A longitudinal multilevel approach to examine the relationship between new venture progress and entrepreneurial effort: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the moderating role of regulatory focus

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00642

Abstract

Key words: new venture progress, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial effort, promotion focus, prevention focus

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LI Cirong, LI Chunxuan, YANG Yanyu. (2023). A longitudinal multilevel approach to examine the relationship between new venture progress and entrepreneurial effort: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the moderating role of regulatory focus. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(4), 642-657.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00642

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2023/V55/I4/642

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Study 1: descriptive statistics and correlations

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. T1 NVP	—
2. T2 NVP	0.46^***	—
3. T3 NVP	0.43^***	0.50^***	—
4. T1 ESE	0.44^***	0.42^***	0.30^***	—
5. T2 ESE	0.50^***	0.37^***	0.36^***	0.62^***	—
6. T3 ESE	0.31^***	0.43^***	0.36^***	0.50^***	0.60^***	—
7. T1 EE	0.42^***	0.37^***	0.33^***	0.47^***	0.75^***	0.48^***	—
8. T2 EE	0.18	0.21^*	0.11	0.28^**	0.49^***	0.32^***	0.67^***	—
9. T3 EE	0.21*	0.09	0.18	0.33^***	0.40^***	0.27^**	0.57^***	0.53^***	—
10. Gender	0.04	0.01	0.001	0.03	-0.05	-0.07	-0.03	-0.03	0.03	—
11. Education	0.09	-0.08	-0.03	0.04	0.002	0.04	0.02	-0.01	-0.03	-0.04	—
12. Married	-0.05	-0.05	-0.06	-0.08	-0.18	-0.02	-0.13	-0.05	-0.15	-0.16	0.05	—
13. Age	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.07	-0.04	0.05	0.07	-0.02	-0.02	0.004	-0.19^*	-0.15	—
M	4.59	4.70	4.63	4.63	4.66	4.64	4.62	4.62	4.69	0.43	2.40	0.88	35.96
SD	0.55	0.54	0.57	0.52	0.53	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.61	0.50	0.93	0.33	5.58

Table 1 Study 1: descriptive statistics and correlations

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. T1 NVP	—
2. T2 NVP	0.46^***	—
3. T3 NVP	0.43^***	0.50^***	—
4. T1 ESE	0.44^***	0.42^***	0.30^***	—
5. T2 ESE	0.50^***	0.37^***	0.36^***	0.62^***	—
6. T3 ESE	0.31^***	0.43^***	0.36^***	0.50^***	0.60^***	—
7. T1 EE	0.42^***	0.37^***	0.33^***	0.47^***	0.75^***	0.48^***	—
8. T2 EE	0.18	0.21^*	0.11	0.28^**	0.49^***	0.32^***	0.67^***	—
9. T3 EE	0.21*	0.09	0.18	0.33^***	0.40^***	0.27^**	0.57^***	0.53^***	—
10. Gender	0.04	0.01	0.001	0.03	-0.05	-0.07	-0.03	-0.03	0.03	—
11. Education	0.09	-0.08	-0.03	0.04	0.002	0.04	0.02	-0.01	-0.03	-0.04	—
12. Married	-0.05	-0.05	-0.06	-0.08	-0.18	-0.02	-0.13	-0.05	-0.15	-0.16	0.05	—
13. Age	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.07	-0.04	0.05	0.07	-0.02	-0.02	0.004	-0.19^*	-0.15	—
M	4.59	4.70	4.63	4.63	4.66	4.64	4.62	4.62	4.69	0.43	2.40	0.88	35.96
SD	0.55	0.54	0.57	0.52	0.53	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.61	0.50	0.93	0.33	5.58

