人格判断能力的老化: 信息量的调节作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0071

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人格判断对个体社会功能的发挥具有重要影响。本研究采用2 (判断者年龄组: 老年、年轻) × 3 (目标人物信息量: 单一、中等、丰富)被试间实验设计, 考察了信息量对老年人和年轻人人格判断准确性的影响, 包括普遍准确性(对目标人物所在群体人格共性判断的准确性)和特有准确性(对目标人物个体人格判断的准确性)。结果显示, 老年人人格判断的普遍准确性高于年轻人, 且信息量的多少并不影响这一年长优势。信息量只影响特有准确性判断的年龄差异: 单一信息量(仅实时文字)时, 老年人的特有准确性低于年轻人; 中等(实时文字和声音)和丰富信息量(实时文字、声音和图像)时, 二者表现相当。综上, 老年人的人格判断能力总体保持较好, 且能有效利用增量信息来弥补与年轻人在特有准确性上的差距。

关键词: 人格判断, 普遍准确性, 特有准确性, 老化特点, 信息量

Abstract:

Personality judgment, the assessment of others' personalities, is a fundamental social cognitive ability that significantly impacts individuals’ social functioning. Does this ability differ between younger and older adults? While previous research has primarily focused on the accuracy of personality judgment across ages, the present study delved deeper into two distinct components of this accuracy −− normative accuracy and distinctive accuracy −− to gain a more comprehensive understanding of age-related variations in personality judgment. We hypothesized that older adults may possess an advantage in normative accuracy due to their richer life experiences and social knowledge related to different groups (H1). However, cognitive declines associated with aging may hinder their ability to gather and utilize individual-specific personality information in specific contexts, resulting in decreased distinctive accuracy. Furthermore, we investigated how the richness of personality-relevant information available within the same time duration moderates the age differences in personality judgment. We predicted that younger adults would be more proficient in utilizing incremental information to improve their distinctive accuracy, while older adults’ cognitive declines would limit their proficiency in doing so, thereby widening the gap in distinctive accuracy between the two age groups (H2). Testing these hypotheses will advance our understanding of age differences in personality judgment.
To achieve these objectives, we adopted a 2 (age group of judge: older and younger) × 3 (richness of information: unitary, medium, and rich) between-subject experimental design. A total of 81 older participants (aged 60~83 years, M ± SD = 66.67 ± 4.44) and 82 younger participants (aged 18~27 years, M ± SD = 21.98 ± 2.12) were recruited to serve as judges. They watched the self-introduction videos of 24 target characters presented in a sequence, including 12 older adults and 12 younger adults. Each self-introduction video had three versions with varying richness of information, which was manipulated by changing the number of information modality: unitary (text/subtitle only), medium (text/subtitle and sound), and rich (text/subtitle, sound, and image). After each video, participants evaluated the Big Five personality traits of the target in the video.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multilevel linear modeling analyses were performed to investigate the effects of age group of the judge and information richness on the overall personality judgment accuracy, normative accuracy, and distinctive accuracy. The results revealed that older adults exhibited higher overall personality judgment accuracy than younger adults, which was mainly due to their superior normative accuracy, supporting H1. Furthermore, the overall personality judgment accuracy improved with increasing information richness. Information richness moderated the age differences in distinctive accuracy, but not normative accuracy. Specifically, older adults performed worse than younger adults when presented with videos containing only text/subtitle (i.e., in the unitary information condition). However, older adults performed similarly well as younger adults when presented with videos containing text/subtitle and sound (i.e., in the medium information condition) or videos containing text/subtitle, sound, and image (i.e., in the rich information condition). Contradicting with H2, the results revealed that older and younger adults’ discrepancy in distinctive accuracy narrowed with increasing information richness.
Overall, the results indicate that age-related declines in basic cognitive abilities did not diminish older adults’ social cognitive ability for personality judgment. Social knowledge and life experiences might play a crucial role in enhancing the personality judgment accuracy of older adults via improving their normative accuracy. Additionally, older adults demonstrated the ability to utilize incremental personality-related information to improve their distinctive accuracy and compensate for their gaps in distinctive accuracy compared to younger adults. These findings highlight the importance of valuing and considering the opinions of older adults in social practices, such as personnel selection, where accurate personality judgment is needed.

