适应负荷：社会经济地位影响健康的生理机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01475

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

低社会经济地位的个体会经历更多的生活压力, 并有更少的应对资源, 因此其健康状况面临更大的威胁。这些压力可能自胎儿期就存在, 对健康产生累积性影响。社会经济地位低所带来的压力对生理的影响可以用适应负荷来衡量。适应负荷反映了压力状态下个体多个生理系统的综合变化, 这些生理改变的累积对个体身体和心理健康会产生长期的重要影响。适应负荷理论为理解社会经济地位对健康的影响提供了有益的解释。同时, 社会经济地位对适应负荷的影响受到环境压力、社会支持、个人特质以及生活方式等因素的调节。未来的研究应该结合我国的社会文化背景, 探讨社会环境压力与适应负荷及健康后果之间的关系, 并探索保护机制, 为促进处境不利社会群体的健康提供理论依据。

关键词: 适应负荷, 社会经济地位, 压力, 身心健康

Abstract:

Individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are exposed to more stressful events but have less coping resources compared to those on higher ranks. They are hence more prone to a variety of diseases from the fetus to the elderly. Allostatic load (AL) provides an effective index to such cumulative effect of chronic stress on interconnected biological systems. Research revealed that AL is sensitive to changes in SES. The moderating and mediating factors between SES and AL include environmental risks, social support, psychological characteristics and life style. We propose that investigations on AL may shed light into understanding and intervention of disadvantaged populations in China.

Key words: allostatic load, socioeconomic status, stress, physical and mental health

中图分类号:

杨洋, 孙铃, 张红川, 黄四林, 朱晓. (2018). 适应负荷：社会经济地位影响健康的生理机制. 心理科学进展 , 26(8), 1475-1487.

YANG Yang, SUN Ling, ZHANG Hongchuan, HUANG Silin, ZHU Xiao. (2018). Allosatic load and its relationship with socioeconomic health disparities. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(8), 1475-1487.

