Integration of spatial frame of reference systems in collaborative tasks

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0793

Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (5): 793-808.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0793

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Integration of spatial frame of reference systems in collaborative tasks

QI Pei, LI Jing()

School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China

Published:2026-05-25 Online:2026-03-05
Contact: LI Jing, E-mail: lij@njnu.edu.cn

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QI Pei, LI Jing. (2026). Integration of spatial frame of reference systems in collaborative tasks. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(5), 793-808.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0793

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2026/V58/I5/793

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Figure 1. Experimental scene layout and on-site photos.

Figure 1. Experimental scene layout and on-site photos.

Figure 2. Learning condition in Experiment 1.

Figure 2. Learning condition in Experiment 1.

Figure 3. Learning condition in Experiments 2 and 3.

Figure 3. Learning condition in Experiments 2 and 3.

Table 1 Mean values (M) and standard deviations (SD) of pointing errors (in degrees) and response times (in seconds) for each imagined directions of all the experiments

	Imagined direction	0°	45°	90°	135°	180°	225°	270°	315°
Experiment 1	Pointing error	13.07(6.19)	20.72(9.56)	17.28(7.58)	21.18(9.58)	18.55(11.64)	26.58(13.04)	17.26(7.34)	16.44(5.49)
Experiment 1	Response time	13.55(5.54)	18.27(9.99)	17.70(10.10)	22.58(15.50)	17.37(7.86)	19.95(8.99)	16.38(8.77)	16.35(7.55)
Experiment 2	Pointing error	12.08(7.74)	18.18(9.04)	18.04(8.44)	21.24(13.26)	15.37(7.21)	18.14(9.27)	16.94(8.93)	15.45(6.19)
Experiment 2	Response time	12.88(2.95)	17.00(5.43)	17.90(6.24)	20.74(8.28)	17.16(6.29)	20.18(8.00)	16.59(4.88)	16.47(6.28)
Experiment 3	Pointing error	13.12(5.64)	18.43(8.78)	18.88(7.46)	20.94(15.87)	18.81(10.32)	19.29(8.44)	16.28(7.23)	14.53(5.48)
Experiment 3	Response time	16.34(7.93)	20.58(10.05)	18.81(7.33)	22.23(10.00)	20.94(8.62)	23.79(9.31)	18.19(7.37)	18.68(8.08)

Table 1 Mean values (M) and standard deviations (SD) of pointing errors (in degrees) and response times (in seconds) for each imagined directions of all the experiments

	Imagined direction	0°	45°	90°	135°	180°	225°	270°	315°
Experiment 1	Pointing error	13.07(6.19)	20.72(9.56)	17.28(7.58)	21.18(9.58)	18.55(11.64)	26.58(13.04)	17.26(7.34)	16.44(5.49)
Experiment 1	Response time	13.55(5.54)	18.27(9.99)	17.70(10.10)	22.58(15.50)	17.37(7.86)	19.95(8.99)	16.38(8.77)	16.35(7.55)
Experiment 2	Pointing error	12.08(7.74)	18.18(9.04)	18.04(8.44)	21.24(13.26)	15.37(7.21)	18.14(9.27)	16.94(8.93)	15.45(6.19)
Experiment 2	Response time	12.88(2.95)	17.00(5.43)	17.90(6.24)	20.74(8.28)	17.16(6.29)	20.18(8.00)	16.59(4.88)	16.47(6.28)
Experiment 3	Pointing error	13.12(5.64)	18.43(8.78)	18.88(7.46)	20.94(15.87)	18.81(10.32)	19.29(8.44)	16.28(7.23)	14.53(5.48)
Experiment 3	Response time	16.34(7.93)	20.58(10.05)	18.81(7.33)	22.23(10.00)	20.94(8.62)	23.79(9.31)	18.19(7.37)	18.68(8.08)

Figure 4. Response time for four imagined direction axes in Experiments 2 & 3.

Figure 4. Response time for four imagined direction axes in Experiments 2 & 3.

Figure 5. Comparison for pointing errors (in degrees) under different imagined direction conditions in three experiments.

Figure 5. Comparison for pointing errors (in degrees) under different imagined direction conditions in three experiments.

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