The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.02064

Abstract

Abstract:

In the 20th century, many psychologists who held the “doom and suffering” perspective studied the physical, cognitive, and emotional losses experienced by people in their later years. However, recent theoretical and empirical researches have challenged this generally acknowledged truth from the perspective of the “aging paradox” which recognized the positivity effect of aging on emotional processing. The positivity effect has been observed in cases where older adults preferred positive materials rather than negative materials compared to younger adults in cognitive processing. The second-generation socioemotional selectivity theories incooperated the positivity effect theory, cognitive control hypothesis, and strength and vulnerability integration three theoretical models, which describe the effects of age differences on cognitive and emotional functions and emphasize the potential role of cognitive control in the positive emotional process of older adults. However, the distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes depends on the allocation of attentional resources. Therefore, the cognitive control may play an important role in attention processes of positive emotional information among the elderly. In addition, the time course of attention bias may be another key factor associated with positivity effects. Finally, based on these factors accounted for, the attention stage model of cognitive control which would influence the positivity effects of aging was constructed. Future studies could explore Chinese elderly’s emotional attention processing mode, the functional mechanisms of different cognitive control subcomponents, and the treatment quality of attention, to improve the ecological validity of the studies.

Key words: positivity effect, emotional attention, cognitive control, aging, attention stage model

CLC Number:

B844

LIU Haining, LIU Xiaoqian, LIU Haihong, LI Feng, HAN Buxin. The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(12): 2064-2076.

Figures/Tables 2

References 83

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研究类型	具体研究	年龄段或平均年龄	研究范式	注意偏向模式	PE	刺激呈现后的时间窗
行为反应	Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2	19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84	双任务	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向	有无	被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上
	Bannerman et al., 2011	18~22 vs.60~74	双眼竞争	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	10 ms
眼动	Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009	18~21 vs.57~84	观看图片	年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	500 ms以后
	Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2	17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88	场景选择	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向	无无	— —
	Isaacowitz et al., 2018	18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86	场景选择	老、中、青均表现出积极偏向	无	—
ERP	Hilimire et al., 2014	18~31 vs.61~77	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	0~130 ms
	Meng et al. 2015	18~22 vs.60~74	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	400~1000 ms
	Renfroe et al., 2016	20 vs. 72	观看图片	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：双向偏向	无	400~800 ms
	喻婧等, 2015	17~26 vs.61~75	oddball	年轻人：无偏向老年人：消极偏向年轻人：消极偏向老年人：无偏向	无有	270~460 ms 500~850 ms
脑成像	Leclerc & Kensing, 2010	18~26 vs.62~81	视觉搜索任务	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	被试做出反应或4000 ms
	Wright et al., 2006	21~27 vs.62~81	熟悉再认范式	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：消极偏向	无	200 ms

研究类型	具体研究	年龄段或平均年龄	研究范式	注意偏向模式	PE	刺激呈现后的时间窗
行为反应	Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2	19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84	双任务	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向	有无	被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上
	Bannerman et al., 2011	18~22 vs.60~74	双眼竞争	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	10 ms
眼动	Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009	18~21 vs.57~84	观看图片	年轻人：无偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	500 ms以后
	Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2	17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88	场景选择	Study 1 年轻人：无偏向老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向	无无	— —
	Isaacowitz et al., 2018	18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86	场景选择	老、中、青均表现出积极偏向	无	—
ERP	Hilimire et al., 2014	18~31 vs.61~77	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	0~130 ms
	Meng et al. 2015	18~22 vs.60~74	观看图片	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	400~1000 ms
	Renfroe et al., 2016	20 vs. 72	观看图片	年轻人：双向偏向老年人：双向偏向	无	400~800 ms
	喻婧等, 2015	17~26 vs.61~75	oddball	年轻人：无偏向老年人：消极偏向年轻人：消极偏向老年人：无偏向	无有	270~460 ms 500~850 ms
脑成像	Leclerc & Kensing, 2010	18~26 vs.62~81	视觉搜索任务	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：积极偏向	有	被试做出反应或4000 ms
	Wright et al., 2006	21~27 vs.62~81	熟悉再认范式	年轻人：消极偏向老年人：消极偏向	无	200 ms