1 引言
俗语有云: “打人不打脸, 骂人不骂娘, 揭人不揭短”。在社会交往与人际互动中, 与自我母亲相关的信息, 尤其是负面信息, 通常会引发个体的广泛关注和强烈情绪反应, 但是负面信息如果指向一般他人, 个体的感受就未必如此强烈。同样的负面信息, 为什么指向母亲与指向他人会引发个体不同的感受?以往的研究并未明确提供这一问题的答案。一些研究从特质判断任务和记忆诱发提取任务的角度, 证实了中国人的自我结构中包含有“母亲”成分, 母亲在中国人的自我结构中占据重要地位(杨红升, 朱滢2004; 朱滢, 张力, 2001)。来自神经影像的证据也显示, 集体主义文化中的个体对自我和母亲的神经表征具有一致性, 二者对内侧前额叶(medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC)、前扣带回(anterior cingulate cortex, ACC)、额下回(inferior forehead gyrus, IFG)等的激活类似(贺熙, 朱滢, 2010; Ng, Han, Mao, & Lai, 2010; Vanderwal, Hunyadi, Grupe, Connors, & Schultz, 2008; Wang et al., 2012; Zhu, Zhang, Fan, & Han, 2007)。有关电生理的研究也进一步发现, 母亲参照和自我参照还具有相同动机等级的内侧额叶负波(medial frontal negativity, 朱湘茹 等, 2015)。上述研究为集体主义文化中自我和母亲概念表达的重叠(Markus & Kitayama, 1991)提供了不同角度的证据支持, 同时也验证了Aron等(2004)的自我扩展模型(self-expansion mode), 该模型认为中国文化中母亲与自我有着紧密的联系, 母亲是中国人自我结构的一部分。
在人际互动中, 那些与自我有密切关系的信息往往具有加工优势, 并且伴随特有的情感意义与动机。自我参照加工(self-referential processing)反映了个体对自己所经历的并且与个体密切相关的刺激的加工(Northoff et al., 2006)。先前与自我参照加工有关的研究采用自我参照范式, 要求被试评估特征词与自我或他人的关系, 并在随后的测试中要求被试回忆或再认这些词汇。研究者发现, 个体对那些与自己相关的特质词有明显的记忆优势, 这种记忆优势被称为自我参照效应(self-reference effect, Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977)。随后, 在使用各种记忆材料、采用不同记忆任务的研究中, 这种自我相关信息的记忆优势效应得以广泛验证(王斌, 付雅, 张积家, 2019; 杨群, 冯意然, 张积家, 2019; 周爱保, 张奋, 马小凤, 李建升, 夏瑞雪, 2015)。上述研究中的“自我”通常是基于第一人称视角(first- person perspective), 即个体以自我为中心来加工各种相关的信息。近年来的一些研究发现, 自我相关信息的加工优势同样可以在第三人称视角(third-person perspective)中找到相应的证据, 即个体可以通过采用他人的视角来感知、评估或记忆相关信息(夏瑞雪 等, 2014; Li et al., 2016; Mattan, Quinn, Apperly, Sui, & Rotshtein, 2015; Zhang, Zhu, & Wu, 2014; Zhou et al., 2014)。
除记忆的优势效应外, 自我参照加工还能够增强个体对自我相关信息的注意(Sui & Humphreys, 2015; Sui & Gu, 2017; Truong & Todd, 2017), 如经典的鸡尾酒会效应(cocktail party effect), 即使在非常嘈杂的环境中, 我们依然能够对自我相关信息表现出注意优势(self-priority effects in attention)。自我信息的注意优势不仅限于文字或听觉刺激, 而且还可以延伸到社会认知相关的刺激。例如, 个体对自我面孔的反应更快(Sui, Zhu, & Han, 2006), 而且比其他面孔更难以忽视(Devue & Brédart, 2008; Sui, Liu, & Han, 2009)。此外, 如果个体受到来自他人的评价(如有人评价你的声音好听/刺耳), 同样会影响个体对他人(自我相关信息的评价者)面孔知觉的神经表征(Herbert, Sfärlea, & Blumenthal, 2013; Klein, Iffland, Schindler, Wabnitz, & Neuner, 2015; Schwarz, Wieser, Gerdes, Mühlberger, & Pauli, 2013; Wieser et al., 2014)。