The psychological and behavior characteristics of social exclusion and its brain mechanisms

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.01656

Abstract

Abstract:

Social exclusion impairs our basic needs of belongingness and has serious psychological and physiological effect on cognitive processes, emotional well-beings, physiological responses and behaviors. Under the framework of the temporal need-threat model, psychology and behavioral response to social exclusion can be divided into three stages. With the development of social media, new psychological and behavioral characteristics of social exclusion are presented. From the perspective of brain network, some key brain areas of default mode network, salience network and some other brain networks are involved in emotional and cognitive processes at each stage of social exclusion. Future studies should focus on the basis of temporal need-threat model to investigate the brain network of social exclusion and predict the psychological and physiological response patterns after social exclusion.

Key words: social exclusion, temporal need-threat model, social media, default mode network, salience network

CLC Number:

PENG Suhao, TAO Dan, LENG Yue, DENG Huihua. The psychological and behavior characteristics of social exclusion and its brain mechanisms[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2019, 27(9): 1656-1666.

Figures/Tables 2

References 60

1	蔡强, 吴寅, 刘金婷 . (2011). 社会排斥及其神经机制. 心理研究, 4(5), 3-9.
2	陈晨, 杨付, 李永强 . (2017). 职场排斥的作用机制与本土化发展. 心理科学进展, 25(8), 1387-1400.
3	程苏, 刘璐, 郑涌 . (2011). 社会排斥的研究范式与理论模型. 心理科学进展, 19(6), 905-915.
4	杜建政, 夏冰丽 . (2008). 心理学视野中的社会排斥. 心理科学进展, 16(6), 981-986.
5	王紫薇, 涂平 . (2014). 社会排斥情境下自我关注变化的性别差异. 心理学报, 46(11), 1782-1792.
6	= Andrews-Hanna, J. R . (2012). The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist, 18(3), 251-270.
7	Bassett, D. S., & Sporns, O. (2017). Network neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 353-364.
8	Bassett D. S., Zurn P., & Gold J. I . (2018). On the nature and use of models in network neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(9), 566-578.
9	Berger, M. & Sarnyai, Z. (2015). "More than skin deep": Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress-the International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 18(1), 1-10.
10	Bolling D. Z., Pitskel N. B., Deen B., Crowley M. J., McPartland J. C., Mayes L. C., & Pelphrey K. A . (2011). Dissociable brain mechanisms for processing social exclusion and rule violation. NeuroImage, 54(3), 2462-2471.
11	Cacioppo S., Frum C., Asp E., Weiss R. M., Lewis J. W., & Cacioppo J. T . (2013). A quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of social rejection. Scientific Reports, 3, 2027.
12	Che X. W., Zhang Q. L., Zhao J. Z., Wei D. T., Li B. B., Guo Y. A., .. Liu Y. j . (2014). Synchronous activation within the default mode network correlates with perceived social support. Neuropsychologia, 63(1), 26-33.
13	Clemens B., Wagels L., Bauchmuller M., Bergs R., Habel U., & Kohn N . (2017). Alerted default mode: Functional connectivity changes in the aftermath of social stress. Scientific Reports, 7, 40180.
14	Chiou W.-B., Lee C.-C., & Liao D.-C . (2015). Facebook effects on social distress: Priming with online social networking thoughts can alter the perceived distress due to social exclusion. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 230-236.
15	Eisenberger, N. I . (2012). The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(6), 421-434.
16	Eisenberger, N. I . (2015a). Meta-analytic evidence for the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in social pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(1), 1-2.
17	Eisenberger, N. I . (2015b). Social pain and the brain: Controversies, questions, and where to go from here. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 601-629.
18	Eisenberger N. I., Lieberman M. D., & Williams K. D . (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.
19	Falk, E. B., & Bassett, D. S . (2017). Brain and social networks: fundamental building blocks of human experience. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(9), 674-690.
20	Fitzgibbon B. M., Kirkovski M., Bailey N. W., Thomson R. H., Eisenberger N., Enticott P. G., & Fitzgerald P. B . (2017). Low-frequency brain stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases the negative impact of social exclusion among those high in personal distress. Social Neuroscience, 12(3), 237-241.
21	Fossati P.. (2019). Circuit based anti-correlation, attention orienting, and major depression. CNS Spectrums, 1-8.
22	Goulden N., Khusnulina A., Davis N. J., Bracewell R. M., Bokde A. L., McNulty J. P., & Mullins P. G . (2014). The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM. NeuroImage, 99, 180-190.
23	Greicius M. D., Flores B. H., Menon V., Glover G. H., Solvason H. B., Kenna H., .. Schatzberg A. F . (2007). Resting-state functional connectivity in major depression: abnormally increased contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex and thalamus. Biological Psychiatry, 62(5), 429-437.
24	Hales A. H., Wesselmann E. D., & Williams K. D . (2016). Prayer, self-affirmation, and distraction improve recovery from short-term ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 64, 8-20.
25	Iannetti, G. D., & Mouraux, A. (2011). Can the functional MRI responses to physical pain really tell us why social rejection "hurts"? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(30), E343.
26	Iannetti G. D., Salomons T. V., Moayedi M., Mouraux A., & Davis K. D . (2013). Beyond metaphor: contrasting mechanisms of social and physical pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(8), 371-378.
27	Kaiser R. H., Andrews-Hanna J. R., Wager T. D., & Pizzagalli D. A . (2015). Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A meta-analysis of resting- state functional connectivity. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(6), 603-611.
28	Knausenberger, J., & Echterhoff, G. (2018). Recovering from social exclusion: The interplay of subtle Facebook reminders and collectivistic orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 298-305.
29	Knowles, M. L . (2014). Social rejection increases perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 126-132.
