空间存在：虚拟环境中何以产生身临其境之感?

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01383

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

空间存在是个体全神贯注地沉浸在虚拟环境中时产生的身临其境的主观体验/感觉, 包括自我定位与知觉到在虚拟媒介环境中的可能行为两个维度。与我们在真实环境中的体验相似又不同, 属于具身认知的范畴。当前对空间存在问题的研究可分为理论建构与实证检验研究两类。前者主要是采用演绎推理方式, 探究空间存在的产生过程、决定因素与影响因素; 后者主要采用实验研究, 对空间存在进行测量,通过实证研究考察各种影响因素的作用, 并检验在不同虚拟环境中的效果。未来需整合两类研究, 把理论模型应用于媒介心理学基础性与应用性问题上, 以促使这一领域研究不断深入。此外, 空间存在的神经机制、实际应用的价值与效果也需要做进一步的深入探索。

关键词: 空间存在, 过程模型理论, 空间情境模型, 基本的自我中心参考框架

Abstract:

Spatial presence is an experience/feeling of “being there” when an individual is immersing into a virtual environment with absorption,which includes two dimensions: self-location and possible action perceived possible behaviors in the virtual mediated environment. Belonging to the field of embodied cognition, Spatial presence is similar to, but different from the experiences in the immediate physical world The existing literature on spatial presence can be divided into two parts: theoretical construction and empirical researches. The former applies deductive approach to explore the process of formation, determining factors and influential factors of it; the latter mainly adopts the experimental research to measure the spatial presence, to investigate the concrete effects of various influential factors, as well as the effects in different virtual environments. In the future researches, the two kinds should be integrated, and theoretical models can be applied to the basic and practical problems of media psychology, so as to promote the researches in the field. In addition, the neural mechanism of the spatial presence, the value and effects of the actual application of spatial presence also need to be further explored.

Key words: spatial presence, process model of the formation, spatial situation model, primary egocentric reference frame

中图分类号:

B842

王素娟, 张雅明. (2018). 空间存在：虚拟环境中何以产生身临其境之感?. 心理科学进展 , 26(8), 1383-1390.

WANG Sujuan, ZHANG Yaming. (2018). Spatial presence: How to induce an immersive feeling in a virtual environment?. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(8), 1383-1390.