Table 2 Study 1: estimation of RI-CLPM

Descriptions of Path	Path	Estimate	Std. Err	p
Within-person: Auto regression path	NVP	0.15	0.17	0.39
	ESE	0.22	0.14	0.12
	EE	-0.04	0.12	0.72
Within-person: Cross-lagged path	NVP(T_n-1) → ESE(T_n)	0.21	0.08	0.010
Within-person: Cross-lagged path	ESE(T_n-1) → EE(T_n)	-0.29	0.12	0.012
Within-person: Co-correlation path	NVP(T₁) ↔ ESE(T₁)	0.03	0.02	0.15
Within-person: Co-correlation path	ESE(T₁) ↔ EE(T₁)	-0.03	0.02	0.03
	NVP(T₁) ↔ EE(T₁)	0.03	0.02	0.10
	NVP(T₁) ↔ EE(T₃)	0.02	0.02	0.31
	NVP(T_n) ↔ ESE(T_n)	0.01	0.01	0.58
	ESE(T_n) ↔ EE(T_n)	-0.02	0.01	0.22
	NVP(T_n) ↔ EE(T_n)	0.01	0.01	0.60
Between-person path	NVP_Between↔ ESE_Between	0.09	0.02	<0.001
	ESE_Between↔ EE_Between	0.16	0.03	<0.001
	NVP_Between↔ EE_Between	0.08	0.03	0.001

Table 2 Study 1: estimation of RI-CLPM

Descriptions of Path	Path	Estimate	Std. Err	p
Within-person: Auto regression path	NVP	0.15	0.17	0.39
	ESE	0.22	0.14	0.12
	EE	-0.04	0.12	0.72
Within-person: Cross-lagged path	NVP(T_n-1) → ESE(T_n)	0.21	0.08	0.010
Within-person: Cross-lagged path	ESE(T_n-1) → EE(T_n)	-0.29	0.12	0.012
Within-person: Co-correlation path	NVP(T₁) ↔ ESE(T₁)	0.03	0.02	0.15
Within-person: Co-correlation path	ESE(T₁) ↔ EE(T₁)	-0.03	0.02	0.03
	NVP(T₁) ↔ EE(T₁)	0.03	0.02	0.10
	NVP(T₁) ↔ EE(T₃)	0.02	0.02	0.31
	NVP(T_n) ↔ ESE(T_n)	0.01	0.01	0.58
	ESE(T_n) ↔ EE(T_n)	-0.02	0.01	0.22
	NVP(T_n) ↔ EE(T_n)	0.01	0.01	0.60
Between-person path	NVP_Between↔ ESE_Between	0.09	0.02	<0.001
	ESE_Between↔ EE_Between	0.16	0.03	<0.001
	NVP_Between↔ EE_Between	0.08	0.03	0.001

Table 3-1 Study 2: descriptive statistics and correlations

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. T1 NVP	—
2. T2 NVP	0.05	—
3. T3 NVP	-0.20	0.03	—
4. T4 NVP	-0.12	-0.18	-0.26^**	—
5. T5 NVP	-0.02	-0.17	0.10	-0.04	—
6. T6 NVP	0.19	-0.20	0.06	0.09	0.10	—
7. T1 ESE	0.26^**	-0.16	0.24^**	-0.17	0.02	0.30^**	—
8. T2 ESE	0.02	0.28^**	-0.41^***	-0.03	-0.27^**	-0.20^*	-0.37^***	—
9. T3 ESE	-0.01	0.07	0.35^***	-0.05	0.01	-0.004	0.18	-0.39^***	—
10. T4 ESE	0.10	0.02	-0.32^***	0.30^**	-0.18	0.10	-0.20	0.35^***	-0.32^***	—
11. T5 ESE	-0.11	0.05	0.16	-0.07	0.32^***	-0.08	-0.04	-0.17	0.004	-0.21^*	—
12. T6 ESE	0.17	-0.06	0.13	0.10	0.10	0.38^***	0.33^***	-0.45^***	0.19	-0.001	-0.005	—
13. T1 EE	0.29^**	-0.19	0.08	-0.06	0.09	0.57^***	0.17	-0.12	-0.01	0.05	0.03	0.15	—
14. T2 EE	-0.11	0.19	-0.01	0.23^*	0.004	0.03	-0.11	-0.03	0.02	-0.11	0.22^*	0.04	0.06
15. T3 EE	0.16	-0.13	0.31^**	-0.23^*	-0.04	0.37^***	0.49^***	-0.28^**	0.26^**	-0.09	0.06	0.30^**	0.33^***
16. T4 EE	-0.51^***	0.02	-0.16	0.26^**	-0.14	-0.30^**	-0.30^**	0.39^***	-0.17	0.17	-0.11	-0.31^***	-0.47^***
17. T5 EE	0.09	-0.01	0.37^***	-0.19	0.31^***	0.09	0.32^***	-0.33^***	0.06	-0.09	0.03	0.28^**	0.05
18. T6 EE	0.75^***	0.03	-0.29^**	-0.07	-0.13	0.30^**	0.23^*	0.13	-0.14	0.18	-0.29^**	0.06	0.19
19. Promotion focus	0.78^***	0.11	-0.04	-0.21^*	0.14	0.19	0.21^*	-0.21^*	0.19	-0.08	0.0003	0.31^***	0.33^***
20. Prevention focus	0.75^***	-0.07	-0.20^*	-0.07	0.02	0.10	0.08	-0.01	-0.11	0.06	-0.31^***	0.17	0.23^*
21. Gender	-0.08	-0.10	-0.09	-0.05	0.13	-0.23^*	0.03	-0.19	0.07	-0.20^*	0.18	-0.10	-0.20
22. Education	0.03	-0.14	-0.09	-0.03	0.01	-0.08	-0.01	0.01	-0.20^*	0.10	0.11	0.14	0.18
23. Married	-0.18	0.12	0.10	-0.12	0.06	-0.08	-0.01	-0.02	0.16	0.01	0.01	0.02	-0.19
24. Age	-0.11	0.07	0.01	-0.02	-0.11	-0.18	-0.15	0.05	-0.10	-0.09	-0.01	-0.11	-0.14
M	4.61	4.65	4.62	4.62	4.60	4.55	4.61	4.61	4.60	4.62	4.62	4.62	4.67
SD	0.55	0.55	0.56	0.57	0.57	0.56	0.55	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.58	0.57	0.65

