补偿行为对道德违反者群体内疚、群体责任感知和群体羞耻的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01266

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以往研究主要从补偿受害者和修复关系角度考察内疚情绪的亲社会属性, 而较少有实证研究从道德违反者角度来考察内疚的亲社会属性。本研究通过群体内疚情境考察了道德补偿对道德违反者道德情绪和认知的影响。实验1 (n = 213)和实验2 (n = 105)分别采用情景想象和人际互动范式, 比较了无补偿、第三方补偿和自己补偿条件下被试对内外群体道德违反行为的内疚情绪、责任感知和羞耻情绪的影响。实验3 (n = 128)在非大学生群体上进一步检验了实验1和实验2结果的稳定性。3个实验结果一致发现, 以无补偿为基线, 自己补偿能够显著降低群体内疚和群体责任感知, 且不会诱发群体羞耻; 而第三方补偿虽然也可以降低群体内疚, 但在程度上弱于自己补偿。同时, 第三方补偿不能降低群体责任感知, 还诱发了群体羞耻。结果表明内疚诱发的补偿行为也会对内疚主体自身产生积极影响, 是一种自我调适方式。这一发现扩展了我们对内疚亲社会属性的理解, 揭示了内疚的双重影响, 既关注和补偿受害者, 也涉及对内疚主体自身心理状态的调节和恢复。

关键词: 自己补偿, 第三方补偿, 群体内疚, 群体责任感知, 群体羞耻

Abstract: Guilt and compensation have long been research hotspots in the field of social emotions. Previous studies have mainly focused on how the prosocial attributes of guilt promote moral compensation and benefit victims. They have not thoroughly investigated how the guilt-induced compensation modulates moral transgressors' moral emotion and moral cognition. If guilt-induced compensation is solely aimed at compensating the victims, it would be equivalent for the transgressors whether the compensation to the victims comes from themselves or from a third-party. If compensation behaviour also has an impact on the transgressors themselves, third-party compensation would differ from self-compensation. To examine this issue, the present study investigates how moral compensation affects moral transgressors' moral emotions and moral perceptions through group-based guilt.
Experiment 1 (n = 213) utilises a 2 (Group: In-group vs. Out-group) × 3 (Compensation Type: None- compensation vs. Third-party compensation vs. Self-compensation) within-subject design, employing a scenario imagination method to induce group-based guilt. Experiment 2 (n = 105) builds upon the first experiment by using a group-based interpersonal interaction paradigm to induce group-based guilt within a laboratory setting. Additionally, it quantifies the amounts of third-party and self-compensation to eliminate the potential confounding effect of compensation quantity. Experiment 3 (n = 128) further examined the stability of the results from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 in non-collegiate population. The experimental designs of Experiments 2 and 3 are the same as those of Experiment 1.
These three experiments consistently found that compared to the none-compensation condition, self-compensation significantly reduced group-based guilt and the perception of group-based responsibility, without inducing group-based shame. Third-party compensation also significantly reduced group-based guilt but to a lesser degree than self-compensation. At the same time, third-party compensation failed to reduce the perception of group-based responsibility and even elicited group-based shame. The differential impact of self-compensation and third-party compensation on guilt, responsibility, and shame suggests that guilt-induced compensation behaviour not only benefits the victims but also has positive effects on the transgressors themselves, serving as a form of self-regulation. Through compensation, transgressors can alleviate their feelings of guilt, reduce their sense of responsibility, and diminish the occurrence of shame.
Previous research has predominantly regarded guilt as a negative emotion characterised by feelings of guilt and self-blame, emphasising its prosocial attributes towards victims while overlooking the potential benefits that transgressors may derive from guilt-induced prosocial behaviour. The present study suggests that compensatory behaviour triggered by guilt not only benefits the victims but also has a positive impact on the transgressors themselves, serving as a self-regulatory mechanism. Through compensation, transgressors can alleviate their feelings of guilt, reduce their sense of responsibility, and diminish the occurrence of shame. This finding demonstrates the dual effects of guilt, encompassing both concern and compensation towards victims as well as the regulation and restoration of one's own psychological state, thereby expanding our understanding of the prosocial attributes of guilt.

Key words: self-compensation, third-party compensation, group-based guilt, group-based responsibility, group-based shame

中图分类号:

B849: C91

李志爱, 徐梦思, 张丽. (2024). 补偿行为对道德违反者群体内疚、群体责任感知和群体羞耻的影响. 心理学报, 56(9), 1266-1281.

LI Zhiai, XU Mengsi, ZHANG Li. (2024). The effects of compensatory behaviour on group-based guilt, group-based responsibility, and group-based shame in moral transgressors. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(9), 1266-1281.

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