ISSN 1671-3710
CN 11-4766/R
主办：中国科学院心理研究所
出版：科学出版社

心理科学进展 ›› 2013, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (1): 1-21.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00001

• 主编特邀 •    下一篇

具有类属知识性的思维：群体区别判断过程中的复杂性、有效性、有用性和实质性

黎岳庭;Lee Jussim;Clark R. McCauley   

  1. (1美国俄亥俄州托莱多大学) (2美国 新泽西州罗特格斯大学) (3美国宾州大学)
  • 收稿日期:2012-05-15 出版日期:2013-01-15 发布日期:2013-01-15
  • 通讯作者: 黎岳庭

Stereotypes as Categories of Knowledge: Complexity, Validity, Usefulness, and Essence in Perceptions of Group Differences*

Yueh-Ting Lee;Lee Jussim;Clark R. McCauley   

  1. (1 University of Toledo, Ohio, USA) (2 Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA) (3 Bryn Mawr College and University of Pennsylvania, USA)
  • Received:2012-05-15 Online:2013-01-15 Published:2013-01-15
  • Contact: Yueh-Ting Lee
  • Supported by:

    Thanks are extended to Professor Harry Triandis, Professor Carey Ryan, Professor Li Liu, and Heather Haught, Timothy Bodie, Michelle Beddow, Wenting Chen and other research assistants in Dr. Lee’s SCIR (Social Cognition and Intercultural Relations) Laboratory for valuable comments. Thanks are also extended to Editor Shu Li and reviewers for their constructive criticisms. Correspondence regarding this article should be directed to Yueh-Ting Lee, Department of Psychology, MS 948, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA (E-mail: YT.Lee@Utoledo.edu or 1549788167@qq.com).

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摘要： 类属性思维(stereotypes)在一定的程度上是对群体区别正确反映的类属信仰。类属性思维比我们一般假想的更为复杂。首先, 我们在本论文中探讨了在立体性的类属性思维EPA理论框架之下的多维度, 即类属性思维的三维度：评估、激活和准确度。同时还特别讨论了类属性思维与具体集体共识的表征特点的图腾信仰之间的密切关系。其次, 对于作为人类信仰一部分的类属性思维准确性莫衷一是的研究, 我们进行了全面综述, 并且本文还仔细考查文化类属性思维, 个体类属性思维, 个体与群体的判断, 准确性评判的标准, 和原分析的数据等等, 同时进一步表明类属性思维和客观现实性有密不可分的关系。最后, 我们指出类属性思维对解释群体和民族的区别非常重要, 特别是人的感知的实质性寓于实在的客观群体本身(“感知的同一性”)。我们认为, 类属性思维的过程, 对于高度的实体性和感知的实质性的群体来说, 具有深刻影响, 况且群体或部落(民族)的图腾也是其群体或民族的实体性的外在表现。尽管我们不可能解决同类属性思维的过程有关的所有争论, 但我们所强调的观点是：类属性思维是人类相互影响和生存的有效类属性识别。

关键词: 类属性思维的准确性, 图腾与信仰, 感知的实质性, 群体的区别

Abstract: Stereotypes are categorical beliefs, which are more or less accurate representations of group differences. Stereotypes are more complex than is generally assumed. First, we address the multidimensionality of stereotypes under the framework of the cubic EPA model, which suggests that stereotypes are characterized by three dimensions: evaluation, potency, and accuracy. Specific attention is given to the relationship between stereotypes and totemic beliefs as collectively shared representations. Second, we review controversial research on the accuracy of stereotypes as a subset of human beliefs. Cultural stereotypes, personal stereotypes, judgment of individuals and groups, judgment criteria and meta-analytical results are examined, revealing the robust relationship between stereotypes and reality. Finally, we point to the importance of explanations of group differences, especially the perception of essence that is encouraged by group entitativity (perceptual ‘oneness’). We suggest that stereotyping is particularly powerful for groups with high entitativity and a perceived essence, and that a group’s totem is the manifestation of the group’s essence. Though we cannot resolve all the controversies relating to stereotyping, our perspective emphasizes stereotypes as categories useful for human interaction and survival.

Key words: stereotype accuracy, totems and beliefs, perceptual essence, group difference