68	21.07	-0.22	[-6.93, 5.58]	0.83	0.00
一致消极-不一致消极	3.83	14.02	1.85	[-0.34, 7.99]	0.07	0.01