图/表 2

参考文献 101

1	李东明, 李圣轩, 吴跃峰 . ( 2011). 应变稳态: 稳态理论的完善. 生物学通报, 46( 6), 8-11.
2	李伟, 张俊权, 王生, 柯继红, 金琳 . ( 2007). 职业应激与稳态应变负荷关系的研究. 中国职业医学, 34( 3), 186-188.
3	李治, 张冬梅, 陈若陵, 马颖, 汪琦, 王辉, 杨振 . ( 2013). 社会经济地位对脑卒中发病率和死亡率的影响. 医学与哲学, 34( 9), 40-42.
4	Adler N. E., Boyce W. T., Chesney M. A., Folkman S., & Syme S. L . ( 1993). Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution. JAMA, 269( 24), 3140-3145. doi: 10.1001/jama.1993.03500240084031 URL
5	Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J . ( 2010). Health disparities across the lifespan: Meaning, methods, and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186( 1), 5-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x URL
6	Baum A., Garofalo J. P., & Yali A. M . ( 1999). Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: Does stress account for SES effects on health? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896( 1), 131-144. doi: 10.1111/nyas.1999.896.issue-1 URL
7	Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Kuh, D . ( 2002). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31( 2), 285-293. doi: 10.1093/intjepid/31.2.285 URL
8	Blair C., Raver C. C., Granger D. A., Mills-Koonce R., Hibel L., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators. ( 2011). Allostasis and allostatic load in the context of poverty in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 845-857. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000344 URL
9	Boyce, W. T . ( 2004). Social stratification, health, and violence in the very young. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 47-68.
10	Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J . ( 1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7( 2), 55-71. doi: 10.2307/1602387 URL
11	Brunner, E . ( 2002). Stress mechanisms in coronary heart disease. In S. Stansfeld & M. Marmot (Eds.), Stress and the heart: Psychosocial pathways to coronary heart disease( pp. 181-199). London, UK: BMJ Books.
12	Cagney K. A., Browning C. R., & Wen M . ( 2005). Racial disparities in self-rated health at older ages: What difference does the neighborhood make?. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 60( 4), S181-S190. doi: 10.1093/geronb/60.4.S181 URL
13	Chen E., Cohen S., & Miller G. E . ( 2010). How low socioeconomic status affects 2-year hormonal trajectories in children. Psychological Science, 21( 1), 31-37. doi: 10.1177/0956797609355566 URL
14	Chen E., Matthews K. A., & Boyce W. T . ( 2002). Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin, 128, 295-329. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.295 URL
15	Chen E., Miller G. E., Kobor M. S., & Cole S. W . ( 2011). Maternal warmth buffers the effects of low early-life socioeconomic status on pro-inflammatory signaling in adulthood. Molecular Psychiatry, 16( 7), 729-737. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.53 URL
16	Chen E., Miller G. E., Lachman M. E., Gruenewald T. L., & Seeman T. E . ( 2012). Protective factors for adults from low-childhood socioeconomic circumstances: The benefits of shift-and-persist for allostatic load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74( 2), 178-186. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31824206fd URL
17	Clearfield M. W., Carter-Rodriguez A., Merali A. R., & Shober R . ( 2014). The effects of SES on infant and maternal diurnal salivary cortisol output. Infant Behavior & Development, 37( 3), 298-304.
18	Cohen S., Alper C. M., Doyle W. J., Adler N., Treanor J. J., & Turner R. B . ( 2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27( 2), 268-274. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.268 URL
19	Cohen S., Doyle W. J., Turner R. B., Alper C. M., & Skoner D. P . ( 2004). Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66( 4), 553-558. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000126200.05189.d3 URL
20	Cohen S., Janicki-Deverts D., Chen E., & Matthews K. A . ( 2010). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186( 1), 37-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05334.x URL
21	Conradt E., Abar B., Sheinkopf S., Lester B., Lagasse L., Seifer R., … Higgins R . ( 2014). The role of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on parasympathetic functioning from 3 to 6 years of age. Developmental Psychobiology, 56( 4), 821-835. doi: 10.1002/dev.21155 URL
22	Conradt E., Beauchaine T., Abar B., Lagasse L., Shankaran S., Bada H., … Lester B . ( 2016). Early caregiving stress exposure moderates the relation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity at 1 month and biobehavioral outcomes at age 3. Psychophysiology, 53( 1), 83-96. doi: 10.1111/psyp.2016.53.issue-1 URL
23	Crimmins E. M., Kim J. K., & Seeman T. E . ( 2009). Poverty and biological risk: The earlier "aging" of the poor. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 64( 2), 286-292.
24	Crimmins, E. M., & Seeman, T. E . ( 2005). Integrating biology into the study of health disparities. Population & Development Review, 30, 89-107.
25	Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S . ( 2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106( 1), 29-39.
26	Dich N., Doan S. N., & Evans G. W . ( 2015). Children's emotionality moderates the association between maternal responsiveness and allostatic load: Investigation into differential susceptibility. Child Development, 86( 3), 936-944. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12346 URL
27	Dowd, J. B., & Goldman, N . ( 2006). Do biomarkers of stress mediate the relation between socioeconomic status and health?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60( 7), 633-639.
28	Dowd J. B., Simanek A. M., & Aiello A. E . ( 2009). Socio- economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: A review of the literature. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38( 5), 1297-309. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp277 URL
29	Duong M. T., Bingham B. A., Aldana P. C., Chung S. T., & Sumner A. E . ( 2017). Variation in the calculation of allostatic load score: 21 examples from NHANES. Journal of Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities, 4, 455-461.
30	Eide, E. R., & Showalter, M. H . ( 2011). Estimating the relation between health and education: What do we know and what do we need to know?. Economics of Education Review, 30( 5), 778-791. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.009 URL
31	Evans, G. W . ( 2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59( 2), 77-92. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 URL
32	Evans G. W., Chen E., Miller G. E., & Seeman, T. E. .( 2012) . How poverty gets under the skin: A life course perspective. In V Maholmes & R King (Eds), The Oxford handbook of poverty and child development (pp 13-36) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
33	Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. . ( 2012). Childhood poverty and young adults' allostatic load: The mediating role of childhood cumulative risk exposure. Psychological Science, 23( 9), 979-983. doi: 10.1177/0956797612441218 URL
34	Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. . ( 2013). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Development Perspectives, 7( 1), 43-48. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12013 URL
35	Evans G. W., Kim P., Ting A. H., Tesher H. B., & Shannis D . ( 2007). Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43( 2), 341-351. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.341 URL
36	Fagundes, C. P., & Way, B . ( 2014). Early-life stress and adult inflammation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23( 4), 277-283. doi: 10.1177/0963721414535603 URL
