Emoji图像符号的社交功能及应用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01062

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

Emoji是一种从最初模仿挪用日式动漫符号, 到后来日益扩展其使用范围的图像符号体系。自从1999年Shegetaka Kurita创造Emoji以来, Emoji不断获得充实和发展, 目前已成为数字交流中代替肢体动作、面部表情等非语言线索的主要形式, 并成为全球普遍使用的交流工具。Emoji本身具有有趣、形象、生动和幽默等特点, 在网络交流中具有表达情感、加强表达、改变语气、维持或增进人际关系等功能。同时, 其使用会受到性别、文化、语境和平台等因素的影响。目前, 随着Emoji的不断发展和广泛使用, 其应用范围已经扩展至网络交流之外的心理测量、商业营销、法律判决以及情感分析等领域, 具有广泛的应用和研究价值。未来可以从以下几个方面进一步深入研究：(1)进一步探索Emoji在网络交流中的应用和未来发展趋势; (2)加大对Emoji在其他领域中应用情况的进一步研究; (3)更加深入探索Emoji的神经生理机制; (4)从认知加工角度来探讨Emoji在网络交流中的积极效果。

关键词: Emoji, 网络交流, 作用, 影响因素, 应用范围

Abstract:

Nowadays, with the rapid development of the Internet, online communication has become increasingly popular and popular. However, due to the lack of nonverbal cues in face-to-face communication, it is difficult for people to detect the emotional state of each other, which hinders normal communication. Emoji, which compensate for nonverbal cues in online communication, have been introduced into cyberspace to compensate for the absence of gestures and facial attributes in online communication, and have been developing constantly. The development of Emojis has gone through Emoticon composed of ASCII characters, Emoji of pictographic icons and now emerging more vivid and interesting stickers. This paper will mainly comb, analyze and summarize the functions, influencing factors and interaction mechanisms of Emoji in network communication, as well as the current application of Emoji in different fields, and put forward the future research direction of Emoji based on the current research status of Emoji.
At the beginning, Emoji is borrowed from Japanese animation symbols, and gradually developed into a widely used image symbol system. Since the creation of Emoji by Shigetaka Kurita in 1999, it has been enriched and developed continuously At present, Emoji has become a tool commonly used around the world to replace non-verbal cues such as body gestures and facial expressions in digital communication. In the process of continuous use in Internet communication, Emoji has been equipped with many functions, including expressing emotions, enhancing expression, changing tone, maintaining or enhancing interpersonal relationship, etc. At the same time, the use of Emoji is also affected by many factors, including age, gender, culture, context and platform. In addition, we also explore the interactive mechanism of Emoji in online communication from the perspective of symbol interaction theory, so as to clearly reveal the specific interaction process of people in online communication through Emoji.
At present, with the continuous development and widespread use of Emoji, its application scope has been extended to many other fields besides Internet communication. In the field of sentiment analysis, Emoji has become an important object of sentiment analysis due to its rich emotions. In psychometrics, Emoji has been developed into a nonverbal tool for evaluating personality and depression which has the same reliability and validity as text items. In the field of commercial marketing, Emoji has begun to play a role in advertising marketing and attracting consumers, and can measure consumers' food-related emotions in the form of questionnaires. In the field of legal judgment, Emoji has gradually become a powerful evidence in judicial trials due to its widespread use. Through the above analysis and summary, we put forward the future research direction of Emoji from the following aspects: (1) explore the application and future development trend of Emoji in online communication; (2) study on the application of Emoji in other fields; (3) further explore the neurophysiological mechanism of Emoji; (4) discuss the positive effect of Emoji in online communication from the perspective of cognitive processing.

Key words: Emoji, online communication, functions, influence factors, range of application

靳宇倡, 邓成龙, 吴平, 林茜, 郑佩璇, 安俊秀. (2022). Emoji图像符号的社交功能及应用. 心理科学进展 , 30(5), 1062-1077.

JIN Yuchang, DENG Chenglong, WU Ping, LIN Xi, ZHENG Peixuan, AN Junxiu. (2022). Emoji image symbol’s social function and application. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(5), 1062-1077.

