Developmental change and stability of social anxiety from toddlerhood to young adulthood: A three-level meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01637

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Key words: social anxiety, mean-level change, rank-order stability, longitudinal studies, three-level meta-analysis

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CHEN Bizhong, HUANG Xuan, NIU Gengfeng, SUN Xiaojun, CAI Zhihui. (2023). Developmental change and stability of social anxiety from toddlerhood to young adulthood: A three-level meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(10), 1637-1652.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01637

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2023/V55/I10/1637

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Estimates of Mean-Level Change in Social Anxiety

Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	Cohort		d_year	95% CI	Heterogeneity
Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	M	Range	d_year	95% CI	Q	Level 2 I²	Level 3 I²
1~3	6	6	2005.19	(1991, 2015)	?0.034	[?0.219, 0.151]	71.79^***	-	97.34%
3~6	14	19	1999.58	(1980, 2015)	?0.171^*	[?0.316, ?0.026]	314.01^***	6.11%	93.11%
6~8	11	15	1997.95	(1980, 2011)	?0.077	[?0.172, 0.018]	132.51^***	92.85%	0
8~10	19	25	1997.65	(1980, 2008)	?0.032	[?0.113, 0.048]	564.54^***	67.15%	29.64%
10~12	42	58	1998.23	(1980, 2009)	?0.048^*	[?0.090, ?0.006]	759.09^***	74.02%	20.54%
12~14	63	100	1997.33	(1977, 2007)	?0.090	[?0.215, 0.034]	6686.36^***	8.53%	90.99%
14~16	44	63	1995.04	(1980, 2006)	0.023	[?0.025, 0.070]	1027.33^***	70.22%	27.09%
16~18	12	18	1991.68	(1984, 1997)	?0.067	[?0.138, 0.004]	427.89^***	49.71%	44.92%
18~20	17	25	1995.92	(1980, 2000)	?0.128^*	[?0.250, ?0.006]	950.10^***	68.88%	29.83%
20~25	13	19	1996.70	(1980, 1998)	?0.022	[?0.128, 0.083]	308.96^***	94.93%	0
25~35	3	4	1974.86	(1970, 1980)	?0.030	[?0.087, 0.027]	0.05	0	0

Table 1 Estimates of Mean-Level Change in Social Anxiety

Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	Cohort		d_year	95% CI	Heterogeneity
Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	M	Range	d_year	95% CI	Q	Level 2 I²	Level 3 I²
1~3	6	6	2005.19	(1991, 2015)	?0.034	[?0.219, 0.151]	71.79^***	-	97.34%
3~6	14	19	1999.58	(1980, 2015)	?0.171^*	[?0.316, ?0.026]	314.01^***	6.11%	93.11%
6~8	11	15	1997.95	(1980, 2011)	?0.077	[?0.172, 0.018]	132.51^***	92.85%	0
8~10	19	25	1997.65	(1980, 2008)	?0.032	[?0.113, 0.048]	564.54^***	67.15%	29.64%
10~12	42	58	1998.23	(1980, 2009)	?0.048^*	[?0.090, ?0.006]	759.09^***	74.02%	20.54%
12~14	63	100	1997.33	(1977, 2007)	?0.090	[?0.215, 0.034]	6686.36^***	8.53%	90.99%
14~16	44	63	1995.04	(1980, 2006)	0.023	[?0.025, 0.070]	1027.33^***	70.22%	27.09%
16~18	12	18	1991.68	(1984, 1997)	?0.067	[?0.138, 0.004]	427.89^***	49.71%	44.92%
18~20	17	25	1995.92	(1980, 2000)	?0.128^*	[?0.250, ?0.006]	950.10^***	68.88%	29.83%
20~25	13	19	1996.70	(1980, 1998)	?0.022	[?0.128, 0.083]	308.96^***	94.93%	0
25~35	3	4	1974.86	(1970, 1980)	?0.030	[?0.087, 0.027]	0.05	0	0

Figure 1. Mean-level change in social anxiety from age 1 to 35 years. The figure shows cumulative d values relative to age 1 years.

Figure 1. Mean-level change in social anxiety from age 1 to 35 years. The figure shows cumulative d values relative to age 1 years.

