禅修对创造性思维的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01807

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

禅修是一种能够对人类心理有广泛影响的训练工具。作为两种重要、相似但又不同的禅修方式, 冥想和正念对创造性思维中的发散思维和聚合思维产生了不同影响。在发散思维方面, 冥想主要通过对注意调控和无意识激活影响以及对解题动机和情绪的有效调控两方面显著增强了发散思维, 尤其是认知灵活性; 在聚合思维方面, 正念和冥想的影响相当复杂, 主要是通过聚合思维所需的执行功能和可能涉及表征重构来促进定势转移或功能固着的消除。就机制而言, 禅修对创造性思维的影响总体上不仅得益于走神时的无意识关联加工, 而且受禅修中诱发的情绪效应的调节。基于这些, 对未来研究的趋势进行了展望。

关键词: 禅修, 创造性思维, 发散思维, 聚合思维

Abstract:

It is known that as a training tool, ZEN has an extensive influence on human’s mental processes. In terms of divergent thinking and convergent thinking, the two important, similar but different ways of ZEN show significant differences. Meditation improves divergent thinking mainly based on cognitive flexibility and other factors such as attention strategies, the unconscious activation, the problem-solving motivation and emotion regulation; in terms of convergent thinking, by means of regulating executive function and possible cognitive restructuring, mindfulness can promote the transformation of set or functional fixedness. In terms of the mechanism, enhancing effect of ZEN on creative thinking not only benefits from the unconscious associative processing when the mind wanders, but also is adjusted by emotion effect induced by ZEN. This article sorts out the above-mentioned questions systematically, then points out the deficiencies of previous studies and prospects several future research directions.

Key words: Zen Training, creative thinking, divergent thinking, convergent thinking

束晨晔, 沈汪兵, 赵源. (2018). 禅修对创造性思维的影响. 心理科学进展 , 26(10), 1807-1817.

SHU Chenye, SHEN Wangbing, ZHAO Yuan. (2018). The effect of ZEN on creative thinking. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(10), 1807-1817.

图/表 2

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类型	发散思维		聚合思维
类型	效果	机制	效果	机制
冥想	促进	注意瞬脱↓(Hodgins & Adair, 2010)	促进	内省机制↑(Cayoun, 2011)
		注意分配↑(Colzato et al., 2012)		深度加工↑(Cayoun, 2011)
		自上而下加工↓(Colzato et al., 2012)		认知重构↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		发散思维独特性↑(Horan, 2009)		元认知↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		表征转换↑(Kudesia, 2015)		注意、警觉↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		认知灵活性↑(Kudesia, 2015)		无意识的关联处理↑(Baird et al., 2012)
		积极情绪↑(Ding et al., 2014)		积极情绪↑(Colzato et al., 2012)
		注意切换↑(Ding et al., 2014)	损害	认知策略↓(Colzato et al., 2012)
		弥散注意↑(Baird et al., 2012)
		酝酿效应↑(Baird et al., 2012)
正念	促进	惯性思维↓(Wenk-Sormaz, 2005)	促进	知觉↑(Zeidan et al., 2010)
		功能固着↓(Wenk-Sormaz, 2005)		元认知↑(Zeidan et al., 2010)
		流体智力↑(Nusbaum & Silvia, 2011)		线索搜索↑(Ostafin & Kassman, 2012)
		类别转换↑(Nusbaum & Silvia, 2011)		认知重构↑(Ostafin & Kassman, 2012)
		兴趣↑(Baas et al., 2014)		注意监控↑(Lippelt, Hommel, & Colzato, 2014)
		坚持性↑(Baas et al., 2014)		工作记忆↑(Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007)
		注意控制↑(Moore & Malinowski, 2009)		思维僵局↓(Kudesia, 2015)
		积极情绪↑(Ding et al., 2014)		“啊哈”时刻↑(Kudesia, 2015)
		认知敏感↑(Ding et al., 2014)	不确定	积极情绪↑(Colzato et al., 2014)
		思维工作效率↑(Subramaniam et al., 2009)

类型	发散思维		聚合思维
类型	效果	机制	效果	机制
冥想	促进	注意瞬脱↓(Hodgins & Adair, 2010)	促进	内省机制↑(Cayoun, 2011)
		注意分配↑(Colzato et al., 2012)		深度加工↑(Cayoun, 2011)
		自上而下加工↓(Colzato et al., 2012)		认知重构↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		发散思维独特性↑(Horan, 2009)		元认知↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		表征转换↑(Kudesia, 2015)		注意、警觉↑(Ren et al., 2011)
		认知灵活性↑(Kudesia, 2015)		无意识的关联处理↑(Baird et al., 2012)
		积极情绪↑(Ding et al., 2014)		积极情绪↑(Colzato et al., 2012)
		注意切换↑(Ding et al., 2014)	损害	认知策略↓(Colzato et al., 2012)
		弥散注意↑(Baird et al., 2012)
		酝酿效应↑(Baird et al., 2012)
正念	促进	惯性思维↓(Wenk-Sormaz, 2005)	促进	知觉↑(Zeidan et al., 2010)
		功能固着↓(Wenk-Sormaz, 2005)		元认知↑(Zeidan et al., 2010)
		流体智力↑(Nusbaum & Silvia, 2011)		线索搜索↑(Ostafin & Kassman, 2012)
		类别转换↑(Nusbaum & Silvia, 2011)		认知重构↑(Ostafin & Kassman, 2012)
		兴趣↑(Baas et al., 2014)		注意监控↑(Lippelt, Hommel, & Colzato, 2014)
		坚持性↑(Baas et al., 2014)		工作记忆↑(Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007)
		注意控制↑(Moore & Malinowski, 2009)		思维僵局↓(Kudesia, 2015)
		积极情绪↑(Ding et al., 2014)		“啊哈”时刻↑(Kudesia, 2015)
		认知敏感↑(Ding et al., 2014)	不确定	积极情绪↑(Colzato et al., 2014)
		思维工作效率↑(Subramaniam et al., 2009)

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