图/表 2

参考文献 109

[1]	Ai W., Lu X., Liu X., Wang N., Huang G., & Mei Q.(2017, April). Untangling emoji popularity through semantic embeddings. Paper presented at the meeting of 11th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Montreal, QC, Canada.
[2]	Aksan N., Ksac B., Aydn M., & Demirbuken S.(2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 902-904. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.160 URL
[3]	Al Rashdi F.(2018). Functions of emojis in WhatsApp interaction among Omanis. Discourse, Context & Media, 26(1), 117-126.
[4]	Aldunate N., & González-Ibáñez R.(2017). An integrated review of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2061.
[5]	Amaghlobeli N.(2012). Linguistic features of typographic emoticons in SMS discourse. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(2), 348-354.
[6]	Andresen E. M., Malmgren J. A., Carter W. B., & Patrick D. L.(1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77-84. pmid: 8037935
[7]	Arafah B., & Hasyim M.(2019). Linguistic functions of emoji in social media communication. Opcion, 35(24), 558-574.
[8]	Bai Q., Dan Q., Mu Z., & Yang M.(2019). A systematic review of emoji: Current research and future perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2221. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02221 URL
[9]	Barbieri F., Camacho-Collados J., Ronzano F., Espinosa- Anke L., Ballesteros M., Basile V.,... Saggion H.(2018, June). SemEval 2018 task 2: Multilingual emoji prediction. Paper presented at the meeting of 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2018), New Orleans, Louisiana.
[10]	Barbieri F., Espinosa-Anke L., & Saggion H.(2016). Revealing patterns of Twitter emoji usage in Barcelona and Madrid. Artificial Intelligence Research and Development, 288, 239-244.
[11]	Barbieri F., Kruszewski G., Ronzano F., & Saggion H.(2016, October). How cosmopolitan are emojis? Exploring emojis usage and meaning over different languages with distributional semantics. Paper presented at the meeting of 24th ACM international conference on Multimedia, New York, NY, USA.
[12]	Bashman H.(2018). Seventh circuit becomes the first? Federal Appellate Court to use the poop emoji in a published opinion. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://howappealing.abovethelaw.com/2018/08/15/#80940
[13]	Baxter L. A.(1992). Forms and functions of intimate play in personal relationships. Human Communication Research, 18(3), 336-363. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00556.x URL
[14]	Behrens J. L.(2019). “Unknown symbols”: Online legal research in the age of emoji. Legal Reference Services Quarterly, 38(4), 155-169. doi: 10.1080/0270319X.2019.1696067 URL
[15]	Bich-Carrière L.(2019). Say it with [A smiling face with smiling eyes]: Judicial use and legal challenges with emoji interpretation in Canada. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 32(2), 283-319. doi: 10.1007/s11196-018-9594-5 URL
[16]	Blumer H.(1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
[17]	Chen X., & Siu K. W. M.(2017). Exploring user behavior of emoticon use among Chinese youth. Behavior & Information Technology, 36(6), 637-649.
[18]	Chen Z., Lu X., Shen S., Ai W., Liu X., & Mei Q.(2017, May). Through a gender lens: An empirical study of emoji usage over large-scale android users. Paper presented at the meeting of 2018 World Wide Web Conference, Lyon, France.
[19]	Chi H. L., & Winslet T. Y. C.(2017). Using emoji effectively in marketing: An empirical study. Journal of Digital & Social Media Marketing, 5(1), 76-95.
[20]	Danesi M.(2016). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic.
[21]	Daniel T. A., & Camp A. L.(2018). Emojis affect processing fluency on social media. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 9(2), 208-213.
[22]	Das G., & Hagtvedt H.(2016). Consumer responses to combined arousal-inducing stimuli. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 213-215. doi: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.11.003 URL
[23]	Das G., Wiener H. J. D., & Kareklas I.(2019). To emoji or not to emoji? Examining the influence of emoji on consumer reactions to advertising. Journal of Business Research, 96, 147-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.007 URL
[24]	Dresner E., & Herring S. C.(2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20(3), 249-268. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01362.x
[25]	Emojipedia.(2021a). Unicode Version 6.0. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://emojipedia.org/unicode-6.0/
[26]	Emojipedia.(2021b). Emoji Statistics. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://emojipedia.org/stats/