Key words: personality judgment, normative accuracy, distinctive accuracy, aging characteristics, richness of information

中图分类号:

B844

刘雪萍, 怀淇琛, 龚先旻, 彭华茂. (2025). 人格判断能力的老化: 信息量的调节作用. 心理学报, 57(1), 71-83.

LIU Xueping, HUAI Qichen, GONG Xianmin, PENG Huamao. (2025). Aging of personality judgment ability: The moderating role of information richness. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(1), 71-83.

图/表 6

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分组	n	外向性		宜人性		尽责性		神经质		开放性
分组	n	项目1	项目6^c	项目2^c	项目7	项目3	项目8^c	项目4	项目9^c	项目5	项目10^c
年轻	131^a	4.69	3.78	3.05	5.11	4.84	3.64	3.95	4.40	5.10	3.69
老年	145^b	5.22	4.32	3.05	5.42	5.49	3.03	2.90	5.03	5.39	3.88

分组	n	外向性		宜人性		尽责性		神经质		开放性
分组	n	项目1	项目6^c	项目2^c	项目7	项目3	项目8^c	项目4	项目9^c	项目5	项目10^c
年轻	131^a	4.69	3.78	3.05	5.11	4.84	3.64	3.95	4.40	5.10	3.69
老年	145^b	5.22	4.32	3.05	5.42	5.49	3.03	2.90	5.03	5.39	3.88

指标	年轻判断者(n = 82)			老年判断者(n = 81)
指标	单一信息量	中等信息量	丰富信息量	单一信息量	中等信息量	丰富信息量
整体指标
自我−他人一致性^a	0.37 (0.14)	0.40 (0.13)	0.41 (0.16)	0.45 (0.20)	0.51 (0.12)	0.54 (0.10)
子成分指标
普遍准确性^b	0.66	0.73	0.84	0.99	0.88	1.13
特有准确性^c	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.06	0.06

指标	年轻判断者(n = 82)			老年判断者(n = 81)
指标	单一信息量	中等信息量	丰富信息量	单一信息量	中等信息量	丰富信息量
整体指标
自我−他人一致性^a	0.37 (0.14)	0.40 (0.13)	0.41 (0.16)	0.45 (0.20)	0.51 (0.12)	0.54 (0.10)
子成分指标
普遍准确性^b	0.66	0.73	0.84	0.99	0.88	1.13
特有准确性^c	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.06	0.06

效应	零模型	模型1	模型2	模型3
固定效应
人格他评分数(Y_ijk)
截距项	4.30^***	4.30^***	4.14^***	4.11^***
老年(Age_i)			0.33^***	0.39^***
中等信息量(Info1_i)			−0.02	−0.02
丰富信息量(Info2_i)			0.01	0.10^*
老年 × 中等信息量				−0.004
老年 × 丰富信息量				−0.18
普遍准确性(β_1i)
截距项		0.87^***	0.70^***	0.66^***
老年(Age_i)			0.25^**	0.33^***
中等信息量(Info1_i)			−0.02	0.07
丰富信息量(Info2_i)			0.16	0.18
老年 × 中等信息量				−0.18
老年 × 丰富信息量				−0.04
特有准确性(β_2i)
截距项		0.05^***	0.05^***	0.06^***
老年(Age_i)			<0.001	−0.03⁺
中等信息量(Info1_i)			0.01	−0.01
丰富信息量(Info2_i)			0.003	−0.02
老年 × 中等信息量				0.04^*
老年 × 丰富信息量				0.05⁺
随机效应
第一水平, σ²	2.089^***	1.329^***	1.329^***	1.329^***
第二水平, τ00	0.098^***	0.102^***	0.075^***	0.073^***