Dual-system perspectives: A meta-analytic comparison of striatal and prefrontal cortex activation patterns in substance addiction versus behavioral addiction

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1333

Abstract

Abstract:

Despite the abnormal activation patterns in the reflective and impulsive systems observed in both substance addiction and behavioral addiction patients, it remains unclear whether these abnormal activation patterns share similarities or differences. To address this issue, the present study employed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to quantitatively analyze the neural activation data of substance addiction patients and behavioral addiction patients during inhibitory control and reward-related tasks. After conducting a literature search and screening, a total of 102 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were included in this research. The meta-analysis results revealed: (1) In the inhibitory control tasks, substance addiction patients exhibited reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while behavioral addiction patients showed enhanced activation in the corresponding brain regions. (2) In reward processing-related tasks, the striatal activation was enhanced in both groups of patients. These results suggest that both substance addiction patients and behavioral addiction patients exhibit common activation characteristics in the impulsive system, whereas the reflective system is functionally impaired in substance addiction patients, while behavioral addiction patients may display compensatory activation. In conclusion, this study reveals that both substance addiction patients and behavioral addiction patients share common abnormal activation characteristics in the impulsive and reflective systems, while also demonstrating unique neural activation patterns.

Key words: meta-analysis, substance addiction, behavioral addiction, reward processing, inhibitory control

HE Quanxing, LI Zhaolan, YANG Haibo. (2025). Dual-system perspectives: A meta-analytic comparison of striatal and prefrontal cortex activation patterns in substance addiction versus behavioral addiction. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(8), 1333-1348.