[27]	Emojipedia.(2021c). Unicode Version 14.0. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://emojipedia.org/unicode-14.0/
[28]	Emojipedia.(2021d). June 12, 2021, from https://emojipedia.org/
[29]	Fernandez-Gavilanes M., Juncal-Martinez J., Garcia- Mendez S., Costa-Montenegro E., & Gonzalez-Castaño F. J.(2018). Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptions. Expert Systems with Applications, 103, 74-91. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.02.043 URL
[30]	Gallo K. E., Swaney-Stueve M., & Chambers D. H.(2017). A focus group approach to understanding food-related emotions with children using words and emojis. Journal of Sensory Studies, 32(3), e12264. doi: 10.1111/joss.12264 URL
[31]	Gantiva C., Sotaquir M., Araujo A., & Cuervo P.(2019). Cortical processing of human and emoji faces: An ERP analysis. Behavior & Information Technology, 39(8), 935-943.
[32]	Gao B., & VanderLaan D. P.(2020). Cultural influences on perceptions of emotions depicted in emojis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(8), 567-570. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0024 URL
[33]	Ge J., & Gretzel U.(2018). Emoji rhetoric: A social media influencer perspective. Journal of marketing management, 34(15-16), 1272-1295.
[34]	Glikson E., Cheshin A., & van Kleef G. A.(2018). The dark side of a smiley: Effects of smiling emoticons on virtual first impressions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(5), 614-625. doi: 10.1177/1948550617720269 URL
[35]	Goldman E.(2020). Troublesome emojis in criminal cases. Retrieved May 22, 2021, from https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2020/01/troublesome-emojis-in-criminal-cases-guest-blog-post.
[36]	Grellhesl M., & Punyanunt-Carter N. M.(2012). Using the uses and gratifications theory to understand gratifications sought through text messaging practices of male and female undergraduate students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2175-2181. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.024 URL
[37]	Gross T. W.(2020). Sentiment analysis and emotion recognition: Evolving the paradigm of communication within data classification. Applied Marketing Analytics, 6(1), 22-36.
[38]	Grover V.(2020). Adopt emoji marketing for more engagement in 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021, https://www.martechadvisor.com/articles/content-experience/emoji marketing-in-2020/ from
[39]	Gupta S., Singh A., & Ranjan J.(2020). Sentiment analysis: Usage of text and emoji for expressing sentiments. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 94, 477-486.
[40]	Hauk N., Hüffmeier J., & Krumm S.(2018). Ready to be a silver surfer? A meta-analysis on the relationship between chronological age and technology acceptance. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 304-319.
[41]	Herring S., & Dainas A.(2017, January). "Nice picture comment!" Graphicons in Facebook comment threads. Paper presented at the meeting of 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hilton Waikoloa Village, Hawaii.
[42]	Herring S. C., & Dainas A. R.(2018, June). Receiver interpretations of emoji functions: A gender perspective. Paper presented at the meeting of 1st International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media (Emoji 2018), Stanford, CA, USA.
[43]	Huang S., Zhao Q., Xu X., Zhang B., & Wang D.(2019, November). Emojis-based recurrent neural network for Chinese microblogs sentiment analysis. Paper presented at the meeting of 2019 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), Zhengzhou, China.
[44]	Jaeger S. R., Roigard C. M., & Ares G.(2018). Measuring consumers' product associations with emoji and emotion word questionnaires: Case studies with tasted foods and written stimuli. Food Research International, 111, 732-747. doi: S0963-9969(18)30281-3 pmid: 30007739
[45]	Jaeger S. R., Roigard C. M., Jin D., Vidal L., & Ares G.(2019). Valence, arousal and sentiment meanings of 33 facial emoji: Insights for the use of emoji in consumer research. Food Research International, 119, 895-907. doi: S0963-9969(18)30866-4 pmid: 30884730
[46]	Jaeger S. R., Vidal L., Kam K., & Ares G.(2017). Can emoji be used as a direct method to measure emotional associations to food names? Preliminary investigations with consumers in USA and China. Food Quality and Preference, 56(1), 38-48. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.09.005 URL
[47]	Jezouit B.(2017). Stickers are the new emoji? Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://envato.com/blog/stickers-new-emoji