30	Kross E., Berman M. G., Mischel W., Smith E. E., & Wager T. D . (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(15), 6270-6275.
31	Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I . (2015). The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is selective for pain: Results from large-scale reverse inference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(49), 15250-15255.
32	Lin X. Q., Li S. Y., & Qu C . (2017). Social network sites influence recovery from social exclusion: Individual differences in social anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 538-546.
33	Martelli A. M., Chester D. S., Brown W. K., Eisenberger N. I., & DeWall C. N . (2018). When less is more: mindfulness predicts adaptive affective responding to rejection via reduced prefrontal recruitment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(6), 648-655.
34	Martin J. L., Richman L. S., & Leary M. R . (2017). A lasting sting: Examining the short-term and long-term effects of real-life group rejection. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(8), 1109-1124.
35	Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q . (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5-6), 655-667.
36	Moor B. G., Guroglu B., Op de Macks, Z. A., Rombouts S. A., van der Molen, M. W., & Crone E. A . (2012). Social exclusion and punishment of excluders: neural correlates and developmental trajectories. NeuroImage, 59(1), 708-717.
37	Nezlek J. B., Wesselmann E. D., Wheeler L., & Williams K. D . (2012). Ostracism in everyday life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16(2), 91-104.
38	Nowland R., Necka E. A., & Cacioppo J. T . (2018). Loneliness and social internet use: Pathways to reconnection in a digital world? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 70-87.
39	Olie, E., & Courtet, P. (2018). Interest of neuroimaging of social exclusion in suicide. Journal of Neuroscience Research.
40	Onoda K., Okamoto Y., Nakashima K., Nittono H., Yoshimura S., Yamawaki S., .. Ura M . (2010). Does low self-esteem enhance social pain? The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(4), 385-391.
41	Ophir Y., Asterhan C. S. C., & Schwarz B. B . (2019). The digital footprints of adolescent depression, social rejection and victimization of bullying on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 62-71.
42	Oxman-Martinez J., Rummens A. J., Moreau J., Choi Y. R., Beiser M., Ogilvie L., & Armstrong R . (2012). Perceived ethnic discrimination and social exclusion: newcomer immigrant children in Canada. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(3), 376-388.
43	Park C.-h., Lee J.-E., Kim Y.-H., Kim K.-T., Kim Y.-J., & Lee K.-U . (2016). Modulation of prefrontal-cingulate connectivity in affective processing of children with experiences of ostracism. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 21(1), 37-43.
44	Premkumar, P. (2012). Are you being rejected or excluded? Insights from neuroimaging studies using different rejection paradigms. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 10(3), 144-154.
45	Puetz V. B., Kohn N., Dahmen B., Zvyagintsev M., Schuppen A., Schultz R. T., .. Konrad K . (2014). Neural response to social rejection in children with early separation experiences. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1328-1337.e8.
46	Raichle M. E., MacLeod A. M., Snyder A. Z., Powers W. J., Gusnard D. A., & Shulman G. L . (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676-682.
47	Ren D., Wesselmann E., & Williams K. D . (2016). Evidence for another response to ostracism: Solitude seeking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(3), 204-212.
48	Ren D., Wesselmann E., & Williams K. D . (2018). Hurt people hurt people: Ostracism and aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 34-38.
49	Rigney A. E., Koski J. E., & Beer J. S . (2018). The functional role of ventral anterior cingulate cortex in social evaluation: Disentangling valence from subjectively rewarding opportunities. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(1), 14-21.
50	Rotge J. Y., Lemogne C., Hinfray S., Huguet P., Grynszpan O., Tartour E., .. Fossati P . (2015). A meta-analysis of the anterior cingulate contribution to social pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(1), 19-27.
51	Schmalzle R., Brook O'Donnell M., Garcia J. O., Cascio C. N., Bayer J., Bassett D. S., .. Falk E. B . (2017). Brain connectivity dynamics during social interaction reflect social network structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(20), 5153-5158.
52	Schwartz J., Ordaz S. J., Kircanski K., Ho T. C., Davis E. G., Camacho M. C., & Gotlib I. H . (2019). Resting-state functional connectivity and inflexibility of daily emotions in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 26-34.
53	Seeley W. W., Menon V., Schatzberg A. F., Keller J., Glover G. H., Kenna H., .. Greicius M. D . (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349-2356.
54	Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Excessive reassurance seeking, depression, and interpersonal rejection: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(4), 762-775.
55	Wager T. D., Atlas L. Y., Botvinick M. M., Chang L. J., Coghill R. C., Davis K. D., .. Yarkoni T . (2016). Pain in the ACC? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), E2474-E2475.
56	Wang H. Y., Braun C., & Enck P . (2017). How the brain reacts to social stress (exclusion) - A scoping review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 80-88.
57	White L. O., Klein A. M., von Klitzing K., Graneist A., Otto Y., Hill J., .. Crowley M. J . (2016). Putting ostracism into perspective: young children tell more mentalistic stories after exclusion, but not when anxious. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1926.
58	Will G. J., Crone E. A., & Guroglu B . (2015). Acting on social exclusion: Neural correlates of punishment and forgiveness of excluders. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(2), 209-218.
59	Williams, K. D . (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452.
60	Williams, K. D . (2009). Chapter 6 Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275-314.