37	Gallo L. C., Smith T. W., & Cox C. M . ( 2006). Socioeconomic status, psychosocial processes, and perceived health: An interpersonal perspective. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31( 2), 109-119. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3102_2 URL
38	Galobardes B., Lynch J. W., & Smith G. D . ( 2004). Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: Systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26( 1), 7-21. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxh008 URL
39	Galobardes B., Lynch J. W., & Smith G. D . ( 2008). Is the association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality established? Update of a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62( 5), 387-390.
40	Galobardes B., Smith G. D., & Lynch J. W . ( 2006). Systematic review of the influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances on risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Annals of Epidemiology, 16( 2), 91-104. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.06.053 URL
41	Geronimus A. T., Hicken M., Keene D., & Bound J . ( 2006). "Weathering" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96( 5), 826-833. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749 URL
42	Giedd J. N., Snell J. W., Lange N., Rajapakse J. C., Casey B. J., Kozuch P. L., … Rapoport J. L . ( 1996). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: Ages 4-18. Cerebral Cortex, 35( 4), 551-559.
43	Glymour M. M., Clark C. R., & Patton K. K . ( 2014). Socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular disease: Recent findings and future directions. Current Epidemiology Reports, 1( 2), 89-97. doi: 10.1007/s40471-014-0010-8 URL
44	Green G., Gilbertson J. M., & Grimsley, M. F. J . ( 2002). Fear of crime and health in residential tower blocks: A case study in Liverpool, UK. European Journal of Public Health, 12( 1), 10-15. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/12.1.10 URL
45	Gruenewald T. L., Karlamangla A. S., Hu P., Stein-Merkin S., Crandall C., Koretz B., & Seeman T. E . ( 2012). History of socioeconomic disadvantage and allostatic load in later life. Social Science & Medicine, 74( 1), 75-83.
46	Gump B. B., Matthews K. A., & RäikkÖnen K . ( 1999). Modeling relationships among socioeconomic status, hostility, cardiovascular reactivity, and left ventricular mass in African American and white children. Health Psychology, 18( 2), 140-150. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.18.2.140 URL
47	Gump B. B., Reihman J., Stewart P., Lonky E., Granger D. A., & Matthews K. A . ( 2009). Blood lead (Pb) levels: Further evidence for an environmental mechanism explaining the association between socioeconomic status and psychophysiological dysregulation in children. Health Psychology, 28( 5), 614-620. doi: 10.1037/a0015611 URL
48	Gupta R. K., Patel A. K., Shah N., Chaudhary A. K., Jha U. K., Yadav U. C., … Pakuwal U . ( 2014). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in disease and cancer: A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15( 11), 4405-4409. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.11.4405 URL
49	Haushofer J., Cornelisse S., & Joels M. ( 2011. Low income is associated with high baseline levels and low stress reactivity of cortisol, but not alpha amylase. Retrieve May 5, 2017, from
50	Hawkley L. C., Lavelle L. A., Berntson G. G., & Cacioppo J. T . ( 2011). Mediators of the relationship between socioeconomic status and allostatic load in the Chicago Health, aging, and social relations study (CHASRS). Psychophysiology, 48( 8), 1134-1145. doi: 10.1111/psyp.2011.48.issue-8 URL
51	Hwang A. C., Peng L. N., Wen Y. W., Tsai Y. W., Chang L. C., Chiou S. T., & Chen L. K . ( 2014). Predicting all-cause and cause-specific mortality by static and dynamic measurements of allostatic load: A 10-year population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15( 7), 490-496. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.02.001 URL
52	Juster R. P., Bizik G., Picard M., Arsenault-Lapierre G., Sindi S., Trepanier L., … Lupien S. J . ( 2011). A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Development & Psychopathology, 23( 3), 725-776.
53	Juster R. P., McEwen B. S., & Lupien S. J . ( 2009). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35( 1), 2-16.
54	Kittleson M. M., Meoni L. A., Wang N. Y., Chu A. Y., Ford D. E., & Klag M. J . ( 2006). Association of childhood socioeconomic status with subsequent coronary heart disease in physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166( 21), 2356-2361. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.21.2356 URL
55	Kobrosly R. W., van Wijngaarden E., Seplaki C. L., Cory-Slechta D. A., & Moynihan J . ( 2014). Depressive symptoms are associated with allostatic load among community-dwelling older adults. Physiology & Behavior, 123, 223-230.
56	Korte S. M., Koolhaas J. M., Wingfield J. C., & McEwen B. S . ( 2005). The Darwinian concept of stress: Benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29( 1), 3-38.
57	Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L . ( 1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74( 3), 763-773. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.763 URL
58	Lawlor D. A., Smith G. D., Rumley A., Lowe G. D., & Ebrahim S . ( 2005). Associations of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein with prevalent and incident coronary heart disease are attenuated by adjustment for confounding factors. British women's heart and health study. Thrombosis & Haemostasis, 93( 5), 955-963.
59	Lipowicz A., Szklarska A., & Malina R. M . ( 2014). Allostatic load and socioeconomic status in polish adult men. Journal of Biosocial Science, 46( 2), 155-167. doi: 10.1017/S0021932013000345 URL
60	Lupien S. J., Ouellet-Morin I., Hupbach A., Tu M. T., Buss C., Walker D., … McEwen B. S . ( 2006). Beyond the stress concept: Allostatic load—a developmental biological and cognitive perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology( 2nd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
61	Mattei J., Demissie S., Falcon L. M., Ordovas J. M., & Tucker K . ( 2010). Allostatic load is associated with chronic conditions in the Boston Puerto Rican health study. Social Science & Medicine, 70( 12), 1988-1996.
62	Matthews, K. A., & Gallo, L. C . ( 2011). Psychological perspectives on pathways linking socioeconomic status and physical health. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 501-530. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130711 URL
63	Matthews K. A., Gallo L. C., & Taylor S. E . ( 2010). Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186( 1), 146-173. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05332.x URL
64	McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J . ( 2010). Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186( 1), 190-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x URL
65	McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E . ( 1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153( 18), 2093-2101. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004 URL
66	Mclean J., Krishnadas R., Batty G. D., Burns H., Deans K. A., Ford I., … Cavanagh J . ( 2012). Early life socioeconomic status, chronic physiological stress and hippocampal n-acetyl aspartate concentrations. Behavioural Brain Research, 235( 2), 225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.013 URL
67	Miller G. E., Chen E., & Parker K. J . ( 2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137( 6), 959-997. doi: 10.1037/a0024768 URL
68	Minkowski, A . ( 1967). Regional development of the brain in early life. Oxford: Blackwell.
69	Miyaki K., Song Y. X., Htun N. C., Tsutsumi A., Hashimoto H., Kawakami N., … Shimbo T . ( 2012). Folate intake and depressive symptoms in Japanese workers considering SES and job stress factors: J-HOPE study. BMC Psychiatry, 12( 1), 33. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-33 URL