Schwarz等(2013)的研究发现, 较之于评价他人的语境, 在评价自我的语境中被试观察中性面孔时, 其mPFC和梭状回面孔区(fusiform face area, FFA)的激活程度更加明显。基于ERP技术的研究为自我参照加工影响面孔情绪知觉提供了更直接的证据, 个体在自我参照相关的语境条件下, 观察他人中性面孔时会诱发比他人参照更强的早期后部负波(early posterior negativity, EPN)和晚期正成分(late positive potential, LPP)的波幅(Wieser et al., 2014)。自我参照加工为什么影响个体对他人面孔情绪的知觉?首先, 自我相关的信息具有重要的社会和生物属性(Han & Northoff, 2008), 大脑会自发地增强对自我相关信息的特异性加工编码(Mu & Han, 2010; Ng et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2007)。个体对自我相关信息的语境产生更加明显的选择性注意, 从而影响了语境之后的中性面孔刺激的知觉(Wieser et al., 2014; Schwarz et al., 2013)。其次, 自我参照加工中的语义加工与面孔情绪加工的神经网络存在共享的神经机制。mPFC是面孔加工的扩展神经网络(extended face network)的组成部分, 参与面孔传达的语义信息和情感信息的提取(Wang, Zhu, Song, & Liu, 2017), mPFC同时也被认为是广泛地参与自我参照加工(Mu & Han, 2010; Wuyun et al., 2014), 是自我信息加工神经网络模型中的核心部分(Sui & Humphreys, 2015; Sui & Gu, 2017)。例如, 一些评定情绪面孔图片的情感强度与自我相关程度的研究发现, 自我参照信息的加工与mPFC和FFA的激活存在关联(Moran, Macrae, Heatherton, Wyland, & Kelley, 2006)。最后, 自我参照语境中, 被试有更强的动机去“解读”中性面孔传递和表达的模糊信息。与具有明确情绪意义的面孔不同, 那些在参照语境中的中性面孔的情感信息就显得模棱两可, 自我参照语境中神经表征因而可以影响中性面孔的知觉加工(Fields & Kuperberg, 2012), 此外, 具有模糊效价的刺激会自发的吸引更多注意资源, 从而提高了处理这些刺激的动机(Hirsh & Inzlicht, 2008)。
综上所述, 现有研究虽然初步揭示了自我相关语境对面孔情绪知觉的影响, 但是不同文化背景下自我参照信息的神经表征存在差异, 且中国人的自我结构中包含母亲(贺熙, 朱滢, 2010; Ng et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2007), 因此有必要探讨中国文化背景下母亲参照加工语境是否影响面孔情绪知觉?如果母亲参照语境同样能够影响面孔情绪知觉, 那么第三人称视角下自我参照与母亲参照是否具有一致性?对上述问题的探究, 不仅可以进一步明晰不同参照语境影响面孔情绪知觉加工的起效机制, 还可以为中国文化背景下自我参照加工和母亲参照加工的研究提供一种新的视角和方法。基于此, 本研究将不同参照(自我、母亲、他人)和情绪效价(消极、中性、积极)及无参照的评价语境, 与评价者的面孔情绪评定任务相结合, 探究不同参照语境和无参照语境对面孔情绪评定和知觉过程的影响。以往有关面孔情绪知觉过程的研究中, EPN和LPP是受面孔情绪信息影响的两个主要成分(Li, Zhu, Ding, Ren, & Luo, 2019; Luo, Wang, Dzhelyova, Huang, & Mo, 2016; Wieser et al., 2014)。EPN成分是面孔情绪刺激呈现200~350ms时枕颞部位出现的一个特异性的成分, 其与情绪的选择性注意加工有关(Calvo & Beltrán, 2013; Hietanen, Kirjavainen, & Nummenmaaet, 2014)。LPP成分是刺激出现400ms以后顶正中央出现的晚期正波, 反映了情绪的高级认知加工(Suess, Rabovsky, & Rahman, 2015)。因此, 以往研究将EPN与LPP作为个体加工面孔信息的重要指标。此外, 本研究中还分析了P1和N170成分, 以检验参照信息是否影响面孔情绪的早期加工。其中P1成分反映了对面孔特征的早期的自动加工(Rossion & Caharel, 2011), N170成分与面孔的早期构型编码有关(丁小斌, 康铁君, 赵鑫, 付军军, 2018; 侠牧, 李雪榴, 叶春, 李红, 2014; Calvo & Beltrán, 2013)。