[1]	WANG Xingang, LI Zulan, ZHANG Ting. Double valence coping strategies for damaged brands in the social media environment: From the perspective of group polarization theory [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2023, 31(5): 709-720.
[2]	JIN Fei. How sharing on social media influences consumer choices [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(8): 1785-1793.
[3]	LIN Wenyi, HE Hao, GUAN Qing. Functional brain networks underlying rumination [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(6): 1262-1269.
[4]	ZHANG Shuyue, HUANG Junqing, ZHAO Feng, XU Kepeng. Social exclusion influenced intertemporal decision-making and its mechanism [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(3): 486-498.
[5]	MA Yajie, ZHAO Xin, HE Xiangchun, REN Liping. The impact of social media on executive functions: Beneficial or harmful? [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2022, 30(2): 406-413.
[6]	HUANG Guanlan, ZHOU Xiaolu. The linguistic patterns of depressed patients [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2021, 29(5): 838-848.
[7]	SU Yue, LIU Mingming, ZHAO Nan, LIU Xiaoqian, ZHU Tingshao. Identifying psychological indexes based on social media data: A machine learning method [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2021, 29(4): 571-585.
[8]	CHAI Huan You, NIU Geng Feng, CHU Xiao Wei, WEI Qi, SONG Yu Hong, SUN Xiao Jun. Fear of missing out: What have I missed again? [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(3): 527-537.
[9]	WANG Hailu, LIU Xinghua. Specific influence of Open Monitoring Meditation [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2017, 25(8): 1337-1348.
[10]	SHI Yanwei; XU Fuming; WANG Wei; LI Yan; LIU Chenghao. Empathetic Social Pain: Evidence from Neuroimaging [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2015, 23(9): 1608-1616.
[11]	XU Xiaoxiao; YU Jing; LEI Xu. Imagining the Future: Cognitive Processes and Brain Networks [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2015, 23(3): 394-404.
[12]	WU Jinfeng; WANG Yu; CHEN Hong; HUANG Junfeng. From Self to Social Cognition: The Default Mode Network and Mirror-Neuron System [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2015, 23(10): 1808-1817.
[13]	LI Yu;SHU Hua. The Brain Mechanisms and Functional Hypothesis of Default Mode Network and Its Clinical Application [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2014, 22(2): 234-249.
[14]	CHENG Su;LIU Lu;ZHENG Yong. Research Paradigms and Theoretical Models of Social Exclusion [J]. , 2011, 19(6): 905-915.
[15]	DU Jian-Zheng;XIA Bing-Li. The Psychological View on Social Exclusion [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2008, 16(6): 981-986.