70	Morozink J. A., Friedman E. M., Coe C. L., & Ryff C. D . ( 2010). Socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of interleukin-6 in the MIDUS national sample. Health Psychology, 29( 6), 626-635. doi: 10.1037/a0021360 URL
71	Nicod E., Stringhini S., Marques-Vidal P., Paccaud F., Waeber G., Lamiraud K., … Bochud M . ( 2014). Association of education and receiving social transfers with allostatic load in the Swiss population-based coLaus study. Preventive Medicine, 63( 3), 63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.013 URL
72	O'Connor T. G., Bergman K., Sarkar P., & Glover V . ( 2013). Prenatal cortisol exposure predicts infant cortisol response to acute stress. Developmental Psychobiology, 55( 2), 145-155. doi: 10.1002/dev.v55.2 URL
73	Pace T. W. W., Mletzko T. C., Alagbe O., Musselman D. L., Nemeroff C. B., Miller A. H., & Heim C. M . ( 2006). Increased stress-induced inflammatory responses in male patients with major depression and increased early life stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163( 9), 1630-1633. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1630 URL
74	Park S., Barrett-Connor E., Wingard D. L., Shan J., & Edelstein S . ( 1996). GHb is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than fasting or postchallenge plasma glucose in women without diabetes: The rancho bernardo study. Diabetes Care, 19( 5), 450-456. doi: 10.2337/diacare.19.5.450 URL
75	Pearlin L. I., Schieman S., Fazio E. M., & Meersman S. C . ( 2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46( 2), 205-219. doi: 10.1177/002214650504600206 URL
76	Pollitt R. A., Rose K. M., & Kaufman J. S . ( 2005). Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 5, 7. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-7 URL
77	Robertson T., Popham F., & Benzeval M . ( 2014). Socioeconomic position across the lifecourse & allostatic load: Data from the west of Scotland twenty-07 cohort study. BMC Public Health, 14, 184. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-184 URL
78	Robertson, T., & Watts, E . ( 2016). The importance of age, sex and place in understanding socioeconomic inequalities in allostatic load: Evidence from the Scottish Health Survey (2008-2011). BMC Public Health, 16, 126.
79	Robinette J. W., Charles S. T., Almeida D. M., & Gruenewald T. L . ( 2016). Neighborhood features and physiological risk: An examination of allostatic load. Health & Place, 41, 110-118.
80	Romero L. M., Dickens M. J., & Cyr N. E . ( 2009). The reactive scope model - a new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress. Hormones & Behavior, 55( 3), 375-389.
81	Rosengren A., Subramanian S. V., Islam S., Chow C. K., Avezum A., Kazmi K., … Yusuf S . ( 2009). Education and risk for acute myocardial infarction in 52 high, middle and low-income countries: Interheart case-control study. Heart, 95( 24), 2014-2022. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2009.182436 URL
82	Sahraian, A., & Hedayati, A . ( 2015). Mental stress, depression and cardiovascular disease. International preventive cardiology congress. Retrieve May 5, 2017, from
83	Sapolsky R. M., Romero L. M., & Munck A. U . ( 2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 55-89.
84	Seeman T. E., Berkman L. F., Gulanski B. I., Robbins R. J., Greenspan S. L., Charpentier P. A., & Rowe J. W . ( 1995). Self-esteem and neuroendocrine response to challenge: Macarthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39( 1), 69-84. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00076-H URL
85	Seeman T. E., Crimmins E., Huang M. H., Singer B., Bucur A., Gruenewald, T. … Reuben, D. B . ( 2004). Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: Macarthur studies of successful aging. Social Science & Medicine, 58( 10), 1985-1997.
86	Seeman T., Epel E., Gruenewald T., Karlamangla A., & McEwen B. S . ( 2010). Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186( 1), 223-239. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x URL
87	Seeman T. E., McEwen B. S., Rowe J. W., & Singer B. H . ( 2001). Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: Macarthur studies of successful aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98( 8), 4770-4775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.081072698 URL
88	Shonkoff J. P., Boyce W. T., & McEwen B. S . ( 2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301( 21), 2252-2259. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.754 URL
89	Singer, B., & Ryff, C. D . ( 1999). Hierarchies of life histories and associated health risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 96-115. doi: 10.1111/nyas.1999.896.issue-1 URL
90	Sterling, P., & Eyer, J . ( 1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health( pp. 631-651). New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
91	Tamayo T., Herder C., & Rathmann W . ( 2010). Impact of early psychosocial factors (childhood socioeconomic factors and adversities) on future risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic disturbances and obesity: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 10, 525. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-525 URL
92	Tao X. M., Li J. H., Zhu X. L., Zhao B., Sun J., Ji L. N., … Jiang C. P . ( 2016). Association between socioeconomic status and metabolic control and diabetes complications: A cross-sectional nationwide study in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 15, 61. doi: 10.1186/s12933-016-0376-7 URL
93	Triantafillidis J. K., Merikas E., & Gikas A . ( 2013). Psychological factors and stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7( 3), 225-238.
94	Turner, R. J., & Marino, F . ( 1994). Social support and social structure: A descriptive epidemiology. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35( 3), 193-212. doi: 10.2307/2137276 URL
95	Turrell G., Lynch J. W., Leite C., Raghunathan T., & Kaplan G. A . ( 2007). Socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and across the life course and all-cause mortality and physical function in adulthood: Evidence from the alameda county study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61( 8), 723-730.
96	Upchurch D. M., Stein J., Greendale G. A., Chyu L., Tseng C. H., Huang M. H., … Seeman T . ( 2015). A longitudinal investigation of race, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial mediators of allostatic load in midlife women: Findings from the study of women's health across the nation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77( 4), 402-412. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000175 URL
97	van Oijen M., Okereke O. I., Kang J. H., Pollak M. N., Hu F. B., Hankinson S. E., & Grodstein F . ( 2008). Fasting insulin levels and cognitive decline in older women without diabetes. Neuroepidemiology, 30( 3), 174-179. doi: 10.1159/000126909 URL
98	Walsemann K. M., Goosby B. J., & Farr D . ( 2016). Life course SES and cardiovascular risk: Heterogeneity across race/ethnicity and gender. Social Science & Medicine, 152, 147-155.
99	Warren J. R., Hoonakker P., Carayon P., & Brand J . ( 2004). Job characteristics as mediators in SES-health relationships. Social Science & Medicine, 59( 7), 1367-1378.
100	Weitzman E. D., Fukushima D., Nogeire C., Roffwarg H., Gallagher T. F., & Hellman L . ( 1971). Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 33( 1), 14-22.
101	Wickrama K. A. S., O'Neal C. W., & Lee T. K . ( 2016). The health impact of upward mobility: Does socioeconomic attainment make youth more vulnerable to stressful circumstances?. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45( 2), 271-285. doi: 10.1007/s10964-015-0397-7 URL