[48]	Jibril A. T., & Abdullah M. H.(2013). Relevance of emoticons in computer-mediated communication contexts: An overview. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 201-207.
[49]	Juhasz A., & Bradford K.(2016). Mobile phone use in romantic relationships. Marriage & Family Review, 52(8), 707-721.
[50]	Kanwisher N., & Yovel G.(2006). The fusiform face area: A cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361(1476), 2109-2128. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1934 URL
[51]	Kaye L. K., Wall H. J., & Malone S. A.(2016). “Turn that frown upside-down”: A contextual account of emoticon usage on different virtual platforms. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 463-467. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.088 URL
[52]	Kelly R., & Watts L.(2015, September). Characterizing the inventive appropriation of emoji as relationally meaningful in mediated close personal relationships. Paper presented at the meeting of Experiences of Technology Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design, Oslo, Norway.
[53]	Kim H.(2017). A study on the use of communication functions in mobile messenger emoticons-focus on Line Messenger. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 17(9), 184-191.
[54]	Konrad A., Herring S. C., & Choi D.(2020). Sticker and emoji use in Facebook messenger: Implications for graphicon change. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(3), 217-235. doi: 10.1093/jcmc/zmaa003 URL
[55]	Lee A. C. K., Tang S. W., Yu G. K. K., & Cheung R. T. F.(2008). The smiley as a simple screening tool for depression after stroke: A preliminary study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(7), 1081-1089. pmid: 17707824
[56]	Li D., Rzepka R., & Araki K.(2018, June). Preliminary analysis of Weibo emojis for sentiment analysis of Chinese social media. Paper presented at the meeting of 32nd Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, Niigata, Japan.
[57]	Li D., Luo X., Wei X., & Xue R.(2019). Emojis sentiment analysis based on big social media data. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 842, 56-63.
[58]	Li D., Rafal R., Michal P., & Araki A. K.(2019, January). A novel machine learning-based sentiment analysis method for Chinese social media considering Chinese slang lexicon and emoticons. Paper presented at the meeting of AAAI-19 Workshop nn Affective Content Analysis AFFCON2019: Modeling Affect-In-Action, Honolulu, USA.
[59]	Li D., Rzepka R., Ptaszynski M., & Araki K.(2020). HEMOS: A novel deep learning-based fine-grained humor detecting method for sentiment analysis of social media. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 102290. doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102290 URL
[60]	Lima M., de Alcantara M., Martins I. B. A., Ares G., & Deliza R.(2019). Can front-of-pack nutrition labeling influence children's emotional associations with unhealthy food products? An experiment using emoji. Food Research International, 120, 217-225. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.027 URL
[61]	Li W., Chen Y., Hu T., & Lou J.(2018, June). Mining the relationship between emoji usage patterns and personality. Paper presented at the meeting of 12th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
[62]	Li X. S., Chan K. W., & Kim S.(2019). Service with emoticons: How customers interpret employee use of emoticons in online service encounters. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(5), 973-987. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucy016 URL
[63]	Lohmann K., Pyka S. S., & Zanger C.(2017). The effects of smileys on receivers' emotions. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(6), 489-495. doi: 10.1108/JCM-02-2017-2120 URL
[64]	Lopez R. P., & Cap F.(2017, September). Did you ever read about frogs drinking coffee? Investigating the compositionality of multi-emoji expressions. Paper presented at the meeting of 8th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[65]	Luangrath A. W., Peck J., & Barger V. A.(2017). Textual paralanguage and its implications for marketing communications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 98-107. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2016.05.002 URL
[66]	Manganari E. E., & Dimara E.(2017). Enhancing the impact of online hotel reviews through the use of emoticons. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(7), 674-686.
[67]	Marengo D., Giannotta F., & Settanni M.(2017). Assessing personality using emoji: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 74-78. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.037 URL