Figures/Tables 8

References 62

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Study	Addiction		Mean age (M ± SD)	HC		HC mean age (M ± SD)	Substance	task
Study	male	female	Mean age (M ± SD)	male	female	HC mean age (M ± SD)	Substance	task
inhibitory control
Ahmadi et al., (2013)	12	23	18.97 ± 0.45	31	25	18.80 ± 0.97	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Ceceli, King, et al., (2023)	31	9	40.90 ± 9.20	15	9	41.70 ± 11.30	Heroin	Stop signal task
Ceceli, Parvaz, et al., (2023)	24	4	44.07 ± 8.18	21	5	42.66 ± 7.05	Cocaine	Stop signal task
Cyr et al., (2019)	17	11	19.30 ± 2	17	15	18.90 ± 2.70	Cannabis	Simon task
Czapla et al., (2017)	17	2	51.21 ± 7.36	17	4	41.95 ± 9.99	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Fu et al., (2008)	28		33.39 ± 5.98	15		29.59 ± 6.94	Heroin	Go/no-go
Gerhardt et al., (2021)	13	2	47 ± 12.30	9	6	41.90 ± 14.40	Alcohol	Simon-task & Go-/no-no & Stop-signal tsk
Hester et al., (2013)	13	2	38.20	13	2	42.70	Cocaine	Go/no-go
Jan et al., (2014)	7	0	38.30 ± 5.60	7	3	32.30 ± 8.70	methamphetamine	Stroop
Kalhan et al., (2022)	10	10	24.30 ± 4.70	10	10	23.70 ± 4.30	tobacco	Stop-Signal Task
Kober et al., (2014)	20		26.65 ± 9.81	20		29.20 ± 10.06	Cannabis	Stroop color-word interference task
Li et al., (2008)	15		37.70 ± 6.80	15		36.60 ± 6	Cocaine	Stop signal task
Li et al., (2009)	18	6	38.70 ± 8.30	18	6	35.50 ± 5.90	Alcohol	Stop signal task
Ma et al., (2015)	12	1	37.40 ± 5.30	7	3	35.20 ± 7.30	Cocaine	Easy no-go
Moeller et al., (2012)	28	5	44.20 ± 6.30	17	3	39.80 ± 5	Cocaine	Stroop
Moeller et al., (2014)	28	5		18	2	39.60 ± 5.50	Cocaine	Stroop
Morein-Zamir et al., (2013)	30	2	34.53 ± 7.81	26	15	31.68 ± 8.49	stimulant-dependent	Stop-Signal Task
Müller-Oehring et al., (2019)	10	8	49.60 ± 11	17	4	50.30 ± 9.50	Alcohol	Addiction-Stroop color match-to-sample task
Nestor et al., (2011)	5	5	33.50 ± 9.30	11	7	36.40 ± 10.40	methamphetamine	Color-world Stroop
Schulte et al., (2012)	18		51 ± 6.60	17		50 ± 14.90	Alcohol	Stroop match-to-sample task
Stein et al., (2021)	10	3	45.62 ± 10.01	9	5	37.71 ±12.82	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Zerekidze et al., (2023)	14	4	32.40 ± 7.40	14	7	27.60 ± 3.50	methamphetamine	Stroop
Fu, Bi, Wang, et al. (2008)	30		33 ± 6	18		29 ± 7	Heroin	Go/no-go
rewarding process
Blaine et al., (2020)	28	16	33 ± 11	23	20	32 ± 10	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Conti et al., (2024)	14	9		11	8		tobacco	Decision-making task
Dakhili et al., (2022)	53		32.12 ± 5.89	23		31.17 ± 5.69	methamphetamine	Cue-reactivity task
Dennis et al., (2020)	29	10	-	28	18	35 ± 11.80	Alcohol	Probabilistic delay discounting task
Filbey et al., (2013)	46	13	23.49 ± 6.37	5	22	30.32 ± 10.09	Cannabis	Monetary incentive delay task
Forbes et al., (2014)	15	9	27.20 ± 4.90	14	10	27.20 ± 3.70	Alcohol	Monetary reward task
Gilman & Hommer et al., (2008)	12		41.83 ± 8.39	12		38.08 ± 6.97	Alcohol	Visual stimulation task
Gilman et al., (2015)	12	6	30.50 ± 5.06	12	6	30.67 ± 7.10	Alcohol	Risk-taking task
Goudriaan et al., (2010)	10		-	17		34.70 ± 9.70	tobacco	Cue-reactivity task
Grodin et al., (2016)	11	6	32.25 ± 6.94	9	8	27.72 ± 4.25	Alcohol	Monetary incentive delay task
Heinz et al., (2007)	6	6	39 ± 7	6	6	40 ± 8	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Hong et al., (2017)	15		39.90 ± 4.90	15		39.20 ± 5.20	tobacco	Cue-reactivity task
Huang et al., (2018)	28		31.68 ± 7.06	27		33.93 ± 7.21	methamphetamine	Cue-reactivity task
Huang et al., (2023)	25	7	40.25 ± 8.82	13	8	40.58 ± 10.84	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task
Jia et al., (2011)	12	8	38.60 ± 9.29	12	8	35.25 ± 10.19	Cocaine	Monetary incentive delay task
Li et al., (2012)	24		32.80 ± 6.60	20		35 ± 7	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task
Luo et al., (2011)	20	15	34.10 ± 7.90	23	13	31.30 ± 7.10	tobacco	Modified monetary incentive
May et al., (2024)	18	28	35.09 ± 8.42	32	58	33.51 ± 11.47	Amphetamine	Monetary incentive delay
Moeller et al., (2018)	28	9		18	8	43.10 ± 7.20	Cocaine	Drug-choice task
Monterosso et al., (2007)	8	4	33.80 ± 8.10	12	5	29.70 ± 7.20	methamphetamine	Delay discounting task
Schulte et al., (2017)	18	8	49.90 ± 9.50	17	9	49.10 ± 11	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Seo et al., (2016)	29	8	37.20 ± 7.90	23	14	34.30 ± 8.60	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Sjoerds et al., (2014)	16	14	46.50 ± 8.50	11	4	46.80 ± 10	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Tapert et al., (2003)	9	6	16.96 ± 0.78	9	6	16.35± 1.02	Alcohol	Alcoholic beverage pictures task
Wesley et al., (2014)	20	5	34.70 ± 20.90	13	12	39.90 ± 22.20	Cocaine	Two cross-commodity temporal decision-making tasks
Wrase et al., (2007)	16		42.38 ± 7.52	16		39.94 ± 8.59	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Yip et al., (2014)	20		26.65 ± 2.19	20		29.20 ± 2.25	Cannabis	Monetary incentive delay
Zhou et al., (2019)	18		22.94 ± 2.71	44		23.20 ± 4.32	Cannabis	Cue-reactivity task
Zühlsdorff et al., (2023)	19	1	34.30 ± 6.90	17	1	31.20 ± 4.70	Cocaine	Probabilistic reversal learning
Li et al., (2013)	18		34.60 ± 6.80	20		35 ± 7	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task