Table 3-1 Study 2: descriptive statistics and correlations

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1. T1 NVP	—
2. T2 NVP	0.05	—
3. T3 NVP	-0.20	0.03	—
4. T4 NVP	-0.12	-0.18	-0.26^**	—
5. T5 NVP	-0.02	-0.17	0.10	-0.04	—
6. T6 NVP	0.19	-0.20	0.06	0.09	0.10	—
7. T1 ESE	0.26^**	-0.16	0.24^**	-0.17	0.02	0.30^**	—
8. T2 ESE	0.02	0.28^**	-0.41^***	-0.03	-0.27^**	-0.20^*	-0.37^***	—
9. T3 ESE	-0.01	0.07	0.35^***	-0.05	0.01	-0.004	0.18	-0.39^***	—
10. T4 ESE	0.10	0.02	-0.32^***	0.30^**	-0.18	0.10	-0.20	0.35^***	-0.32^***	—
11. T5 ESE	-0.11	0.05	0.16	-0.07	0.32^***	-0.08	-0.04	-0.17	0.004	-0.21^*	—
12. T6 ESE	0.17	-0.06	0.13	0.10	0.10	0.38^***	0.33^***	-0.45^***	0.19	-0.001	-0.005	—
13. T1 EE	0.29^**	-0.19	0.08	-0.06	0.09	0.57^***	0.17	-0.12	-0.01	0.05	0.03	0.15	—
14. T2 EE	-0.11	0.19	-0.01	0.23^*	0.004	0.03	-0.11	-0.03	0.02	-0.11	0.22^*	0.04	0.06
15. T3 EE	0.16	-0.13	0.31^**	-0.23^*	-0.04	0.37^***	0.49^***	-0.28^**	0.26^**	-0.09	0.06	0.30^**	0.33^***
16. T4 EE	-0.51^***	0.02	-0.16	0.26^**	-0.14	-0.30^**	-0.30^**	0.39^***	-0.17	0.17	-0.11	-0.31^***	-0.47^***
17. T5 EE	0.09	-0.01	0.37^***	-0.19	0.31^***	0.09	0.32^***	-0.33^***	0.06	-0.09	0.03	0.28^**	0.05
18. T6 EE	0.75^***	0.03	-0.29^**	-0.07	-0.13	0.30^**	0.23^*	0.13	-0.14	0.18	-0.29^**	0.06	0.19
19. Promotion focus	0.78^***	0.11	-0.04	-0.21^*	0.14	0.19	0.21^*	-0.21^*	0.19	-0.08	0.0003	0.31^***	0.33^***
20. Prevention focus	0.75^***	-0.07	-0.20^*	-0.07	0.02	0.10	0.08	-0.01	-0.11	0.06	-0.31^***	0.17	0.23^*
21. Gender	-0.08	-0.10	-0.09	-0.05	0.13	-0.23^*	0.03	-0.19	0.07	-0.20^*	0.18	-0.10	-0.20
22. Education	0.03	-0.14	-0.09	-0.03	0.01	-0.08	-0.01	0.01	-0.20^*	0.10	0.11	0.14	0.18
23. Married	-0.18	0.12	0.10	-0.12	0.06	-0.08	-0.01	-0.02	0.16	0.01	0.01	0.02	-0.19
24. Age	-0.11	0.07	0.01	-0.02	-0.11	-0.18	-0.15	0.05	-0.10	-0.09	-0.01	-0.11	-0.14
M	4.61	4.65	4.62	4.62	4.60	4.55	4.61	4.61	4.60	4.62	4.62	4.62	4.67
SD	0.55	0.55	0.56	0.57	0.57	0.56	0.55	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.58	0.57	0.65