基于以往研究(Klein et al., 2015; McCrackin & Itier, 2018; Wieser et al., 2014), 对于语境效价的影响, 我们提出假设: 相比中性语境, 消极语境中的面孔会被认为更消极, 积极语境中的面孔会被认为更积极, 面孔的唤醒度也更大, 且引起的N170、EPN和LPP成分的波幅更大。基于先前集体主义文化中自我参照与母亲参照的相关研究(谭群 等, 2018; 张力 等, 2005; 朱湘茹 等, 2015; Mu & Han, 2010; Wuyun et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2007)。对于语境参照信息的影响, 我们提出假设: 与他人参照相比, 自我参照和母亲参照在消极的语境背景中面孔情绪被认为更消极, 并且EPN和LPP成分的波幅更大; 在积极语境背景中, 面孔情绪被认为更积极, EPN和LPP成分的波幅更大, 并且自我参照和母亲参照的实验条件下对面孔情绪的效价和唤醒度的判断和脑电反应具有一致性。
2 方法
2.1 被试
23名大学生被试参与了本实验, 2名被试因眨眼过度在后续数据分析中予以排除, 保留21名被试(M = 23.95岁, SD = 2.04, 女12人)的数据。所有被试均为汉族人, 未有出国留学或国外生活经历。身体健康, 视力或矫正视力正常, 均为右利手, 自述无任何神经或精神疾病史, 近期内未发生重大生活事件。所有被试在实验前签署了实验知情同意书, 完成实验后均获得了相应的被试费或学分。
2.2 刺激材料
刺激图片选择了来自CAL/PAL数据库(Minear & Park, 2004)中的42张中性面孔图片, 面孔刺激性别平衡。采用Photoshop CS6软件对所有面孔照片的背景、头发和饰物进行统一处理。为避免面孔肤色对实验的影响, 使用Matlab中的SHINE工具包对所有刺激的亮度进行控制(Willenbockel et al., 2010)。
参照以往研究(张力 等, 2005), 初步从《现代汉语常用词频词典》(刘源, 1990)中选择词频为中等频度(0.00023~0.00153)的人格特质词368个, 对特质词的笔画数、读音、效价等进行控制, 5名本领域的研究者对初步筛选的人格特质词的情感效价进行评分, 从中选取40个得分较高的特质词(积极词与消极词各半)。根据所选词汇, 编制描述自我、母亲和他人(刘翔)评价的语法结构相同的180个句子, 所有句子长度控制在5~7个字。然后, 30名被试对编写语句的效价和唤醒度进行评价, 筛选出140个句子作为语境刺激, 包括不同参照(自我、母亲、他人)和效价(消极、中性、积极), 以及无参照语句(如你是成年人), 共10类, 每个类别14个句子。
2.3 实验设计
实验条件为3(参照: 自我、母亲、他人) × 3(效价: 消极、中性、积极)和无参照条件作为基线的被试内设计。自变量参照和效价均为组内变量。考察的行为指标为情绪效价和唤醒度的评级, 脑电指标为P1、N170、EPN和LPP成分的波幅。
2.4 程序
采用 E-Prime 2.0软件呈现实验刺激并记录行为数据。实验开始时要求被试集中注意阅读评价语境材料(2000 ms), 语境材料呈现结束后出现一个500~800 ms的随机空屏, 随后呈现500 ms的中性面孔图片(评价者)。当面孔刺激消失后, 要求被试对面孔刺激的效价(-4: 非常消极; 4: 非常积极)和唤醒度(1: 无唤醒; 9: 唤醒程度最高)进行等级评定, 评级反应无时间限制(实验流程见图1)。面孔刺激出现后开始记录被试的脑电反应。
图1
实验程序分为3个block, 每个block有140个trial, 总共420个trial。每个实验条件(自我-消极、自我-中性、自我-积极、母亲-消极、母亲-中性、母亲-积极、他人-消极、他人-中性、他人-积极、无参照)包含14个语境条件, 每个语境条件包含10个特质词的评价语境。依据以往自我参照语境实验中的面孔刺激设置方式, 本研究中的每个面孔在不同条件参照语境中各展示一次, 在不同实验条件下平衡了面孔的性别。每种条件下每个刺激重复呈现三次, 所有trial均随机呈现。
2.5 脑电数据收集与预处理
实验在隔音、电磁屏蔽的实验室中进行。EEG数据的记录采用国际10-20系统64导Ag/AgCl电极帽(eegosports, ANT, Inc), DC采样, 带通滤波为0.01~40 Hz (Wieser et al., 2014), 脑电数据采样率为500 Hz (AsaLab Amplifier, www.ant-neuro.com), 在线参考电极选为CPz。电极与头皮间的阻抗维持在10 kΩ以下。使用ASA 4.9.3 (ANT, Inc.)软件对EEG数据进行离线分析, 转换参考电极为全脑平均。剔除因眼动或眨眼引起的伪迹, 振幅超过±100 μV的波幅同样视为伪迹而被自动剔除。ERP分析时长为面孔刺激呈现前100 ms和呈现后800 ms, 基线校正为刺激出现前100 ms。
2.6 数据分析方法
