太极拳技能学习早期大脑功能的动态变化：基于运动表象的fMRI研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01243

心理学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (8): 1243-1254.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01243

太极拳技能学习早期大脑功能的动态变化：基于运动表象的fMRI研究

李琳¹^,²(), 张小友¹^,², 徐亚奎¹, 宗博艺¹^,², 赵文睿⁶, 赵革¹, 姚猛¹, 占竺旋¹, 尹大志³^,⁴, 范明霞⁵

¹华东师范大学体育与健康学院, 上海 200241
²华东师范大学青少年健康评价与运动干预教育部重点实验室, 上海 200241
³华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海 200062
⁴华东师范大学上海市脑功能基因组学重点实验室, 上海 200062
⁵华东师范大学上海市磁共振重点实验室, 上海 200062
⁶浙江师范大学体育与健康科学学院, 金华 321004

收稿日期:2022-05-31 发布日期:2023-05-12 出版日期:2023-08-25
通讯作者: 李琳, E-mail: lilin.xtt@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32271096);国家自然科学基金(81471651);华东师范大学青少年健康评价与运动干预教育部重点室开放课题

Dynamic changes on brain function during early stage of Tai Chi training: A motor imagery-based fMRI study

LI Lin¹^,²(), ZHANG Xiaoyou¹^,², XU Yakui¹, ZONG Boyi¹^,², ZHAO Wenrui⁶, ZHAO Ge¹, YAO Meng¹, ZHAN Zhuxuan¹, YIN Dazhi³^,⁴, FAN Mingxia⁵

¹College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
²Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241, China
³School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
⁴Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
⁵Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
⁶College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinghua 321004, China

Received:2022-05-31 Online:2023-05-12 Published:2023-08-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解太极拳技能学习早期大脑功能的动态变化特点, 本研究共招募29名太极拳零基础被试(19名实验组被试, 10名对照组被试), 采用多时点纵向追踪设计, 借助于功能磁共振成像技术, 采集技能学习早期不同时点被试完成运动表象任务时的行为和脑功能数据。结果发现：(1)太极拳技能学习早期, 技能水平表现出先慢后快的变化特征, 运动表象质量也具有变好的趋势; (2)随着太极拳技能水平的提高, 运动表象任务诱发的左侧颞上回和左侧楔前叶的激活显著增强, 且同样表现出先慢后快的变化特征; (3)相关检验发现, 左侧颞上回和左侧楔前叶的激活与运动表象质量以及太极拳技能水平具有中等程度的相关。研究表明, 太极拳技能学习早期, 左侧颞上回和左侧楔前叶会伴随着太极拳技能水平的提高而发生改变, 太极拳技能学习有助于优化与序列动作学习有关的脑区功能。

关键词: 太极拳, 运动技能学习, 运动表象, 功能磁共振成像

Abstract:

Accumulating evidence suggests that regular engagement in physical activity, especially structured physical exercise with complex movement patterns like Tai Chi, is linked to change in brain function as measured by spontaneous and task-evoked neural activities. However, studies on brain function at the early stage of Tai Chi training have yet been conducted despite the fact that understanding changes in neurological activities of motor skill learning at the early stage would facilitate more effective teaching and coaching. To this end, we conducted a longitudinal study in which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect data on brain function and behavioral measures during the early stage of Tai Chi training at multiple time points.

Nineteen college students who had no Tai Chi experience were recruited in this study and they were arranged to attend 14-week Tai Chi training program. Of note, Tai Chi training session was recorded in order to evaluate the quality of Tai Chi form and its skill level (conducted by professor specializing in Tai Chi). Outcome measures were conducted at Week 2, Week 8, and Week 14. Meanwhile, 10 age- and gender-matched college students were considered as control group and they were asked to maintain their unaltered lifestyle with the same outcome measures being arranged at baseline and Week 14. Siemens 3.0 T MRI scanner was used to synchronously collect data on brain function when participants performed a motor imagery task. Group differences on Tai Chi skill level, temporal congruence, and functional activations were investigated using ANOVA while pearson product-moment correlation was performed to examine relationships between them.