Table 3-2 Study 2: descriptive statistics and correlations (Continued)

Variable	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
14. T2 EE	—
15. T3 EE	0.03	—
16. T4 EE	-0.12	-0.31^***	—
17. T5 EE	-0.11	0.18	-0.34^***	—
18. T6 EE	0.01	0.16	-0.34^***	0.05	—
19. Promotion focus	0.03	0.14	-0.77^***	0.22^*	0.60^***	—
20. Prevention focus	-0.02	0.09	-0.49^***	0.10	0.66^***	0.72^***	—
21. Gender	0.06	0.14	0.02	0.09	-0.11	-0.11	-0.12	—
22. Education	0.04	-0.02	-0.16	-0.01	-0.03	0.15	0.08	0.09	—
23. Married	-0.23^*	-0.09	0.14	0.07	-0.18	-0.12	-0.20^*	-0.25^**	-0.25^**	—
24. Age	0.11	-0.30^**	0.14	-0.24^**	-0.05	-0.18	-0.06	-0.02	-0.02	-0.13	—
M	4.61	4.68	4.62	4.66	4.62	4.70	4.64	0.36	2.44	0.87	42.44
SD	0.66	0.65	0.65	0.63	0.68	0.52	0.48	0.48	1.03	0.34	7.72

Table 3-2 Study 2: descriptive statistics and correlations (Continued)

Variable	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
14. T2 EE	—
15. T3 EE	0.03	—
16. T4 EE	-0.12	-0.31^***	—
17. T5 EE	-0.11	0.18	-0.34^***	—
18. T6 EE	0.01	0.16	-0.34^***	0.05	—
19. Promotion focus	0.03	0.14	-0.77^***	0.22^*	0.60^***	—
20. Prevention focus	-0.02	0.09	-0.49^***	0.10	0.66^***	0.72^***	—
21. Gender	0.06	0.14	0.02	0.09	-0.11	-0.11	-0.12	—
22. Education	0.04	-0.02	-0.16	-0.01	-0.03	0.15	0.08	0.09	—
23. Married	-0.23^*	-0.09	0.14	0.07	-0.18	-0.12	-0.20^*	-0.25^**	-0.25^**	—
24. Age	0.11	-0.30^**	0.14	-0.24^**	-0.05	-0.18	-0.06	-0.02	-0.02	-0.13	—
M	4.61	4.68	4.62	4.66	4.62	4.70	4.64	0.36	2.44	0.87	42.44
SD	0.66	0.65	0.65	0.63	0.68	0.52	0.48	0.48	1.03	0.34	7.72