对不同语境条件下面孔刺激的效价进行3(自我、母亲、他人) × 3(消极、中性、积极)的重复测量方差分析(ANOVA), 评价语句的参照条件和语句效价为两个组内变量。在统计分析中均使用0.05的alpha值。
对面孔图片诱发的脑电波幅数据采用重复测量方差分析(ANOVA)的方法进行分析, 本实验根据电极与头皮分布之间的关系, 根据所有被试的总平均波形特征, 对脑电数据进行分析。具体地, 在80~120 ms时间窗口(O1/O2)下关注P1成分; 在140~190 ms的时间窗口下(P7/P8)关注N170成分; 在220~320 ms的时间窗口(O1/O2/P7/P8)下观测EPN成分; 在400~600 ms的时间窗口(C3/C4)下观测LPP成分。
3 结果
3.1 行为结果
3.1.1 面孔情绪效价的评级
语境效价主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 103.80, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.84。经事后比较, 与中性语境(0.34 ± 0.69)相比, 消极语境(-2.16 ± 0.99)中的面孔被评为更消极, t(62) = 14.36, p < 0.001; 积极语境(1.72 ± 1.07)中的面孔被评为更积极, t(62) = 12.80, p < 0.001。参照的主效应不显著, F(2, 40) = 1.09, p = 0.35。他人参照与无参照的差异不显著, t(20)= 0.55, p = 0.59。
语境效价和参照的交互作用显著, F(4, 80) = 12.78, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.39。简单效应分析可得, 在消极语境中, 参照的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 9.55, p = 0.001, ηp² = 0.50。自我参照语境中的面孔(-2.30 ± 0.21)比他人参照语境中的面孔(-1.68 ± 0.19)被认为更消极(p = 0.008), 母亲参照语境中的面孔(-2.51 ± 0.22)比他人参照语境中的面孔被认为更消极(p = 0.001), 自我参照语境中的面孔和母亲参照语境中的面孔无显著差异(p = 0.08)。在积极语境中, 参照的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 6.12, p = 0.009, ηp² = 0.39。自我参照语境中的面孔(1.92 ± 0.22)比他人参照语境中的面孔(1.23 ± 0.23)被认为更积极(p = 0.01), 母亲参照语境中的面孔(2.01 ± 0.22)比他人参照语境中的面孔被认为更积极(p = 0.006), 自我参照语境中的面孔和母亲参照语境中的面孔无显著差异(p = 0.075)。中性语境中, 参照的主效应不显著, F(1, 19) = 1.27, p = 0.31。在自我参照的语境中, 效价主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 50.60, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.84: 相比中性语境, 消极语境中的面孔被认为更消极(p < 0.001), 积极语境中的面孔被认为更积极(p < 0.001); 在母亲参照语境中, 效价的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 56.08, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.86: 相比中性语境, 消极语境中的面孔被认为更消极(p < 0.001), 积极语境中的面孔被认为更积极(p < 0.001); 他人参照语境中, 效价的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 27.66, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.74: 相比中性语境, 消极语境中的面孔被认为更消极(p < 0.001), 积极语境中的面孔被认为更积极(p < 0.001)。
3.1.2 面孔情绪唤醒度的评级
语境效价的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 26.03, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.57。经事后比较, 与中性语境中的面孔相比, 消极和积极语境中的面孔被认为唤醒度更高, 消极: t(62)= 9.57, p < 0.001、积极: t(62) = 9.22, p < 0.001。积极和消极语境中的面孔唤醒度无显著差异, t(62) = 0.50, p = 0.62。