Behavioral results showed a learning curve on Tai Chi skill level from slow (Week 2 to Week 8) to fast (after Week 8) as the quality of motor imagery gradually improved. fMRI results showed a similiar pattern of change on brain activities, which changed slowly (Week 2 to Week 8) and increased fastly (after Week 8). Such behavioral changes on skill level were significantly linked to functional activations in the left superior temporal gyrus and the left precuneus.

Motor skill learning has followed a pattern of “slow first, fast later”, which is supported by changes on brain activities in the left superior temporal gyrus and the left precuneus. In addition, Tai Chi is a type of a motor-cognitive exercise with relatively complex movement and its unique routine provides learners with an opportunity to optimize brain function.

Key words: Tai Chi, motor skill learning, motor imagery, fMRI

中图分类号:

B849

李琳, 张小友, 徐亚奎, 宗博艺, 赵文睿, 赵革, 姚猛, 占竺旋, 尹大志, 范明霞. (2023). 太极拳技能学习早期大脑功能的动态变化：基于运动表象的fMRI研究. 心理学报, 55(8), 1243-1254.

LI Lin, ZHANG Xiaoyou, XU Yakui, ZONG Boyi, ZHAO Wenrui, ZHAO Ge, YAO Meng, ZHAN Zhuxuan, YIN Dazhi, FAN Mingxia. (2023). Dynamic changes on brain function during early stage of Tai Chi training: A motor imagery-based fMRI study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(8), 1243-1254.

图/表 17

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变量	实验组	对照组	t(χ²)	p
性别(男/女)	9/10	4/6	0.14	0.705
年龄(年)	23.37 ± 0.90	23.00 ± 0.82	1.08	0.288
身高(米)	1.69 ± 0.08	1.66 ± 0.09	0.93	0.362
体重(公斤)	62.69 ± 6.79	58.00 ± 8.40	1.63	0.114
受教育年限(年)	16.32 ± 0.48	16.50 ± 0.71	−0.84	0.411
动觉表象得分	6.20 ± 0.71	5.63 ± 0.76	2.03	0.053

变量	实验组	对照组	t(χ²)	p
性别(男/女)	9/10	4/6	0.14	0.705
年龄(年)	23.37 ± 0.90	23.00 ± 0.82	1.08	0.288
身高(米)	1.69 ± 0.08	1.66 ± 0.09	0.93	0.362
体重(公斤)	62.69 ± 6.79	58.00 ± 8.40	1.63	0.114
受教育年限(年)	16.32 ± 0.48	16.50 ± 0.71	−0.84	0.411
动觉表象得分	6.20 ± 0.71	5.63 ± 0.76	2.03	0.053

变量	组别	2周	14周
太极拳技能水平	实验组(n = 19)	5.84 ± 0.50	7.55 ± 0.58
太极拳技能水平	对照组(n = 10)	3.25 ± 0.92	3.20 ± 0.79
时间一致性(ms)	实验组(n = 19)	2045.81 ± 719.99	1641.70 ± 915.47
时间一致性(ms)	对照组(n = 10)	2276.24 ± 1116.19	2799.13 ± 1601.13

变量	组别	2周	14周
太极拳技能水平	实验组(n = 19)	5.84 ± 0.50	7.55 ± 0.58
太极拳技能水平	对照组(n = 10)	3.25 ± 0.92	3.20 ± 0.79
时间一致性(ms)	实验组(n = 19)	2045.81 ± 719.99	1641.70 ± 915.47
时间一致性(ms)	对照组(n = 10)	2276.24 ± 1116.19	2799.13 ± 1601.13