Table 4 Study 2: estimation of random coefficient growth model

Variable	EE(T_n+1)						ESE(T_n)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI
Intercept	5.77(0.77)^***	[4.25, 7.24]	5.77(0.75)^***	[4.29, 7.24]	5.10(0.28)^***	[4.53, 5.66]	5.16(0.60)^***	[3.98, 6.32]
Time	0.000(0.02)	[-0.05, 0.05]	-0.004(0.03)	[-0.06, 0.04]	0.000(0.02)	[-0.05, 0.04]	0.01(0.02)	[-0.04, 0.05]
Independent Variable
NVP(T_n-1)	-0.17(0.08)^*	[-0.33, 0.02]	-0.10(0.08)	[-0.26, 0.05]	-0.11(0.08)	[-0.27, 0.04]	0.32(0.06)^***	[0.20, 0.45]
ESE(T_n)			-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.36, -0.08]	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.36, -0.09]
Moderator Variable
Promotion focus					-0.01(0.05)	[-0.11, 0.09]
Prevention focus					0.04(0.05)	[-0.07, 0.15]
Interaction
ESE(T_n)×Promotion focus					-0.29(0.09)^***	[-0.47, -0.12]
ESE(T_n)×Prevention focus					0.23(0.10)^*	[0.04, 0.43]
Control Variable
EE(T_n)	-0.20(0.06)^**	[-0.27, -0.03]	-0.19(0.06)^**	[-0.30, -0.07]	-0.15(0.06)^**	[-0.27, -0.03]	0.02(0.05)	[-0.08, 0.12]
Gender	0.03(0.08)	[-0.13, 0.18]	0.04(0.08)	[-0.12, 0.18]	0.04(0.08)	[-0.12, 0.19]	-0.03(0.07)	[-0.16, 0.12]
Age	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.62, 0.14]	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.02, 0.003]	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.63, 0.14]	-0.16(0.15)	[-0.46, 0.14]
Education	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.10, 0.04]	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.12, 0.03]	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.11, 0.03]	-0.002(0.03)	[-0.06, 0.06]
Married	-0.17(0.12)	[-0.40, 0.06]	-0.17(0.12)	[-0.40, 0.08]	-0.14(0.11)	[-0.37, 0.08]	0.03(0.10)	[-0.15, 0.23]
Variance Component
Residual Variance	0.37(0.03)^***	[0.32, 0.44]	0.35(0.03)^***	[0.30, 0.42]	0.34(0.03)^***	[0.29, 0.41]	0.28(0.02)^***	[0.24, 0.33]
Within-person-Intercept Variance	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.003(0.004)^***	[0.000, 0.02]
Within-person-Time-Slope Variance	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.004]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]
Within-person-NVP-Slope Variance	0.08(0.06)^***	[0.01, 0.21]	0.08(0.06)^***	[0.01, 0.23]	0.09(0.06)^***	[0.02, 0.24]	0.02(0.03)^***	[0.002, 0.09]
Within-person-ESE-Slope Variance			0.04(0.04)^***	[0.003, 0.16]	0.03(0.03)^***	[0.001, 0.12]