参照的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 21.00, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.51。经事后比较, 相比他人参照, 自我参照和母亲参照语境中的面孔唤醒度更高, 自我: t(62) = 6.48, p < 0.001、母亲: t(62) = 7.35, p < 0.001; 而自我参照和母亲参照语境中的面孔唤醒度分数无显著差异, t(62) = 1.05, p = 0.30。他人参照与无参照条件中面孔的唤醒度差异不显著, t(20) = 0.78, p = 0.44。
语境效价和参照的交互作用显著, F(4, 80) = 3.12, p = 0.02, ηp² = 0.14。进一步简单效应分析发现, 不论消极、积极还是中性语境中, 参照的主效应均显著, 消极: F(2, 19) = 7.76, p = 0.003, ηp² = 0.45、中性: F(2, 19) = 5.16, p = 0.016, ηp² = 0.35、积极: F(2, 19) = 19.12, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.67: 自我参照语境中的面孔唤醒度(消极: 6.84 ± 1.72、中性: 5.72 ± 1.62、积极: 6.82 ± 1.45)比他人参照语境中的面孔唤醒度(消极: 5.72 ± 1.62、中性: 3.02 ± 1.82、积极: 5.90 ± 1.57)更高(消极: p = 0.001, 中性: p = 0.006, 积极: p < 0.001); 母亲参照语境中的面孔唤醒度(消极: 6.84 ± 1.88、中性: 3, 64 ± 1.56、积极: 6.95 ± 1.35)比他人参照语境中的面孔唤醒度更高(消极: p = 0.001, 中性: p = 0.004, 积极: p < 0.001); 自我参照语境中面孔情绪的唤醒度与母亲参照语境中面孔情绪的面孔唤醒度无显著差异(消极: p = 0.96, 中性: p = 0.37, 积极: p = 0.27)。
面孔情绪效价和唤醒度在各实验条件下的评级平均值见图2。
图2
3.2 脑电结果
3.2.1 P1成分
语境效价的主效应不显著, F(2, 40) = 2.70, p = 0.08。参照的主效应不显著, F(2, 40) = 1.28, p = 0.29。半球主效应显著, 右半球比左半球波幅显著更大, F(1, 20) = 7.95, p = 0.011, ηp² = 0.28。P1成分在各实验条件下的波幅见表1。
表1 P1、N170、EPN、LPP成分在各实验条件下左右半球的平均波幅及标准差(M ± SD, μV)
| 成分 | 语境效价 | 自我 | 母亲 | 他人 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 左 | 右 | 左 | 右 | 左 | 右 | ||
| P1 | 消极 | 0.14 ± 2.46 | 1.52 ± 2.43 | -0.33 ± 2.08 | 0.46 ± 2.64 | -1.12 ± 2.45 | 0.34 ± 1.71 |
| 中性 | -0.27 ± 2.32 | -0.10 ± 2.00 | -0.75 ± 1.96 | 0.37 ± 2.37 | -0.74 ± 1.86 | 0.12 ± 1.90 | |
| 积极 | -0.35 ± 2.33 | 0.22 ± 0.76 | 0.12 ± 1.46 | 1.40 ± 1.89 | -0.07 ± 2.53 | 1.09 ± 2.40 | |
| N170 | 消极 | -2.77 ± 3.40 | -6.32 ± 4.97 | -2.36 ± 2.79 | -5.71 ± 4.46 | -1.24 ± 4.36 | -4.70 ± 5.35 |
| 中性 | -1.71 ± 2.58 | -5.32 ± 3.69 | -2.40 ± 3.13 | -5.65 ± 4.49 | -1.57 ± 2.59 | -4.41 ± 3.77 | |
| 积极 | -2.89 ± 2.78 | -7.49 ± 5.50 | -1.90 ± 3.23 | -6.81 ± 4.69 | -2.46 ± 3.02 | -6.78 ± 4.51 | |
| EPN | 消极 | 0.52 ± 3.17 | 0.81 ± 4.69 | 0.91 ± 3.54 | 1.32 ± 4.14 | 3.18 ± 3.01 | 2.95 ± 3.91 |
| 中性 | 2.40 ± 3.60 | 2.11 ± 3.72 | 1.11 ± 2.87 | 1.48 ± 3.65 | 2.74 ± 3.52 | 2.70 ± 4.11 | |