[68]	Marengo D., Settanni M., & Giannotta F.(2019). Development and preliminary validation of an image-based instrument to assess depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 279, 180-185. doi: S0165-1781(19)30210-0 pmid: 30827495
[69]	Mead G. H.(1962). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[70]	Miller H., Kluver D., Thebault-Spieker J., Terveen L., & Hecht B.(2017, May). Understanding emoji ambiguity in context: The role of text in emoji-related miscommunication. Paper presented at the meeting of International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
[71]	Miller H., Thebault-Spieker J., Chang S., & Johnson I.(2016, May). "Blissfully happy" or "ready to fight": Varying interpretations of emoji. Paper presented at the meeting of Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany.
[72]	Morris C. W.(1967). Foundations of the theory of signs. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
[73]	Moussa S.(2019). An emoji-based metric for monitoring consumers' emotions toward brands on social media. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 37(2), 211-225.
[74]	Moussa S.(2021). Measuring brand personality using emoji: Findings from Mokken scaling. Journal of Brand Management, 28(2), 116-132. doi: 10.1057/s41262-020-00220-8 URL
[75]	Mui A. C., Burnette D., & Chen L. M.(2001). Cross-cultural assessment of geriatric depression: A review of the CES-D and the GDS. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7(1), 137-164.
[76]	Njenga K.(2017). Social media information security threats: Anthropomorphic emoji analysis on social engineering. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 450, 185-192.
[77]	Novak P. K., Smailović J., Sluban B., & Mozetič I.(2015). Sentiment of emojis. PloS One, 10(12), e144296.
[78]	Pavalanathan U., & Eisenstein J.(2016). More emojis, less :) The competition for paralinguistic function in microblog writing. First Monday, 21(11), 22.
[79]	Perry M. S., & Werner-Wilson R. J.(2011). Couples and computer-mediated communication: A closer look at the affordances and use of the channel. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 40(2), 120-134. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02099.x URL
[80]	Phand S. A., & Chakkarwar V. A.(2018, April). Enhanced sentiment classification using geo location tweets. Paper presented at the meeting of 2018 Second International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), Coimbatore, India.
[81]	Pohl H., Domin C., & Rohs M.(2017). Beyond just text: Semantic emoji similarity modeling to support expressive communication. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 24(1), 1-42.
[82]	Prada M., Rodrigues D. L., Garrido M. V., Lopes D., Cavalheiro B., & Gaspar R.(2018). Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use. Telematics & Informatics, 35(7), 1925-1934.
[83]	Prisco J.(2018). Shigetaka Kurita: The man who invented emoji. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/emoji-shigetaka-kurita-standards-manual/index.html
[84]	Priyavrat, Sharma, N., & Sikka, G. (2021). Multimodal sentiment analysis of social media data: A review. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 701, 545-561.
[85]	Rathan M., Hulipalled V. R., Venugopal K. R., & Patnaik L. M.(2018). Consumer insight mining: Aspect based Twitter opinion mining of mobile phone reviews. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 68(1), 765-773. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.07.056 URL
[86]	Riordan M. A.(2017). The communicative role of non-face emojis: Affect and disambiguation. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 75-86. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.009 URL
[87]	Rose A. M.(1962). A systematic summary of symbolic interaction theory. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
[88]	Sakai N.(2013). The role of sentence closing as an emotional marker: A case of Japanese mobile phone e-mail. Discourse, Context and Media, 2(3), 149-155. doi: 10.1016/j.dcm.2013.07.001 URL
[89]	Santos L. D., Lea V., Killingsworth M., Liyanage I., Nguyen L., & Harvey S.(2020). Finding human umbilical cords as the true origin of universal face emojis transcending persons of all ages, genders, culture, religion and ethnicity. Pathology, 52(1), 143-144.
[90]	Schneebeli C.(2017, November). The interplay of emoji, emoticons, and verbal modalities in CMC: A case study of YouTube comments. Paper presented at the meeting of VINM 2017: Visualizing (in) the new media, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
[91]	Shiha M., & Ayvaz S.(2017). The effects of emoji in sentiment analysis. International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, 9(1), 360-369. doi: 10.17706/IJCEE.2017.9.1.360-369 URL