系统		指标	等级
神经内分泌系统	中枢神经系统(CNS)	海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮层
	HPA轴	皮质醇、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA-S)	一级
	SAM轴	肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素	一级
	副交感神经系统	心率变异性指标(HRV)：全部窦性心搏RR间期(SDRR)、相邻RR间期差值均方根(RMSSD)	二级
免疫系统	细胞介素	白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α、胰岛素样生长因子-10	一级
	亚临床指标	C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤维蛋白原	二级
心血管系统		收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率	二级
新陈代谢系统		高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、葡萄糖、胰岛素、白蛋白、肌酸酐、同型半胱胺酸	二级
人体测量学指标		腰臀围比, 身体质量指数(BMI)	二级

系统		指标	等级
神经内分泌系统	中枢神经系统(CNS)	海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮层
	HPA轴	皮质醇、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA-S)	一级
	SAM轴	肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素	一级
	副交感神经系统	心率变异性指标(HRV)：全部窦性心搏RR间期(SDRR)、相邻RR间期差值均方根(RMSSD)	二级
免疫系统	细胞介素	白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α、胰岛素样生长因子-10	一级
	亚临床指标	C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤维蛋白原	二级
心血管系统		收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率	二级
新陈代谢系统		高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、葡萄糖、胰岛素、白蛋白、肌酸酐、同型半胱胺酸	二级
人体测量学指标		腰臀围比, 身体质量指数(BMI)	二级