| 积极 | 1.04 ± 3.48 | 0.73 ± 4.62 | 1.30 ± 2.86 | 1.07 ± 3.69 | 1.25 ± 2.92 | 0.68 ± 3.81 | |
| LPP | 消极 | 0.08 ± 2.49 | 1.52 ± 2.43 | -0.33 ± 2.08 | 0.46 ± 2.64 | -1.12 ± 2.45 | 0.34 ± 1.71 |
| 中性 | -0.27 ± 2.32 | -0.10 ± 2.00 | -0.75 ± 1.96 | 0.37 ± 2.37 | -0.74 ± 1.86 | 0.12 ± 1.90 | |
| 积极 | -0.35 ± 2.34 | 0.22 ± 2.76 | 0.12 ± 0.46 | 1.40 ± 1.89 | -0.07 ± 2.53 | 1.09 ± 2.40 | |
3.2.2 N170成分
语境效价的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 7.41, p = 0.002, ηp² = 0.27。参照主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 5.77, p = 0.006, ηp² = 0.22。效价和参照的交互作用不显著, F(4, 80) = 1.88, p = 0.12。半球主效应显著, 右半球比左半球波幅显著更大, F(1, 20) = 27.62, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.58。N170成分在各实验条件下的波幅见表1。
3.2.3 EPN成分
语境效价主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 6.09, p = 0.005, ηp² = 0.23。经事后检验, 相比积极语境, 中性和消极语境中面孔引发的EPN波幅更大(中性: t(125) = 4.47, p < 0.001、消极: t(125) = 2.30, p = 0.023)。
参照主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 6.13, p = 0.005, ηp² = 0.24。经事后检验, 相比他人参照, 自我参照和母亲参照语境中的面孔引起的EPN波幅更大(自我: t(125) = 3.53, p = 0.001、母亲: t(125) = 4.12, p < 0.001), 而自我参照与母亲参照语境中的面孔引起的EPN波幅无显著差异, t(125) = 0.24, p = 0.81。他人参照与无参照条件的差异显著, t(41) = 3.10, p = 0.003, 他人参照(2.72 ± 3.78)条件语境中的面孔引起的EPN波幅显著大于无参照条件(1.15 ± 3.49)。半球差异不显著, F(1, 25) = 0.02, p = 0.88。
效价与参照的交互作用显著, F(4, 80) = 3.24, p = 0.016, ηp² = 0.14。进一步简单效应分析发现, 在消极语境中, 参照的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 7.53, p = 0.004, ηp² = 0.44, 自我参照比他人参照语境中的面孔诱发的波幅更大(p = 0.003), 母亲参照比他人参照语境中的面孔诱发的波幅更大(p = 0.025), 自我参照和母亲参照语境中的面孔诱发的EPN波幅无显著差异(p = 0.48); 在中性语境中和积极语境中, 没有观察到参照的主效应, 中性: F(2, 19) = 2.68, p = 0.095、积极: F(2, 19) = 0.31, p = 0.74。EPN成分在各实验条件下的波幅见表1和图3。
图3
此外, 对面孔情绪唤醒度评级和EPN波幅的相关分析发现: 在消极语境中, 自我参照语境中面孔唤醒度的评级与EPN的波幅大小存在显著相关, r = 0.47, p = 0.033; 母亲参照语境中面孔唤醒度的评级与EPN的波幅大小存在显著相关, r = 0.58, p = 0.006 (见图4)。但是, 他人参照语境中面孔唤醒度的评级与EPN的波幅大小不存在显著相关, r = 0.31, p = 0.18。
图4
3.2.4 LPP成分
效价的主效应不显著, F(2, 40) = 2.66, p = 0.08。参照的主效应不显著, F(2, 40) = 1.23, p = 0.30。左右半球的LPP波幅差异显著, F(1, 20) = 8.12, p = 0.01, ηp² = 0.29, 面孔引发的LPP波幅在右半球显著更大。他人参照与无参照条件的差异不显著, t(41) = 1.79, p = 0.081。
