心理科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 1106-1118.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01106
收稿日期:
2021-07-30
出版日期:
2022-05-15
发布日期:
2022-03-24
通讯作者:
毕翠华
E-mail:cuihuabi1215@163.com
基金资助:
Received:
2021-07-30
Online:
2022-05-15
Published:
2022-03-24
Contact:
BI Cuihua
E-mail:cuihuabi1215@163.com
摘要:
“时间”是跨期决策的“必需品”, 人们感知到的延迟时间决定跨期决策的结果。近年来, 研究者发现“时间长度感知”、“时间资源感知”和“时间框架感知”是时间感知作用于跨期决策的主要方式。时间感知的神经作用机制包含微观层面和宏观层面两种。“对数/指数时间折扣模型”、“感知时间基础模型”及“多模态漂移扩散模型”解释了时间感知的作用方式。然而, 现有理论模型还存在诸多局限, 主要包括“长短时距预测偏差”和“实际决策与预期决策偏差”两个方面。因此, 深入探讨时间感知影响跨期决策的基本方式, 分析现有理论模型的局限性并提出整合的机制框架具有十分重要的意义。未来研究亟需进一步整合时间感知的理论模型, 开展脑机制与应用方面的研究, 从深层揭露时间感知的作用本质, 帮助个人与社会更理性地决策。
毕翠华, 齐怀远. (2022). 时间感知在跨期决策中的作用——时间决策模型的新探索. 心理科学进展 , 30(5), 1106-1118.
BI Cuihua, QI Huaiyuan. (2022). The role of time perception in intertemporal decision-making: New exploration of time decision-making model. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(5), 1106-1118.
模型名称 与提出者 | 时间感知与客观时间的构建 | 整体模型 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
公式 | 公式解释 | 公式 | 公式解释 | |
对数/指数时间 折扣模型 Takahashi 等人(2005) Takahashi 等人(2008) | | 时间感知与客观时距呈对数关系; T为对延迟时间的时间长度感知; a为自由参数, b是与自我控制有关参数; D为延迟时距, c自由参数; s为冲动性参数。D为延迟时距。 | | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; e为自然对数底。 |
感知时间 基础模型 Kim和 Zauberman (2009) | | 时间感知与客观时距呈指数关系; T为对延迟时间的时间长度感知; α为时间收缩程度, 即感知值与客观值之比; β时间敏感度, 反映个体差异; D为延迟时距。 | | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; e为自然对数底。 |
多模态漂移 扩散模型 Amasino 等人(2019) | | 时间感知是左侧和右侧选项的时间差与注意程度的函数。 | & \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t}}= \\ & \ \ \ \ \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t-1}}+\frac{{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}{{\text{A}}_{left}}}{1+{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}{{\text{T}}_{left}}}-\frac{{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}{{\text{A}}_{right}}}{1+{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}{{\text{T}}_{tight}}} \\ \end{align}$ & \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t}}=\text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t-1}}+\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }{{\text{ }\!\!\grave{\ }\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}\left( {{\text{A}}_{left}}-{{\text{A}}_{tight}} \right)- \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }{{\text{ }\!\!\grave{\ }\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}\left( {{\text{T}}_{left}}-{{\text{T}}_{tight}} \right) \\ \end{align}$ | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; |
表1 不同时间决策模型的解释机制
模型名称 与提出者 | 时间感知与客观时间的构建 | 整体模型 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
公式 | 公式解释 | 公式 | 公式解释 | |
对数/指数时间 折扣模型 Takahashi 等人(2005) Takahashi 等人(2008) | | 时间感知与客观时距呈对数关系; T为对延迟时间的时间长度感知; a为自由参数, b是与自我控制有关参数; D为延迟时距, c自由参数; s为冲动性参数。D为延迟时距。 | | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; e为自然对数底。 |
感知时间 基础模型 Kim和 Zauberman (2009) | | 时间感知与客观时距呈指数关系; T为对延迟时间的时间长度感知; α为时间收缩程度, 即感知值与客观值之比; β时间敏感度, 反映个体差异; D为延迟时距。 | | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; e为自然对数底。 |
多模态漂移 扩散模型 Amasino 等人(2019) | | 时间感知是左侧和右侧选项的时间差与注意程度的函数。 | & \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t}}= \\ & \ \ \ \ \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t-1}}+\frac{{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}{{\text{A}}_{left}}}{1+{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}{{\text{T}}_{left}}}-\frac{{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}{{\text{A}}_{right}}}{1+{{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}{{\text{T}}_{tight}}} \\ \end{align}$ & \text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t}}=\text{S}{{\text{V}}_{t-1}}+\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }{{\text{ }\!\!\grave{\ }\!\!\text{ }}_{A}}\left( {{\text{A}}_{left}}-{{\text{A}}_{tight}} \right)- \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }{{\text{ }\!\!\grave{\ }\!\!\text{ }}_{T}}\left( {{\text{T}}_{left}}-{{\text{T}}_{tight}} \right) \\ \end{align}$ | SV为折扣后收益的主观价值; A为延迟收益的客观价值; k为延迟折扣; |
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