Table 2 Moderators of Mean-Level Change and Rank-Order Stability of Social Anxiety

Moderator	Mean-level change			Rank-order stablity
Moderator	B	95% CI	p	B	95% CI	p
Publication year	0.027	[?0.023, 0.076]	0.291	?0.012	[?0.044, 0.021]	0.483
Written language	0.024	[?0.082, 0.130]	0.663	?0.119	[?0.196, ?0.042]	0.002
Methodological quality	?0.027	[?0.060, 0.005]	0.099	0.010	[?0.012, 0.031]	0.372
Gender (% Male)	?0.018	[?0.075, 0.039]	0.537	?0.066	[?0.115, ?0.018]	0.007
Cohort	?0.013	[?0.062, 0.036]	0.610	?0.012	[?0.047, 0.024]	0.512
Individualism	0.003	[?0.045, 0.052]	0.896	0.045	[0.012, 0.077]	0.008
Masculinity	?0.037	[?0.087, 0.013]	0.145	?0.037	[?0.070, ?0.004]	0.029
Continent
North America (vs Asia)	0.003	[?0.116, 0.122]	0.962	0.100	[0.020, 0.179]	0.014
Europe (vs Asia)	0.075	[?0.051, 0.201]	0.244	0.132	[0.050, 0.214]	0.002
Oceania (vs Asia)	0.089	[?0.189. 0.368]	0.531	0.158	[?0.020, 0.337]	0.082
Reporter	?0.031	[?0.118, 0.055]	0.478	?0.083	[?0.149, ?0.017]	0.013
Facets of social anxiety
Emotional (vs mixed)	0.067	[?0.039, 0.172]	0.215	0.075	[?0.001, 0.150]	0.052
Cognitive (vs mixed)	?0.038	[?0.180, 0.104]	0.599	0.031	[?0.067, 0.130]	0.531
Behavioral (vs mixed)	0.020	[?0.119, 0.159]	0.778	?0.049	[?0.145, 0.048]	0.320
Shyness (vs mixed)	0.025	[?0.101, 0.150]	0.698	0.036	[?0.046, 0.118]	0.386

Table 2 Moderators of Mean-Level Change and Rank-Order Stability of Social Anxiety

Moderator	Mean-level change			Rank-order stablity
Moderator	B	95% CI	p	B	95% CI	p
Publication year	0.027	[?0.023, 0.076]	0.291	?0.012	[?0.044, 0.021]	0.483
Written language	0.024	[?0.082, 0.130]	0.663	?0.119	[?0.196, ?0.042]	0.002
Methodological quality	?0.027	[?0.060, 0.005]	0.099	0.010	[?0.012, 0.031]	0.372
Gender (% Male)	?0.018	[?0.075, 0.039]	0.537	?0.066	[?0.115, ?0.018]	0.007
Cohort	?0.013	[?0.062, 0.036]	0.610	?0.012	[?0.047, 0.024]	0.512
Individualism	0.003	[?0.045, 0.052]	0.896	0.045	[0.012, 0.077]	0.008
Masculinity	?0.037	[?0.087, 0.013]	0.145	?0.037	[?0.070, ?0.004]	0.029
Continent
North America (vs Asia)	0.003	[?0.116, 0.122]	0.962	0.100	[0.020, 0.179]	0.014
Europe (vs Asia)	0.075	[?0.051, 0.201]	0.244	0.132	[0.050, 0.214]	0.002
Oceania (vs Asia)	0.089	[?0.189. 0.368]	0.531	0.158	[?0.020, 0.337]	0.082
Reporter	?0.031	[?0.118, 0.055]	0.478	?0.083	[?0.149, ?0.017]	0.013
Facets of social anxiety
Emotional (vs mixed)	0.067	[?0.039, 0.172]	0.215	0.075	[?0.001, 0.150]	0.052
Cognitive (vs mixed)	?0.038	[?0.180, 0.104]	0.599	0.031	[?0.067, 0.130]	0.531
Behavioral (vs mixed)	0.020	[?0.119, 0.159]	0.778	?0.049	[?0.145, 0.048]	0.320
Shyness (vs mixed)	0.025	[?0.101, 0.150]	0.698	0.036	[?0.046, 0.118]	0.386