Study	Addiction		Mean age (M ± SD)	HC		HC mean age (M ± SD)	Substance	task
Study	male	female	Mean age (M ± SD)	male	female	HC mean age (M ± SD)	Substance	task
inhibitory control
Ahmadi et al., (2013)	12	23	18.97 ± 0.45	31	25	18.80 ± 0.97	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Ceceli, King, et al., (2023)	31	9	40.90 ± 9.20	15	9	41.70 ± 11.30	Heroin	Stop signal task
Ceceli, Parvaz, et al., (2023)	24	4	44.07 ± 8.18	21	5	42.66 ± 7.05	Cocaine	Stop signal task
Cyr et al., (2019)	17	11	19.30 ± 2	17	15	18.90 ± 2.70	Cannabis	Simon task
Czapla et al., (2017)	17	2	51.21 ± 7.36	17	4	41.95 ± 9.99	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Fu et al., (2008)	28		33.39 ± 5.98	15		29.59 ± 6.94	Heroin	Go/no-go
Gerhardt et al., (2021)	13	2	47 ± 12.30	9	6	41.90 ± 14.40	Alcohol	Simon-task & Go-/no-no & Stop-signal tsk
Hester et al., (2013)	13	2	38.20	13	2	42.70	Cocaine	Go/no-go
Jan et al., (2014)	7	0	38.30 ± 5.60	7	3	32.30 ± 8.70	methamphetamine	Stroop
Kalhan et al., (2022)	10	10	24.30 ± 4.70	10	10	23.70 ± 4.30	tobacco	Stop-Signal Task
Kober et al., (2014)	20		26.65 ± 9.81	20		29.20 ± 10.06	Cannabis	Stroop color-word interference task
Li et al., (2008)	15		37.70 ± 6.80	15		36.60 ± 6	Cocaine	Stop signal task
Li et al., (2009)	18	6	38.70 ± 8.30	18	6	35.50 ± 5.90	Alcohol	Stop signal task
Ma et al., (2015)	12	1	37.40 ± 5.30	7	3	35.20 ± 7.30	Cocaine	Easy no-go
Moeller et al., (2012)	28	5	44.20 ± 6.30	17	3	39.80 ± 5	Cocaine	Stroop
Moeller et al., (2014)	28	5		18	2	39.60 ± 5.50	Cocaine	Stroop
Morein-Zamir et al., (2013)	30	2	34.53 ± 7.81	26	15	31.68 ± 8.49	stimulant-dependent	Stop-Signal Task
Müller-Oehring et al., (2019)	10	8	49.60 ± 11	17	4	50.30 ± 9.50	Alcohol	Addiction-Stroop color match-to-sample task
Nestor et al., (2011)	5	5	33.50 ± 9.30	11	7	36.40 ± 10.40	methamphetamine	Color-world Stroop
Schulte et al., (2012)	18		51 ± 6.60	17		50 ± 14.90	Alcohol	Stroop match-to-sample task
Stein et al., (2021)	10	3	45.62 ± 10.01	9	5	37.71 ±12.82	Alcohol	Go/no-go
Zerekidze et al., (2023)	14	4	32.40 ± 7.40	14	7	27.60 ± 3.50	methamphetamine	Stroop
Fu, Bi, Wang, et al. (2008)	30		33 ± 6	18		29 ± 7	Heroin	Go/no-go
rewarding process
Blaine et al., (2020)	28	16	33 ± 11	23	20	32 ± 10	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Conti et al., (2024)	14	9		11	8		tobacco	Decision-making task
Dakhili et al., (2022)	53		32.12 ± 5.89	23		31.17 ± 5.69	methamphetamine	Cue-reactivity task
Dennis et al., (2020)	29	10	-	28	18	35 ± 11.80	Alcohol	Probabilistic delay discounting task