Table 4 Study 2: estimation of random coefficient growth model

Variable	EE(T_n+1)						ESE(T_n)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI
Intercept	5.77(0.77)^***	[4.25, 7.24]	5.77(0.75)^***	[4.29, 7.24]	5.10(0.28)^***	[4.53, 5.66]	5.16(0.60)^***	[3.98, 6.32]
Time	0.000(0.02)	[-0.05, 0.05]	-0.004(0.03)	[-0.06, 0.04]	0.000(0.02)	[-0.05, 0.04]	0.01(0.02)	[-0.04, 0.05]
Independent Variable
NVP(T_n-1)	-0.17(0.08)^*	[-0.33, 0.02]	-0.10(0.08)	[-0.26, 0.05]	-0.11(0.08)	[-0.27, 0.04]	0.32(0.06)^***	[0.20, 0.45]
ESE(T_n)			-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.36, -0.08]	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.36, -0.09]
Moderator Variable
Promotion focus					-0.01(0.05)	[-0.11, 0.09]
Prevention focus					0.04(0.05)	[-0.07, 0.15]
Interaction
ESE(T_n)×Promotion focus					-0.29(0.09)^***	[-0.47, -0.12]
ESE(T_n)×Prevention focus					0.23(0.10)^*	[0.04, 0.43]
Control Variable
EE(T_n)	-0.20(0.06)^**	[-0.27, -0.03]	-0.19(0.06)^**	[-0.30, -0.07]	-0.15(0.06)^**	[-0.27, -0.03]	0.02(0.05)	[-0.08, 0.12]
Gender	0.03(0.08)	[-0.13, 0.18]	0.04(0.08)	[-0.12, 0.18]	0.04(0.08)	[-0.12, 0.19]	-0.03(0.07)	[-0.16, 0.12]
Age	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.62, 0.14]	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.02, 0.003]	-0.24(0.19)	[-0.63, 0.14]	-0.16(0.15)	[-0.46, 0.14]
Education	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.10, 0.04]	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.12, 0.03]	-0.04(0.04)	[-0.11, 0.03]	-0.002(0.03)	[-0.06, 0.06]
Married	-0.17(0.12)	[-0.40, 0.06]	-0.17(0.12)	[-0.40, 0.08]	-0.14(0.11)	[-0.37, 0.08]	0.03(0.10)	[-0.15, 0.23]
Variance Component
Residual Variance	0.37(0.03)^***	[0.32, 0.44]	0.35(0.03)^***	[0.30, 0.42]	0.34(0.03)^***	[0.29, 0.41]	0.28(0.02)^***	[0.24, 0.33]
Within-person-Intercept Variance	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.01(0.01)^***	[0.000, 0.03]	0.003(0.004)^***	[0.000, 0.02]
Within-person-Time-Slope Variance	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.004]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]	0.001(0.001)^***	[0.001, 0.003]
Within-person-NVP-Slope Variance	0.08(0.06)^***	[0.01, 0.21]	0.08(0.06)^***	[0.01, 0.23]	0.09(0.06)^***	[0.02, 0.24]	0.02(0.03)^***	[0.002, 0.09]
Within-person-ESE-Slope Variance			0.04(0.04)^***	[0.003, 0.16]	0.03(0.03)^***	[0.001, 0.12]

Table 5 Study 2: results of moderated mediation analysis

Value of moderator variable	Direct effect		Indirect effect
Value of moderator variable	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI
High promotion focus (+1 SD)	-0.52(0.12)^***	[-0.75, -0.29]	-0.17(0.05)^***	[-0.28, -0.08]
Mean promotion focus (M)	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.37, -0.09]	-0.07(0.03)^**	[-0.14, -0.03]
Low promotion focus (-1 SD)	0.06(0.11)	[-0.17, 0.29]	0.02(0.04)	[-0.06, 0.10]
Difference	-0.58(0.18)^***	[-0.94, -0.24]	-0.18(0.07)^***	[-0.34, -0.07]
High prevention focus (+1 SD)	-0.002(0.12)	[-0.24, 0.22]	-0.001(0.05)	[-0.08, 0.08]
Mean prevention focus (M)	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.37, -0.09]	-0.07(0.03)^**	[-0.14, -0.03]
Low prevention focus (-1 SD)	-0.46(0.12)^**	[-0.69, -0.22]	-0.14(0.05)^**	[-0.25, -0.06]
Difference	0.44(0.19)^*	[0.08, 0.83]	0.14(0.07)^*	[0.02, 0.29]

Table 5 Study 2: results of moderated mediation analysis

Value of moderator variable	Direct effect		Indirect effect
Value of moderator variable	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI
High promotion focus (+1 SD)	-0.52(0.12)^***	[-0.75, -0.29]	-0.17(0.05)^***	[-0.28, -0.08]
Mean promotion focus (M)	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.37, -0.09]	-0.07(0.03)^**	[-0.14, -0.03]
Low promotion focus (-1 SD)	0.06(0.11)	[-0.17, 0.29]	0.02(0.04)	[-0.06, 0.10]
Difference	-0.58(0.18)^***	[-0.94, -0.24]	-0.18(0.07)^***	[-0.34, -0.07]
High prevention focus (+1 SD)	-0.002(0.12)	[-0.24, 0.22]	-0.001(0.05)	[-0.08, 0.08]
Mean prevention focus (M)	-0.23(0.07)^**	[-0.37, -0.09]	-0.07(0.03)^**	[-0.14, -0.03]
Low prevention focus (-1 SD)	-0.46(0.12)^**	[-0.69, -0.22]	-0.14(0.05)^**	[-0.25, -0.06]
Difference	0.44(0.19)^*	[0.08, 0.83]	0.14(0.07)^*	[0.02, 0.29]

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