Table 3 Estimates of Rank-Order Stability of Social Anxiety

Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	Cohort		r			Heterogeneity
Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	M	Range	Unadjusted	Adjusted	95% CI	Q	Level 2 I²	Level 3 I²
1~3	7	7	2005.18	(1991, 2015)	0.609	0.614	[0.555, 0.666]	15.36^*	-	74.23%
3~6	14	18	1999.93	(1991, 2015)	0.606	0.624	[0.557, 0.682]	428.65^***	23.63%	73.37%
6~8	8	10	1996.52	(1989, 2011)	0.485	0.467	[0.302, 0.604]	281.58^***	0	96.79%
8~10	12	16	1998.22	(1983, 2006)	0.500	0.508	[0.416, 0.589]	311.88^***	6.67%	91.29%
10~12	28	41	1999.14	(1981, 2009)	0.518	0.521	[0.471, 0.567]	525.20^***	52.60%	43.87%
12~14	45	65	2000.06	(1977, 2007)	0.543	0.554	[0.515, 0.590]	1647.80^***	21.79%	74.07%
14~16	31	43	1997.30	(1988, 2006)	0.596	0.597	[0.561, 0.631]	1259.35^***	11.99%	84.42%
16~18	7	10	1989.50	(1984, 1997)	0.589	0.614	[0.507, 0.702]	206.76^***	0	96.20%
18~20	14	20	1995.87	(1980, 2000)	0.668	0.657	[0.573, 0.727]	1061.14^***	19.14%	78.96%
20~25	11	20	1996.13	(1990, 1998)	0.602	0.602	[0.518, 0.675]	810.18^***	35.75%	60.61%
25~35	4	5	1984.95	(1970, 1990)	0.536	0.638	[0.610, 0.665]	48.01^***	0.81%	87.62%

Table 3 Estimates of Rank-Order Stability of Social Anxiety

Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	Cohort		r			Heterogeneity
Age (years)	K	N_{effect size}	M	Range	Unadjusted	Adjusted	95% CI	Q	Level 2 I²	Level 3 I²
1~3	7	7	2005.18	(1991, 2015)	0.609	0.614	[0.555, 0.666]	15.36^*	-	74.23%
3~6	14	18	1999.93	(1991, 2015)	0.606	0.624	[0.557, 0.682]	428.65^***	23.63%	73.37%
6~8	8	10	1996.52	(1989, 2011)	0.485	0.467	[0.302, 0.604]	281.58^***	0	96.79%
8~10	12	16	1998.22	(1983, 2006)	0.500	0.508	[0.416, 0.589]	311.88^***	6.67%	91.29%
10~12	28	41	1999.14	(1981, 2009)	0.518	0.521	[0.471, 0.567]	525.20^***	52.60%	43.87%
12~14	45	65	2000.06	(1977, 2007)	0.543	0.554	[0.515, 0.590]	1647.80^***	21.79%	74.07%
14~16	31	43	1997.30	(1988, 2006)	0.596	0.597	[0.561, 0.631]	1259.35^***	11.99%	84.42%
16~18	7	10	1989.50	(1984, 1997)	0.589	0.614	[0.507, 0.702]	206.76^***	0	96.20%
18~20	14	20	1995.87	(1980, 2000)	0.668	0.657	[0.573, 0.727]	1061.14^***	19.14%	78.96%
20~25	11	20	1996.13	(1990, 1998)	0.602	0.602	[0.518, 0.675]	810.18^***	35.75%	60.61%
25~35	4	5	1984.95	(1970, 1990)	0.536	0.638	[0.610, 0.665]	48.01^***	0.81%	87.62%

Figure 2. Rank-order stability of social anxiety in different age groups (plotted with the midpoint of each age group).

Figure 2. Rank-order stability of social anxiety in different age groups (plotted with the midpoint of each age group).

Figure 3. Trend of rank-order stability of social anxiety with time lag.

Figure 3. Trend of rank-order stability of social anxiety with time lag.

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