Filbey et al., (2013)	46	13	23.49 ± 6.37	5	22	30.32 ± 10.09	Cannabis	Monetary incentive delay task
Forbes et al., (2014)	15	9	27.20 ± 4.90	14	10	27.20 ± 3.70	Alcohol	Monetary reward task
Gilman & Hommer et al., (2008)	12		41.83 ± 8.39	12		38.08 ± 6.97	Alcohol	Visual stimulation task
Gilman et al., (2015)	12	6	30.50 ± 5.06	12	6	30.67 ± 7.10	Alcohol	Risk-taking task
Goudriaan et al., (2010)	10		-	17		34.70 ± 9.70	tobacco	Cue-reactivity task
Grodin et al., (2016)	11	6	32.25 ± 6.94	9	8	27.72 ± 4.25	Alcohol	Monetary incentive delay task
Heinz et al., (2007)	6	6	39 ± 7	6	6	40 ± 8	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Hong et al., (2017)	15		39.90 ± 4.90	15		39.20 ± 5.20	tobacco	Cue-reactivity task
Huang et al., (2018)	28		31.68 ± 7.06	27		33.93 ± 7.21	methamphetamine	Cue-reactivity task
Huang et al., (2023)	25	7	40.25 ± 8.82	13	8	40.58 ± 10.84	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task
Jia et al., (2011)	12	8	38.60 ± 9.29	12	8	35.25 ± 10.19	Cocaine	Monetary incentive delay task
Li et al., (2012)	24		32.80 ± 6.60	20		35 ± 7	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task
Luo et al., (2011)	20	15	34.10 ± 7.90	23	13	31.30 ± 7.10	tobacco	Modified monetary incentive
May et al., (2024)	18	28	35.09 ± 8.42	32	58	33.51 ± 11.47	Amphetamine	Monetary incentive delay
Moeller et al., (2018)	28	9		18	8	43.10 ± 7.20	Cocaine	Drug-choice task
Monterosso et al., (2007)	8	4	33.80 ± 8.10	12	5	29.70 ± 7.20	methamphetamine	Delay discounting task
Schulte et al., (2017)	18	8	49.90 ± 9.50	17	9	49.10 ± 11	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Seo et al., (2016)	29	8	37.20 ± 7.90	23	14	34.30 ± 8.60	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Sjoerds et al., (2014)	16	14	46.50 ± 8.50	11	4	46.80 ± 10	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Tapert et al., (2003)	9	6	16.96 ± 0.78	9	6	16.35± 1.02	Alcohol	Alcoholic beverage pictures task
Wesley et al., (2014)	20	5	34.70 ± 20.90	13	12	39.90 ± 22.20	Cocaine	Two cross-commodity temporal decision-making tasks
Wrase et al., (2007)	16		42.38 ± 7.52	16		39.94 ± 8.59	Alcohol	Cue-reactivity task
Yip et al., (2014)	20		26.65 ± 2.19	20		29.20 ± 2.25	Cannabis	Monetary incentive delay
Zhou et al., (2019)	18		22.94 ± 2.71	44		23.20 ± 4.32	Cannabis	Cue-reactivity task
Zühlsdorff et al., (2023)	19	1	34.30 ± 6.90	17	1	31.20 ± 4.70	Cocaine	Probabilistic reversal learning
Li et al., (2013)	18		34.60 ± 6.80	20		35 ± 7	Heroin	Cue-reactivity task

