Figure 1. The hypothetical model based on the standard common fate model. Note. Solid lines depict direct paths between the dyadic variance between mothers’ and fathers’ reports of marital quality predicting the dyadic variance of supportive and undermining coparenting. Dashed lines represent paths from the individual-level variance estimates (ε) of marital quality for mothers and fathers predicting coparenting.

Figure 2. The hypothetical model based on the cross-level common fate mediation model. Note. Solid lines depict paths between the dyadic variance between mothers’ and fathers’ reports of marital quality predicting the dyadic variance of supportive and undermining coparenting. And solid lines also depict paths from the individual-level variance of mothers’ and fathers’ reports of parenting sense of competence predicting the dyadic variance of supportive and undermining coparenting. Dashed lines represent paths from the individual-level variance estimates (ε) of marital quality for mothers and fathers predicting the individual-level variance of parenting sense of competence and the dyadic variance of coparenting.