汉字形声字识别中义符和声符的家族效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00857

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用词汇判断任务和ERP技术, 操纵义符和声符的家族大小, 考察形声字识别中义符和声符的家族效应。结果发现：(1)当义符为大家族时, 大家族声符字比小家族声符字诱发了更小的P200波幅; 当义符为小家族时, 大家族声符字和小家族声符字诱发的P200波幅差异不显著。(2)大家族声符字比小家族声符字诱发了更大的N400波幅, 但当义符为大家族时, 大、小家族声符字之间的差异比义符为小家族时更加显著。这说明, 义符和声符的家族大小共同影响形声字的识别, 声符的家族效应受义符的家族大小调节。研究表明, 在词汇识别的不同阶段, 义符和声符对资源的获取处于变化状态, 这取决于两者的呈现率差异。整个研究表明, 在形声字的识别中, 义符与声符的作用存在着博弈, 二者作用的此消彼长与加工阶段和家族大小有关。

关键词: 声符, 义符, 家族大小, 形声字识别

Abstract:

Phonograms are comprised of a semantic radical and a phonetic radical. The semantic radical usually implies the meaning of a character, while the phonetic radical offers a phonetic clue for the pronunciation of a character. Prior research has indicated that semantic and phonetic radicals each play an important role in phonogram cognition. However, the way in which the 2 kinds of radicals combine to influence both phonogram recognition and the activation process remains a controversial topic. Neighborhood size is one of the most important characteristics of radicals. The differences induced by the neighborhood size of radicals are called neighborhood effects. Prior studies employed various methods to investigate the roles of semantic and phonetic radicals on phonogram recognition and discovered that phonetic radicals have an advantage in phonogram processing. They also found that the neighborhood size of semantic radicals regulated the relative contributions of semantic and phonetic radicals. However, most of these researchers investigated the roles of semantic and phonetic radicals respectively. Only a few investigators have focused on the comprehensive role of semantic and phonetic radicals in character processing. This study attempted to investigate the comprehensive effect of semantic and phonetic radicals on phonogram recognition.

Participants’ brain responses were recorded using event-related brain potentials. Four types of characters were selected: HH (phonogram comprised of a high-frequency semantic radical and a high-frequency phonetic radical), HL (phonogram comprised of a high-frequency semantic radical and a low-frequency phonetic radical), LL (phonogram comprised of a low-frequency semantic radical and a low-frequency phonetic radical), and LH (phonogram comprised of a low-frequency semantic radical and a high-frequency phonetic radical). A lexical decision task was adopted; the frequency of the entire character and the number of strokes were equivalent for all groups.

The results showed that, for characters with high-frequency semantic radicals (HH and HL), the characters with high-frequency phonetic radicals (HH) elicited a larger P200 waveform component than the characters with low-frequency phonetic radicals (HL). However, for characters with low-frequency semantic radicals (LH and LL), there was no significant difference between the characters with high-frequency phonetic radicals (LH) and those with low-frequency phonetic radicals (LL). Characters with high-frequency phonetic radicals (HH and LH) elicited a larger N400 component than those with low-frequency phonetic radicals (HL and LL), and the N400 differences induced by the neighborhood size of phonetic radicals with high-frequency semantic radicals (HH and HL) were larger than those induced by characters with low-frequency semantic radicals (LH and LL). These results indicate that in the early stage of phonogram recognition, the neighborhood effect of phonetic radicals is regulated by the neighborhood size of semantic radicals. In the late stage of phonogram recognition, the higher the frequency of phonetic radicals, the stronger the semantic activation degree of the character. In general, the neighborhood size of phonetic radicals was found to affect vocabulary accessibility. However, the effect of the neighborhood size of phonetic radicals is regulated by the neighborhood size of semantic radicals.

Key words: semantic radical, phonetic radical, meighborhood size, pictographic recognition

中图分类号:

B842

王娟, 马雪梅, 李兵兵, 张积家. (2019). 汉字形声字识别中义符和声符的家族效应. 心理学报, 51(8), 857-868.

WANG Juan, MA Xuemei, LI Bingbing, ZHANG Jijia. (2019). The neighborhood effect of semantic and phonetic radicals in phonogram recognition. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(8), 857-868.

图/表 9

表1 真字材料举例及特征信息

汉字类型	材料举例	平均字频	平均笔画数
HH	扛, 吵, 泡	0.002443 (0.0026)	9.72 (1.79)
HL	捏, 吼, 泻	0.001551 (0.0011)	9.60 (2.00)
LH	衬, 陪, 狗	0.004279 (0.0099)	9.47 (2.39)
LL	裤, 随, 猿	0.003109 (0.0055)	9.57 (2.27)

图1 实验流程图

表2 假字材料举例及特征信息

图2 HH、HL、LH、LL四类汉字的平均波幅图

图3 P200成分各电极点平均波幅

图4 N400成分各电极点平均波幅

图5 大家族义符水平上大家族声符字与小家族声符字的平均波幅图

图6 小家族义符水平上大家族声符字与小家族声符字的平均波幅图

图7 大、小家族义符水平上大、小家族声符字的差异波(大家族声符–小家族声符)在180~300 ms和300~500 ms 时间窗口的脑电地形图

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