Study	Addiction				Mean age (M ± SD)		HC		HC mean age (M ± SD)	type	task
Study	male			female	Mean age (M ± SD)		male	female	HC mean age (M ± SD)	type	task
inhibitory control
Ding et al., (2014)	14		3		16.41 ± 3.20		14	3	16.29 ± 2.95	IGD	Go/no-go
Dong et al., (2012)	12				23.60 ± 3.50		12		24.20 ± 3.10	IGD	Stroop
Dong et al., (2017)	18				21 ± 2.83		21		22 ± 2.45	IGD	Color-word interference Stroop task
Dong et al., (2013)	15				23.80 ± 3.70		15		24.10 ± 3.30	IGD	Stroop
Ko et al., (2014)	26				24.58 ± 3.23		23		24.35 ± 2.12	IGD	Go/no-go
Lee et al., (2015)	18				13.60 ± 0.90		18		13.40 ± 1	IGD	Stroop match-to-sample task
Liu et al., (2014)	11				23.45 ± 2.34		11		22.45 ± 1.70	IGD	Go/no-go
Luijten et al., (2015)	18				20.83 ± 3.05		16		21.38 ± 3.03	PG	Go/no-go & Stroop
Shen et al., (2023)	10		18		-		10	20	-	PMVG	Stroop
Wang, Yang, Zheng, Li, Wei et al., (2021)	15				22.60 ± 2.25		25		23 ± 2.50	IGD	Stop signal task
Zhang, Lin, et al., (2016)	19				22.20 ± 3.10		21		22.80 ± 2.40	IGD	Stroop
Zhou et al., (2018)	8		2		15.60 ± 3.10		8	2	15.30 ± 2.90	IGD	Stroop
rewarding process
Balodis et al., (2012)	10	4				35.80 ± 11.70	10	4	37.10 ± 11.30	PG	Monetary incentive delay task
Choi et al., (2012)	15					27.93 ± 3.59	15		26.60 ± 4.29	PG	Monetary incentive task
Crockford et al., (2005)	10					39.30 ± 7.60	10		39.20 ± 8.30	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Dong et al., (2011)	14					23.40 ± 3.30	13		24.10 ± 3.20	Internet addiction	Guessing task
Dong et al., (2017)	18					21 ± 2.83	21		22 ± 2.45	IGD	Guessing task
Dong, Hu, & Lin (2013)	16					21.40 ± 3.10	15		22.10 ± 3.60	Internet addiction	Reality-simulated guessing task
Dong, Hu, Lin, et al., (2013)	16					21.40 ± 3.10	15		22.10 ± 3.60	Internet addiction	Continuous win/ losses
Gelskov et al., (2016)	14					29.43 ± 6.05	15		29.87 ± 6.06	PG	Gambling task
Goudriaan et al., (2010)	17					35.30 ± 9.40	17		34.70 ± 9.70	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Kim et al., (2014)	15					13.87 ± 0.83	15		13.87 ± 0.83	Internet addiction	Right-left discrimination test
Kim et al., (2017)	18					22.20 ± 2	20		21.20 ± 2.20	IGD	The feedback type
Ko et al., (2009)	10					22	10		22.70	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Ko et al., (2013)	15					24.67 ± 3.11	15		24.47 ± 2.83	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Lei et al., (2022)	45					20.82 ± 1.37	42		21.29 ± 1.52	IGD	Reward-related prediction- error task
Limbrick-Oldfield et al., (2017)	19					31	19		28	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Lin et al., (2015)	19					22.20 ± 3.08	21		22.80 ± 2.35	IGD	Probability discounting task
Liu et al., (2016)	11	8				21.40 ± 1	11	8	20.80 ± 1.10	IGD	Internet game video task
Liu, Yip, et al., (2017)	39					22.64 ± 2.12	23		23.09 ± 2.13	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Liu, Xue, et al., (2017)	41					21.93 ± 1.88	27		22.74 ± 2.35	IGD	The cups task
Lorenz et al., (2013)	8					25 ± 7.40	9		24.80 ± 6.90	PMVG	Dot probe paradigm
Miedl et al., (2012)	15	1				35 ± 2	15	1	38 ± 2	PG	Delay discounting Probabilistic discounting
Miedl et al., (2015)	15					36.70 ± 5.80	15		36.80 ± 5.60	PG	Monetary-choice task
Power et al., (2012)	13					42.40 ± 10.80	13		41 ± 11	PG	Iowa gambling task
Schmidt et al., (2021)	25					27.90 ± 9.30	28		26.80 ± 5.80	PG	Monetary incentive delay task
Seok et al., (2015)	15					22.20 ± 3.07	15		22.47 ± 2.53	Internet addiction	Financial decision-making task
Sescousse et al., (2013)	18					34.10 ± 11.60	20		31 ± 7.30	PG	Incentive delay task
Sun et al., (2012)	10					20.40 ± 1.51	10		20.30 ± 0.68	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Wang, Hu, et al., (2017)	18					22.10 ± 3.20	21		23.10 ± 2	IGD	Delay discounting task
Wang, Wu, et al., (2017)	27	3				21.07 ± 1.34	26	4	21.45 ± 1.32	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Wang, Yang, Zheng, Li, Qi, et al., (2021)	27					22.52 ± 2.33	26		23.23 ± 2.37	IGD	Timeline of the roulette task
Zhang, Yao, et al., (2016)	40					21.95 ± 1.84	19		22.89 ± 2.23	IGD	Cue-reactivity video task
Zhang et al., (2023)	24	6				21.13 ± 2.33	33	19	21.44 ± 2.07	IGD	Playing an online game
Zhang, Hu, et al., (2020)	29	25					36	21		IGD	Card-guessing task
Zheng et al., (2023)	33	26					41	23		IGD	Delay discounting task
Zhou et al., (2021)	10	11				21.29 ± 1.52	15	8	21.61 ± 1.95	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Zühlsdorff et al., (2023)	16	2				33.60 ± 8	17	1	31.20 ± 4.70	PG	Probabilistic reversal learning
Ding et al., (2013)	14	3				16.41 ± 3.20	14	3	16.29 ± 2.95	IGD	Probabilistic guessing task