[1]	安叶青, 七十三, 曾小叶, 金童林, 曹呈旭. 家庭抗逆力理论在风险应对领域的应用：演变、价值及挑战[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(3): 428-442.
[2]	孙卉, 徐洁. 秒回?信息通讯技术时代的职场通讯压力[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(3): 467-479.
[3]	黄顺森, 陈豪杰, 来枭雄, 代欣然, 王耘. 多元宇宙样分析：简介及应用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(2): 196-208.
[4]	郑银波, 李馨, 黄华东, 李斌, 李爱梅. 死亡提醒对员工绩效的双刃效应：压力交互理论的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 116-126.
[5]	陈景秋, 范清月, 黄敏妍. 农民工的工作退缩行为：基于多重嵌入和身份压力的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 1955-1967.
[6]	杜棠艳, 胡小勇, 杨静, 李兰玉, 王甜甜. 低社会经济地位与跨期决策：威胁视角下的心理转变机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1894-1904.
[7]	钟越, 车敬上, 刘楠, 安薪如, 李爱梅, 周国林. 压力下一搏：压力如何影响个体风险寻求[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(6): 1303-1316.
[8]	王佳燕, 蓝媛美, 李超平. 二元工作压力与员工创新关系的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(4): 761-780.
[9]	凌茜, 张正杰, 丘小燕. 公仆型领导的负面效应及其缓冲机制探究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(4): 922-940.
[10]	廖化化, 黄蕾, 胡斌. 资源保存理论在组织行为学中的应用：演变与挑战[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(2): 449-463.
[11]	张亚利, 张建根, 李红霞, 姜永志. 社会经济地位与抑郁的关系：系统综述和元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(12): 2650-2665.
[12]	姜福斌, 王震. 压力认知评价理论在管理心理学中的应用：场景、方式与迷思[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(12): 2825-2845.
[13]	加锁锁, 郭理, 蔡子君, 毛日佑. 组织中绩效压力的双刃剑效应[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(12): 2846-2856.
[14]	胡小勇, 杜棠艳, 李兰玉, 王甜甜. 低社会经济地位影响自我调节的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(10): 2278-2290.
[15]	孙国晓, 张力为. 竞赛压力、注意控制与运动表现关系的理论演进[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(6): 1122-1130.