职业污名与离职倾向：牵连家人污名与家庭卷入的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00182

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

职业污名对从业者的工作态度和工作行为有着重要影响。以往研究从个体职业身份的视角解释职业污名的作用, 忽略了从业者个体身份认同的多重属性。本研究基于身份边界理论, 提出职业污名会通过牵连家人污名这一机制影响从业者的离职倾向。另外, 这一机制的强弱取决于个体的家庭卷入程度。本研究通过对分属不同职业的384名从业者的3轮问卷调研发现, 家庭卷入调节了牵连家人污名在职业污名与离职倾向之间的中介作用。当个体的家庭卷入水平高时, 这一中介作用更强; 家庭卷入水平低时, 该中介作用更弱。本研究在理论上提出并检验了职业污名影响的新机制, 同时对实际管理工作提出了建议。

关键词: 职业污名, 牵连家人污名, 家庭卷入, 离职倾向

Abstract:

Occupational stigma reflects a society’s disapproval of, and discrimination against, an individual or group based on their occupation. Workers in stigmatized occupations, such as sewer workers, garbage collectors, street cleaners, and slaughterhouse workers, can internalize this occupational stigma, which can lower their self-esteem and motivate them to conceal their occupations or even leave their jobs to seek a higher status position. Many studies have explored the effects of occupational stigma on employees’ job attitudes and performance and some demonstrate that workers who feel stigmatized by their work devalue it and themselves, and this motivates them to not fully engage in their work, and considering other work options. However, extant studies focus primarily on the effect of occupational stigma mediated by occupational identity, and overlook the fact that occupational stigma also can influence employees’ perception of their family’s identity.
Based on identity boundary theory, this study examines whether occupational stigma spills over to workers’ family identity and whether this results in negative job outcomes. That is, employees perceive their families as being stigmatized because of their “dirty” occupations, which is referred to as family implicated stigma. Moreover, this study explores whether this mediating effect of family implicated stigma is moderated by the employee’s level of family involvement. In such a way, occupational stigma is perceived as a threat to the family identity of workers who do “dirty work”. In other words, ‘dirty workers’ perceive their occupational stigma as implicating their families as well. Moreover, this study finds that individuals who are highly involved in their family’s life are more likely to leave their jobs because of family implicated stigma.
We surveyed 390 employees across various jobs in China to test these predictions; 384 participants completed the entire three-wave survey, and the resulting data were analyzed. Results show that family involvement moderates both the relationship between occupational stigma and family implicated stigma, and the relationship between family implicated stigma and employees’ intent to leave a job, such that these two relationships are stronger when individuals’ family involvement is high rather than low. Furthermore, this mediating effect is more salient for individuals with a high-level of family involvement compared to those with a low-level.
Our findings extend the research on occupational stigma by introducing a mechanism that influences employees’ intent to leave their job due to their family’s implicated stigma rather than on their negative personal occupational identity. Additionally, this study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that occupational stigma may crucially influence employees’ families in addition to negatively affecting the workers. Moreover, this is a pioneering explorative study that tests the identity boundary theory and offers practical suggestions on managerial strategies to address occupational stigma, including methods to maintain workers facing occupational stigma.

Key words: occupational stigma, family implicated stigma, family involvement, intent to leave

中图分类号:

B849: C93

季浩, 严进, 国维潇. (2022). 职业污名与离职倾向：牵连家人污名与家庭卷入的作用. 心理学报, 54(2), 182-191.

JI Hao, YAN Jin, GUO Weixiao. (2022). How and when does occupational stigma promote intent to leave? The mediation effect of family implicated stigma and the moderating effect of family involvement. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(2), 182-191.

图/表 8

参考文献 47

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题项	因子载荷
1. 我的职业成为了我家人的负担	0.82
2. 我的职业造成了我家人生活上的不便利	0.86
3. 我的职业变成了我家人生活上的污点	0.89
4. 我的家人对于我的职业不满意	0.84
5. 我的家人害怕别人知道我的职业	0.91
6. 我的家人对我的职业在社会中的地位感到无能为力	0.72
7. 我的家人因为我的职业而被他人疏远	0.90
8. 我的家人因为我的职业而避免与他人接触	0.90
9. 因为我的职业, 我的家人不敢结交新的朋友	0.89

题项	因子载荷
1. 我的职业成为了我家人的负担	0.82
2. 我的职业造成了我家人生活上的不便利	0.86
3. 我的职业变成了我家人生活上的污点	0.89
4. 我的家人对于我的职业不满意	0.84
5. 我的家人害怕别人知道我的职业	0.91
6. 我的家人对我的职业在社会中的地位感到无能为力	0.72
7. 我的家人因为我的职业而被他人疏远	0.90
8. 我的家人因为我的职业而避免与他人接触	0.90
9. 因为我的职业, 我的家人不敢结交新的朋友	0.89

模型	χ²	df	SRMR	RMSEA	TLI	CFI
五因素模型	242.46	80	0.04	0.07	0.95	0.96
四因素模型^a	530.92	81	0.05	0.12	0.86	0.89
三因素模型^b	1270.60	87	0.14	0.19	0.65	0.71
二因素模型^c	1610.46	89	0.16	0.21	0.56	0.63
单因素模型^d	2032.99	90	0.16	0.24	0.45	0.52

模型	χ²	df	SRMR	RMSEA	TLI	CFI
五因素模型	242.46	80	0.04	0.07	0.95	0.96
四因素模型^a	530.92	81	0.05	0.12	0.86	0.89
三因素模型^b	1270.60	87	0.14	0.19	0.65	0.71
二因素模型^c	1610.46	89	0.16	0.21	0.56	0.63
单因素模型^d	2032.99	90	0.16	0.24	0.45	0.52

变量	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1 组织任期	6.98	7.18
2 年龄	0.89	0.68	0.72^***
3 职业污名感知	3.97	1.46	-0.01	0.03
4 职业不认同	2.17	1.32	0.00	0.07	0.31^***
5 牵连家人污名	1.92	1.22	-0.02	-0.02	0.23^***	0.76^***
6 家庭卷入	4.56	1.18	0.14^**	0.17^***	0.14^**	0.14^**	0.14^**
7 离职倾向	3.31	1.46	-0.19^**	-0.16^**	0.15^**	0.31^***	0.31^***	-0.05