Study	Addiction				Mean age (M ± SD)		HC		HC mean age (M ± SD)	type	task
Study	male			female	Mean age (M ± SD)		male	female	HC mean age (M ± SD)	type	task
inhibitory control
Ding et al., (2014)	14		3		16.41 ± 3.20		14	3	16.29 ± 2.95	IGD	Go/no-go
Dong et al., (2012)	12				23.60 ± 3.50		12		24.20 ± 3.10	IGD	Stroop
Dong et al., (2017)	18				21 ± 2.83		21		22 ± 2.45	IGD	Color-word interference Stroop task
Dong et al., (2013)	15				23.80 ± 3.70		15		24.10 ± 3.30	IGD	Stroop
Ko et al., (2014)	26				24.58 ± 3.23		23		24.35 ± 2.12	IGD	Go/no-go
Lee et al., (2015)	18				13.60 ± 0.90		18		13.40 ± 1	IGD	Stroop match-to-sample task
Liu et al., (2014)	11				23.45 ± 2.34		11		22.45 ± 1.70	IGD	Go/no-go
Luijten et al., (2015)	18				20.83 ± 3.05		16		21.38 ± 3.03	PG	Go/no-go & Stroop
Shen et al., (2023)	10		18		-		10	20	-	PMVG	Stroop
Wang, Yang, Zheng, Li, Wei et al., (2021)	15				22.60 ± 2.25		25		23 ± 2.50	IGD	Stop signal task
Zhang, Lin, et al., (2016)	19				22.20 ± 3.10		21		22.80 ± 2.40	IGD	Stroop
Zhou et al., (2018)	8		2		15.60 ± 3.10		8	2	15.30 ± 2.90	IGD	Stroop
rewarding process
Balodis et al., (2012)	10	4				35.80 ± 11.70	10	4	37.10 ± 11.30	PG	Monetary incentive delay task
Choi et al., (2012)	15					27.93 ± 3.59	15		26.60 ± 4.29	PG	Monetary incentive task
Crockford et al., (2005)	10					39.30 ± 7.60	10		39.20 ± 8.30	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Dong et al., (2011)	14					23.40 ± 3.30	13		24.10 ± 3.20	Internet addiction	Guessing task
Dong et al., (2017)	18					21 ± 2.83	21		22 ± 2.45	IGD	Guessing task
Dong, Hu, & Lin (2013)	16					21.40 ± 3.10	15		22.10 ± 3.60	Internet addiction	Reality-simulated guessing task
Dong, Hu, Lin, et al., (2013)	16					21.40 ± 3.10	15		22.10 ± 3.60	Internet addiction	Continuous win/ losses
Gelskov et al., (2016)	14					29.43 ± 6.05	15		29.87 ± 6.06	PG	Gambling task
Goudriaan et al., (2010)	17					35.30 ± 9.40	17		34.70 ± 9.70	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Kim et al., (2014)	15					13.87 ± 0.83	15		13.87 ± 0.83	Internet addiction	Right-left discrimination test
Kim et al., (2017)	18					22.20 ± 2	20		21.20 ± 2.20	IGD	The feedback type
Ko et al., (2009)	10					22	10		22.70	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Ko et al., (2013)	15					24.67 ± 3.11	15		24.47 ± 2.83	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Lei et al., (2022)	45					20.82 ± 1.37	42		21.29 ± 1.52	IGD	Reward-related prediction- error task
Limbrick-Oldfield et al., (2017)	19					31	19		28	PG	Cue-reactivity task
Lin et al., (2015)	19					22.20 ± 3.08	21		22.80 ± 2.35	IGD	Probability discounting task
Liu et al., (2016)	11	8				21.40 ± 1	11	8	20.80 ± 1.10	IGD	Internet game video task
Liu, Yip, et al., (2017)	39					22.64 ± 2.12	23		23.09 ± 2.13	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Liu, Xue, et al., (2017)	41					21.93 ± 1.88	27		22.74 ± 2.35	IGD	The cups task
Lorenz et al., (2013)	8					25 ± 7.40	9		24.80 ± 6.90	PMVG	Dot probe paradigm
Miedl et al., (2012)	15	1				35 ± 2	15	1	38 ± 2	PG	Delay discounting Probabilistic discounting
Miedl et al., (2015)	15					36.70 ± 5.80	15		36.80 ± 5.60	PG	Monetary-choice task
Power et al., (2012)	13					42.40 ± 10.80	13		41 ± 11	PG	Iowa gambling task
Schmidt et al., (2021)	25					27.90 ± 9.30	28		26.80 ± 5.80	PG	Monetary incentive delay task
Seok et al., (2015)	15					22.20 ± 3.07	15		22.47 ± 2.53	Internet addiction	Financial decision-making task
Sescousse et al., (2013)	18					34.10 ± 11.60	20		31 ± 7.30	PG	Incentive delay task
Sun et al., (2012)	10					20.40 ± 1.51	10		20.30 ± 0.68	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Wang, Hu, et al., (2017)	18					22.10 ± 3.20	21		23.10 ± 2	IGD	Delay discounting task
Wang, Wu, et al., (2017)	27	3				21.07 ± 1.34	26	4	21.45 ± 1.32	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Wang, Yang, Zheng, Li, Qi, et al., (2021)	27					22.52 ± 2.33	26		23.23 ± 2.37	IGD	Timeline of the roulette task
Zhang, Yao, et al., (2016)	40					21.95 ± 1.84	19		22.89 ± 2.23	IGD	Cue-reactivity video task
Zhang et al., (2023)	24	6				21.13 ± 2.33	33	19	21.44 ± 2.07	IGD	Playing an online game
Zhang, Hu, et al., (2020)	29	25					36	21		IGD	Card-guessing task
Zheng et al., (2023)	33	26					41	23		IGD	Delay discounting task
Zhou et al., (2021)	10	11				21.29 ± 1.52	15	8	21.61 ± 1.95	IGD	Cue-reactivity task
Zühlsdorff et al., (2023)	16	2				33.60 ± 8	17	1	31.20 ± 4.70	PG	Probabilistic reversal learning
Ding et al., (2013)	14	3				16.41 ± 3.20	14	3	16.29 ± 2.95	IGD	Probabilistic guessing task