效价和参照的交互作用显著, F(4, 40) = 3.25, p = 0.016, ηp² = 0.14, 进一步简单效应分析发现, 在消极语境中, 参照的主效应显著, F(2, 19) = 5.32, p =0.015, ηp² = 0.36: 自我参照比他人参照语境中的面孔诱发的波幅更大(p = 0.011), 自我参照与母亲参照语境中的面孔诱发的波幅无显著差异(p = 0.05); 在中性语境中和积极语境中, 没有观察到参照的主效应, 中性: F(2, 19) = 0.08, p = 0.93、积极: F(2, 19) = 2.87, p = 0.08。LPP成分在各实验条件下的波幅见表1和图5。
图5
4 讨论
本研究采用面孔情绪评定任务, 考察了个体在母亲参照、自我参照、他人参照及无参照语境中面孔情绪的知觉加工特点。结果显示, 与他人参照和无参照语境相比, 自我参照与母亲参照语境中的中性面孔的EPN和LPP波幅更大, 自我参照与母亲参照条件下的波幅差异并不显著, 面孔情绪效价和唤醒度的评价结果与ERP的结果一致, 这就表明中国文化背景下自我参照与母亲参照对面孔情绪知觉的影响具有一致性。本研究开创性地从他人评价自我和自我相关他人, 即客体我的视角考察了中国文化背景下自我参照、母亲参照语境对他人面孔情绪知觉加工的影响。
4.1 不同情绪效价和参照的语境对面孔情绪知觉EPN成分的影响
与他人参照的语境相比, 自我参照的消极语境背景中的面孔被认为情绪更消极, 并且诱发的EPN成分波幅更大, 这一结果与先前的研究(Wieser et al., 2014)一致。此外, 与他人参照相比, 母亲参照语境下面孔知觉过程中EPN成分的波幅同样更明显, 这一结果符合研究假设, 表明母亲参照可以影响面孔的知觉加工。此外, 研究结果还发现, 他人参照较无参照条件语境下的面孔EPN波幅更明显。EPN成分反映了早期视觉编码完成之后, 情绪信息与目标驱动(goal-driven)注意对刺激的进一步选择性加工(Calvo & Beltrán, 2013; Lang & Bradley, 2010), 使用情绪面孔(McCrackin & Itier, 2018; Rellecke, Sommer, & Schact, 2013)和情绪词(Schindler & Kissler, 2016)的研究发现, 与中性和正性刺激相比, 负性刺激能够诱发更明显的EPN波幅。本研究与Wieser等人(2014)、Klein等人(2015)的研究所用的面孔刺激均为中性面孔, 因此不同参照条件下面孔知觉过程中EPN波幅的差异并不受面孔刺激特征的影响, 而是受语境中自我参照加工与母亲参照加工的影响。一方面, 自我参照语境条件下, 中性面孔固有的情感模糊性, 导致大脑对其更多的注意加工(Fields & Kuperberg, 2012; Hirsh & Inzlicht, 2008)。因此, 与无参照语境相比, 自我参照、母亲参照和他人参照加工以一种完全自上而下的方式影响对面孔的知觉加工, 但是自我参照和母亲参照语境引发了个体更多的注意加工, 因而中性面孔知觉过程中EPN效应更加明显。来自个体水平的分析结果支持了这一解释, 母亲参照和自我参照条件下面孔情绪唤醒度评级与EPN波幅的大小呈显著正相关, 而他人参照条件下的面孔情绪唤醒度评级与EPN波幅大小并不相关。另一方面, 母亲参照和自我参照共同的神经表征, 与EPN成分的溯源分析(Schindler & Kissler, 2016)的结果存在一致性, 对ACC、IFG等都有着共同的激活。同时ACC、IFG等在内的皮层中线结构和颞顶联合区是注意定向网络中重要组成部分(Petersen & Posner, 2012), 自上而下的调节视觉皮层的加工(Desimone & Duncan, 1995)。因此, 较他人参照加工, 母亲参照加工与自我参照加工都可以持续地影响中性面孔加工过程中的EPN成分。
不同语境效价对面孔情绪加工的EPN成分有显著影响。与中性评价语境相比, 消极评价语境条件下的面孔引起的EPN波幅更大。这可能是因为消极的评价语句暗示了社会交往中的潜在威胁, 对这种危险信号的优先加工则显示了个体避免伤害的需要(Williams, 2006), 消极情感性内容能够引发个体更明显的注意指向, 从而产生更大的EPN波幅(Schupp et al., 2007), 表明语境中消极信息更能影响面孔加工的扩展神经网络的神经活动, 从而改变对面孔的感知和评价(Wieser & Brosch, 2012)。因此, 个体在处理涉及到自我与母亲的消极信息时, 可能会对他人的情绪感知产生偏差, 容易诱发个体更为强烈的情绪反应, 甚至过激的行为表现。这种认知加工方式可以解释为消极评价通常被视为一种威胁线索(Baumeister & Leary, 1995), 个体出于生存本能, 会投入更多的注意力关注潜在的威胁, 警惕威胁状况以保护自己免受伤害, 这对生存具有重要的适应价值。