图/表 1

参考文献 29

1	Glenberg, A. M . ( 1997). What memory is for: Creating meaning in the service of action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(1), 41-55. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X97470012 URL
2	Hartmann T., Wirth W., Schramm H., Klimmt C., Vorderer P., Gysbers A., … Sacau A. M . ( 2016). The Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES): A short self-report measure for diverse media settings. Journal of Media Psychology, 28( 1), 1-15. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000137 URL
3	Havranek M., Langer N., Cheetham M., & Jäncke L . ( 2012). Perspective and agency during video gaming influences spatial presence experience and brain activation patterns. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8, 34. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-34 URL
4	Koriat, A . ( 2007). Metacognition and consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 289-325). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5	Lee S. K., Kim G. J., Rizzo A., & Park H . ( 2004). Formation of spatial presence: By form or content? In M. A. Raya & B. R. Solaz (Eds.), Proceedings of 7th annual international workshop on presence( pp. 20-27). Valencia: Universidad Politėcnica de Valencia.
6	Liu, S. G., & Yu, Z. J . ( 2015). Sounding fire for immersive virtual reality. Virtual Reality, 19, 291-302. doi: 10.1007/s10055-015-0271-7 URL
7	Lombard, M., & Jones, M. T . ( 2008). Defining presence. In F. Biocca, W. A. Ijsselsteijn, J. Freeman, & M. Lombard (Eds.), Immersed in media: Telepresence theory, measurement and technology. New York: Routledge.
8	Martin, A. L., & Wiemeyer, J . ( 2012). The impact of different gaming interfaces on spatial experience and spatial presence-A pilot study. In S. GÖbel, W. Müller, B. Urban, & J. Wiemeyer (Eds.), E-learning and games for training, education, health and sports. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 7516, pp. 177-182). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
9	Maudlin, T . ( 2012). Philosophy of physics: Space and time. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10	McCreery M. P., Vallett D. B., & Clark C . ( 2015). Social interaction in a virtual environment: Examining socio-spatial interactivity and social presence using behavioral analytics. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 203-206. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.044 URL
11	Mohd Muhaiyuddin, N. D., & Awang Rambli, D. R . ( 2013). User's feeling of calm as factor for eliciting spatial presence experience. International Conference on Advances in Information Technology, Lecture Notes in Information Technology, 39.
12	Mohd Muhaiyuddin, N. D., & Awang Rambli, D. R . ( 2014). International symposium on technology management and emerging technologies. Bandung, Indonesia, 27-29.
13	Rambli, D. R. A., & Muhaiyuddin, N. D. M . ( 2014). Story line in image-based virtual reality for enhancing spatial presence experience. In 2014 international conference on computer and information sciences ( pp. 1-6). Kuala Lumpur: IEEE.
14	Robillard G., Bouchard S., Fournier T., & Renaud P . ( 2003). Anxiety and presence during VR immersion: A comparative study of the reactions of phobic and non-phobic participants in therapeutic virtual environments derived from computer games . Cyberpsychology & Behavioral, 6( 5), 467-476.
15	Schuster K., Hoffmann M., Bach U., Richert A., & Jeschke S . ( 2014)). Diving in? How users experience virtual environments using the virtual theatre. In A. Marcus (Ed.), Design, user experience, and usability. User experience design for diverse interaction platforms and environments. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 8518, pp. 636-646). Cham: Springer.
16	Schubert, T. W . ( 2009). A new conception of spatial presence: Once again, with feeling. Communication Theory, 19, 161-187. doi: 10.1111/comt.2009.19.issue-2 URL
17	Tamborini, R., & Skalski, P . ( 2006). The role of presence in the experience of electronic games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses, and consequences( pp. 225-240). New York: Routledge.
18	Telotte, J. P . ( 2011). Spatial presence and Disney's Oswald Comedies. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 39( 3), 141-148. doi: 10.1080/01956051.2011.554920 URL
19	Tichon, J. G . ( 2007 a). Training cognitive skills in virtual reality: Measuring performance. Cyberpsychology & Behavioral, 10( 2), 286-289.
20	Tichon, J. G . ( 2007 b). Using presence to improve a virtual training environment. Cyberpsychology & Behavioral, 10( 6), 781-787.
21	Vorderer P., Wirth W., Gouveia F. R., Biocca F., Saari T., Jäncke L., .. Jänke P . ( 2004). MEC spatial presence questionnaire (MEC-SPQ): Short documentation and instructions for application. Unpublished project report. Presence: MEC (IST-2001-37661).
22	Weger, U. W., & Loughnan, S . ( 2014). Virtually numbed: Immersive video gaming alters real-life experience. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 562-565.
23	Weibel, D., & Wissmath, B . ( 2011). Immersion in computer games: The role of spatial presence and flow. International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2011, Article ID 282345.
24	Weibel D., Wissmath B., & Mast F. W . ( 2011). Influence of mental imagery on spatial presence and enjoyment assessed in different types of media. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14( 10), 607-612. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0287 URL
25	Weibel D., Schmutz J., Pahud O., & Wissmath B . ( 2015). Measuring spatial presence: Introducing and validating the pictorial presence SAM. Presence, 24( 1), 44-61. doi: 10.1162/PRES_a_00214 URL
26	Weigelt, K., & Wiemeyer, J . ( 2012). Depth perception and spatial presence experience in stereoscopic 3D sports broadcasts. In 2012 international conference on 3D imaging. Belgium: IEEE.
27	Wirth W., Hartmann T., BÖcking S., Vorderer P., Klimmt C., Schramm H., … Jäncke P . ( 2007). A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Media Psychology, 9, 493-525. doi: 10.1080/15213260701283079 URL
28	Wissmath B., Weibel D., & Mast F. M . ( 2010). Measuring presence with verbal versus pictorial scales: A comparison between online- and ex post-ratings. Virtual Reality, 14, 43-53. doi: 10.1007/s10055-009-0127-0 URL
29	Wu, M., & Skalski, P . ( 2011). The role of personal experience in forming spatial presence in a video gaming context. Human communication and technology division of the national communication association, New Orleans, LA.