cluster	volume/mm³	ALE/×10^-3	Z	X	Y	Z	BA	Label	Number of contri-buting studies	FSN
Enhanced Inhibitory Control Activation in Substance Addiction (k = 13)
1	400	10.36	3.72	4	50	?2	32	Right Anterior Cingulate	2	4 < FSN <27
2	368	13.40	4.31	?12	?40	?16		Left Anterior Lobe	2	4 < FSN < 27
Decreased Inhibitory Control Activation in Substance Addiction (k = 20)
1	472	15.26	4.20	60	10	22	9	Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus	2	> 20
2	472	18.17	4.70	?54	14	38	8	Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	3	6 < FSN < 40
3	464	14.72	4.09	32	?14	56	6	Right Precentral Gyrus	3	6 < FSN < 40
4	392	14.53	4.06	54	4	?26	21	Right Middle Temporal Gyrus	2	6 < FSN < 20
5	352	15.30	4.21	?44	8	?28	38	Left Superior Temporal Gyrus	2	6 < FSN < 20
6	352	16.84	4.49	?12	?12	?8		Left Subthalamic Nucleus	2	6 < FSN < 20
7	352	14.06	3.96	44	0	48	6	Right Middle Frontal Gyrus	2	> 20
8	304	12.68	3.68	18	34	24	32	Right Cingulate Gyrus	2	< 6
		12.67	3.68	18	32	28	9	Right Medial Frontal Gyrus	2	< 6
9	256	14.66	4.08	?60	?28	26	40	Left Inferior Parietal Lobule	2	< 6
10	256	12.40	3.63	?32	?60	44	39	Left Angular Gyrus	2	< 6
		11.68	3.50	?30	?62	48	19	Left Precuneus	2	< 6
Enhanced Inhibitory Control Activation in Behavioral Addiction (k = 9)
1	568	13.47	4.76	30	32	28	9	Right Middle Frontal Gyrus	2	> 31
2	336	9.48	4.00	?16	?12	54	6	Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	2	3 < FSN < 31