[92]	Sugiyama S.(2015). Kawaii meiru and Maroyaka neko: Mobile emoji for relationship maintenance and aesthetic expressions among Japanese teens. First Monday, 20(10), 10.
[93]	Swaney-Stueve M., Jepsen T., & Deubler G.(2018). The emoji scale: A facial scale for the 21st century. Food Quality and Preference, 68(1), 183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.002 URL
[94]	Tan L., Toh H. J., Sim L. K., & Low J. A.(2018). Sensitivity and specificity analysis: Use of emoticon for screening of depression in elderly in Singapore. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 24(5), 452-456. doi: 10.1177/1078390318766665 URL
[95]	Teresi J. A., Ramirez M., Lai J., & Silver S.(2008). Occurrences and sources of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in patient-reported outcome measures: Description of DIF methods, and review of measures of depression, quality of life and general health. Psychology Science Quarterly, 50(4), 538.
[96]	Tigwell G. W., & Flatla D. R.(2016, September). Oh that's what you meant! Reducing emoji misunderstanding. Paper presented at the meeting of 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Florence, Italy.
[97]	Trovato C. M., Montuori M., Oliva S., Cucchiara S., Cignarelli A., & Sansone A.(2020). Assessment of public perceptions and concerns of celiac disease: A Twitter-based sentiment analysis study. Digestive and Liver Disease, 52(4), 464-466. doi: S1590-8658(20)30049-9 pmid: 32127326
[98]	Vidal L., Ares G., & Jaeger S. R.(2016). Use of emoticon and emoji in tweets for food-related emotional expression. Food Quality and Preference, 49(1), 119-128. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.12.002 URL
[99]	Völkel S., Buschek D., Pranjic J., & Hussmann H.(2019, October). Understanding emoji interpretation through user personality and message context. Paper presented at the meeting of 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Taipei, Taiwan.
[100]	Wagner A., & Marusek S.(2019). Rumors on the net: A brackish suspension of speech and hate. Law, Culture and the Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872119880121
[101]	Wagner A., Marusek S., & Yu W.(2020). Emojis and law: Contextualized flexibility of meaning in cyber communication. Social Semiotics, 30(3), 396-414. doi: 10.1080/10350330.2020.1731198 URL
[102]	Wang S. S.(2016). More than words? The effect of line character sticker use on intimacy in the mobile communication environment. Social Science Computer Review, 34(4), 456-478. doi: 10.1177/0894439315590209 URL
[103]	Wei H., Zhang F., Yuan N. J., Cao C., Fu H., Xie X.,... Ma W. Y.(2017, February). Beyond the words: Predicting user personality from heterogeneous information. Paper presented at the meeting of Tenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Cambridge, UK.
[104]	Wijeratne S., Balasuriya L., Sheth A., & Doran D.(2017, August). A semantics-based measure of emoji similarity. Paper presented at the meeting of International Conference on Web Intelligence 2017, Leipzig, Germany.
[105]	Wolf A.(2000). Emotional expression online: Gender differences in emoticon use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 3(5), 827-833.
[106]	Yuasa M., Saito K., & Mukawa N.(2006, April). Emoticons convey emotions without cognition of faces: An fMRI study. Paper presented at the meeting of CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
[107]	Yuasa M., Saito K., & Mukawa N.(2011). Brain activity when reading sentences and emoticons: An fMRI study of verbal and nonverbal communication. Electronics and Communications in Japan, 94(5), 17-24.
[108]	Zhao P., Jia J., An Y., Liang J., Xie L., & Luo J.(2018, April). Analyzing and predicting emoji usages in social media. Paper presented at the meeting of Web Conference 2018, Lyon, France.
[109]	Zhou R., Hentschel J., & Kumar N.(2017, May). Goodbye text, hello emoji: Mobile communication on WeChat in China. Paper presented at the meeting of 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, USA.

编码	部分平台及其最新版本
U+1F604	Apple iOS 14.6	Google Android 11.0	Microsoft Windows 10 (May 2019 Update)	Samsung One UI 2.5	WhatsApp 2.20.206.24	Twitter Twemoji 13.1	Facebook 4.0

	OpenMoji 13.0	Emojidex 1.0.34	Messenger 1.0	LG G5	HTC Sense 8	Mozilla Firefox OS 2.5	SoftBank 2014

编码	部分平台及其最新版本
U+1F604	Apple iOS 14.6	Google Android 11.0	Microsoft Windows 10 (May 2019 Update)	Samsung One UI 2.5	WhatsApp 2.20.206.24	Twitter Twemoji 13.1	Facebook 4.0

	OpenMoji 13.0	Emojidex 1.0.34	Messenger 1.0	LG G5	HTC Sense 8	Mozilla Firefox OS 2.5	SoftBank 2014