The interpersonal effects of coworker helping behavior on observers: Insights from social comparison theory

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01125

Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (8): 1125-1140.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01125

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The interpersonal effects of coworker helping behavior on observers: Insights from social comparison theory

NI Dan¹, ZHENG Xiaoming²()

¹School of Business, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
²School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Published:2024-08-25 Online:2024-06-17
Contact: ZHENG Xiaoming, E-mail: zhengxm@sem.tsinghua.edu.cn

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NI Dan, ZHENG Xiaoming. (2024). The interpersonal effects of coworker helping behavior on observers: Insights from social comparison theory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(8), 1125-1140.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01125

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2024/V56/I8/1125

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Figure 1. The theoretical model

Figure 1. The theoretical model

Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 1

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. Observed coworker helping behavior	3.83	0.72
2. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.65	1.10	0.22^**
3. Organization-based self-esteem	3.40	0.85	−0.19^**	−0.34^***
4. Shame	2.62	1.17	−0.04	0.47^***	0.03
5. Pride	3.55	0.74	0.24^***	0.08	0.27^***	0.05
6. Helping behavior	3.76	0.66	0.07	−0.05	0.02	0.16^*	0.17^*

Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 1

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. Observed coworker helping behavior	3.83	0.72
2. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.65	1.10	0.22^**
3. Organization-based self-esteem	3.40	0.85	−0.19^**	−0.34^***
4. Shame	2.62	1.17	−0.04	0.47^***	0.03
5. Pride	3.55	0.74	0.24^***	0.08	0.27^***	0.05
6. Helping behavior	3.76	0.66	0.07	−0.05	0.02	0.16^*	0.17^*

Table 2 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 2

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3
1. Observed coworker helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Initial helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50	−0.13^*
3. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.46	1.16	0.37^***	0.08
4. Organization-based self-esteem	3.82	0.93	−0.12^*	0.50^***	−0.19^**

Table 2 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 2

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3
1. Observed coworker helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Initial helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50	−0.13^*
3. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.46	1.16	0.37^***	0.08
4. Organization-based self-esteem	3.82	0.93	−0.12^*	0.50^***	−0.19^**

Table 3 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 3

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Indebtedness toward coworkers conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Shame ^a	1.59	0.78	0.14^*
3. Pride ^a	3.62	0.92	−0.04	−0.44^***
4. Helping behavior ^a	0.85	0.36	0.07	0.13^*	0.03
5. Organization-based self-esteem conditions	0.48	0.50	0.05	0.01	−0.03	−0.04
6. Shame ^b	2.06	1.22	−0.08	0.30^***	−0.20^***	0.07	−0.09
7. Pride ^b	3.52	1.15	0.07	−0.17^**	0.34^***	−0.01	0.48^***	−0.40^***
8. Helping behavior^b	0.65	0.48	0.02	−0.12^*	0.12^*	0.30^***	0.12^*	−0.09	0.16^**

Table 3 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 3

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Indebtedness toward coworkers conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Shame ^a	1.59	0.78	0.14^*
3. Pride ^a	3.62	0.92	−0.04	−0.44^***
4. Helping behavior ^a	0.85	0.36	0.07	0.13^*	0.03
5. Organization-based self-esteem conditions	0.48	0.50	0.05	0.01	−0.03	−0.04
6. Shame ^b	2.06	1.22	−0.08	0.30^***	−0.20^***	0.07	−0.09
7. Pride ^b	3.52	1.15	0.07	−0.17^**	0.34^***	−0.01	0.48^***	−0.40^***
8. Helping behavior^b	0.65	0.48	0.02	−0.12^*	0.12^*	0.30^***	0.12^*	−0.09	0.16^**

Table 4 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 4

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Observed coworker helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Initial helping behavior conditions	0.49	0.50	−0.06
3. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.43	1.23	0.30^***	0.00
4. Organization-based self-esteem	3.85	0.95	−0.11^*	0.33^***	−0.08
5. Shame	2.04	1.15	0.00	−0.51^***	0.32^***	−0.45^***
6. Pride	3.45	1.15	0.05	0.57^***	−0.21^***	0.39^***	−0.74^***
7. Helping behavior	0.68	0.47	−0.05	0.20^***	0.04	−0.02	0.13^*	0.18^***

Table 4 Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables in Study 4

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Observed coworker helping behavior conditions	0.50	0.50
2. Initial helping behavior conditions	0.49	0.50	−0.06
3. Indebtedness toward coworkers	2.43	1.23	0.30^***	0.00
4. Organization-based self-esteem	3.85	0.95	−0.11^*	0.33^***	−0.08
5. Shame	2.04	1.15	0.00	−0.51^***	0.32^***	−0.45^***
6. Pride	3.45	1.15	0.05	0.57^***	−0.21^***	0.39^***	−0.74^***
7. Helping behavior	0.68	0.47	−0.05	0.20^***	0.04	−0.02	0.13^*	0.18^***

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