激活脑区	半球	体素数量	峰值点MNI坐标			t值
激活脑区	半球	体素数量	X	Y	Z	t值
第一次采集(2周)
辅助运动区/中央前回/顶下小叶/中央后回/颞上回	左	2542	−9	−3	63	8.92
额下回	右	203	39	15	6	6.76
额中回	左	148	−33	36	27	7.80
中央后回/顶下小叶	右	231	42	−36	45	7.75
距状裂/楔前叶	左/右	4360	27	−27	−6	−11.07
颞中回	右	376	24	15	−21	−7.43
颞中回	左	329	−48	6	−33	−8.01
内侧额上回	左/右	1579	3	63	3	−8.43
第二次采集(8周)
脑岛/中央前回/颞上回	左	120	−45	0	3	6.17
顶下小叶/中央后回	左	398	−57	−27	39	7.07
辅助运动区/中央前回	左	1010	−6	−3	60	9.99
顶下小叶/中央后回	右	157	39	−39	42	7.27
小脑9区	右	296	3	−54	−45	−8.93
距状裂/楔前叶	左/右	5804	9	−45	39	−11.79
颞中回	右	222	51	3	−39	−7.11
颞中回	左	640	−54	3	−30	−6.60
内侧额上回	左/右	1918	30	63	9	−9.75
第三次采集(14周)
颞上回	右	414	63	−21	9	8.81
中央后回/中央前回/颞上回/辅助运动区	左	3352	−51	−21	0	10.28
额下回	右	144	57	9	24	7.94
中央后回	右	511	42	−36	57	8.30
小脑6区	右	56	30	−48	−33	6.02
距状裂/楔前叶	左/右	2240	−6	−75	6	−7.64
小脑9区	右	81	15	−45	−48	−7.22
旁海马回	左/右	100	27	−27	−6	−8.11
内侧扣带回	左	359	−9	−39	39	−8.28
额中回	右	233	24	42	45	−6.02

太极拳技能学习早期大脑功能的动态变化：基于运动表象的fMRI研究

Dynamic changes on brain function during early stage of Tai Chi training: A motor imagery-based fMRI study

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变量	M	SD	1	2	3
1 技能水平	6.51	0.91	—
2 时间一致性(ms)	1831.66	905.61	−0.27^*	—
3 左侧颞上回	0.86	0.81	0.41^**	−0.16	—
4 左侧楔前叶	−0.49	0.72	0.50^***	−0.18	0.41^**

评分分值	评分标准
0~2	动作不熟悉, 不能完成单式练习
2~4	动作不标准, 演练不连贯
4~6	动作基本标准, 演练基本连贯
6~8	动作标准, 演练流畅, 劲力柔和
8~10	节奏、呼吸、神态整体符合太极拳韵味

因变量		F	p	η_p²
太极拳技能水平	组别	304.54^***	< 0.001	0.92
	时间	25.17^***	< 0.001	0.48
	组别 × 时间	28.29^***	< 0.001	0.51
表象时间(ms)	组别	0.71	0.406	0.03
	时间	0.14	0.709	0.01
	组别 × 时间	3.05	0.092	0.10
实际执行时间(ms)	组别	66.69^***	< 0.001	0.71
	时间	10.50^**	0.003	0.28
	组别 × 时间	5.10^*	0.032	0.16
时间一致性(ms)	组别	4.60^*	0.041	0.15
	时间	0.06	0.812	< 0.01
	组别 × 时间	3.51	0.072	0.12

变量	事后检验		t	p	Cohen’s d
太极拳技能水平	实验组	前测−后测	−8.80^***	< 0.001	−2.06
	对照组	前测−后测	0.19	0.853	−0.06
	前测	实验组−对照组	9.89^***	< 0.001	3.12
	后测	实验组−对照组	17.04^***	< 0.001	5.23
表象时间(ms)	实验组	前测−后测	1.81	0.082	0.42
	对照组	前测−后测	−0.85	0.405	−0.27
	前测	实验组−对照组	1.54	0.135	0.62
	后测	实验组−对照组	−0.20	0.845	−0.07
实际执行时间(ms)	实验组	前测−后测	4.68^***	< 0.001	1.09
	对照组	前测−后测	0.61	0.549	0.20
	前测	实验组−对照组	7.61^***	< 0.001	2.73
	后测	实验组−对照组	5.61^***	< 0.001	1.83
时间一致性(ms)	实验组	前测−后测	1.39	0.176	0.36
	对照组	前测−后测	−1.31	0.203	−0.42
	前测	实验组−对照组	−0.68	0.504	−0.19
	后测	实验组−对照组	−2.49^*	0.019	−0.93

	前测	后测	t	p	Cohen’s d
左侧颞上回	0.25 ± 0.48	0.37 ± 0.52	−0.57	0.580	−0.18
左侧楔前叶	−0.59 ± 0.65	−0.53 ± 0.63	−0.28	0.786	−0.09

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