4.2 不同情绪效价和参照的语境对面孔情绪知觉LPP成分的影响
本研究的结果显示, 相比他人参照, 自我参照和母亲参照语境中的面孔均诱发了顶叶更大的LPP波幅, 与先前自我参照语境中LPP的结果一致(Klein et al., 2015; Wieser et al., 2014)。与EPN成分不同, 较母亲参照和自我参照语境, 他人参照与无参照语境对中性面孔知觉中的LPP影响较小。LPP是与刺激的动机意义关联的成分(Hajcak, Weinberg, MacNamara, & Foti, 2012), 受面孔、场景和语境情绪信息的调节和影响。与他人参照相比, 在自我参照与母亲参照的消极语境中的面孔被认为更消极, 积极语境中的面孔被认为更积极, 并且与自我和母亲相关语境的唤醒度更高。上述结果表明, 相比于无参照与他人参照语境对面孔知觉过程中LPP成分的影响较弱, 而母亲参照与自我参照语境对面孔知觉过程中LPP成分的影响更强。
使用EEG与fMRI同步记录技术的研究发现, LPP的振幅与视觉皮层、颞叶皮层、后扣带回、杏仁核、眶额皮质和岛叶等的激活程度显著相关(Sabatinelli, Keil, Frank, & Lang, 2013), 自我参照与母亲参照条件下个体对面孔情绪唤醒度的评级更高, 与此对应的面孔刺激的唤醒度也更高, 因此对中性面孔晚期知觉过程(LPP)的调节作用也就更加明显。有趣的是, 不论自我参照语境, 还是母亲参照语境, 只在消极的语境中观察到了EPN和LPP波幅的增强。本研究的这一结果, 或许可以解释为什么对母亲的侮辱或者攻击通常会引起个体强烈的情绪反应, 而负性刺激指向他人时个体的感受会进一步降低。但是, 这一结果与以往积极或消极面孔较中性面孔诱发更强LPP和EPN振幅的结论并不一致(Wieser, Gerdes, Greiner, Reicherts, & Pauli, 2012), 自我参照或母亲参照语境提供的内在情感信息与情绪面孔表达的直观情感信息不同, 前者是通过事先给定语境中的情感信息的方式, 间接地调节视觉皮层的兴奋, 从而影响了中性面孔的后期知觉, 但是这种内在情感信息的调节方式相对较弱(Wieser et al., 2014), 这可能解释了为什么本研究只发现了部分LPP成分的效应。
4.3 不同情绪效价和参照的语境对面孔情绪早期加工过程的影响
本研究并没有发现不同的参照语境信息对P1成分和N170成分波幅的影响, 该结果与先前的研究结果一致(Wieser et al., 2014)。这表明, 反映情绪刺激自动化加工的P1成分和与面孔构型编码相关的N170成分, 可能不受语境的效价和参照信息的影响(Klein et al., 2015; Wieser et al., 2014)。以往研究发现, 与中性面孔刺激相比, 情绪性面孔刺激(恐惧、快乐等)能引发更强的P1成分(Luo et al., 2010)和N170成分(Calvo & Beltrán, 2013)。但是, 自我参照语境对视觉皮层的调节作用往往出现在视觉加工晚期(Wieser et al., 2014), P1与N170成分反映了视觉皮层对面孔刺激的早期加工, 因而无法影响中性面孔加工的早期成分。并且, 本研究中只使用了中性面孔刺激, 这些面孔刺激的情绪特征并不存在显著差异, 因此可以得出与以往研究(Wieser et al., 2014)相一致的结论, 语境中的参照信息对面孔知觉的影响产生于晚期视觉加工阶段, 而非早期视觉加工阶段。
4.4 自我参照与母亲参照在情绪知觉加工中的一致性效应
本研究中的自我参照与母亲参照的条件, 对他人面孔情绪加工的影响表现出了一致性, 母亲参照和自我参照语境较他人参照语境诱发了中性面孔更明显的EPN、LPP波幅, 对面孔情绪效价和唤醒度的评定结果与ERP的结果相互印证。上述结果符合Markus和Kitayama (1991)的文化与自我概念的理论和Aron等(2004)的自我扩展模型。与西方文化中独立性自我不同, 东方文化强调与他人的社会联结或群体属性, 建构互依型自我, 自我包含母亲这样的重要他人。虽然在每个文化中, 母亲都具有非常重要的地位, 但在集体主义文化中母亲的地位具有其特殊性(Markus & Kitayama, 1991), 这种特殊性不仅表现为记忆加工优势, 而且体现为对面孔情绪知觉加工的影响。语境中自我参照加工与面孔情绪加工具有共享的神经机制, 从而能够改变个体对面孔情绪的感知和评价, 进而影响了面孔情绪的后期知觉(Wieser & Brosch, 2012; Wieser et al., 2014)。由于自我参照加工能够增强大脑区域之间的功能耦合(Sui & Humphreys, 2015; Sui & Gu, 2017), 本研究认为自我参照与母亲参照共同的神经表征机制(mPFC, ACC等), 使得母亲参照与自我参照在情感语境加工中具有相同动机, 二者对面孔加工扩展神经网络的影响也具有一致性, 从而能够以相同的方式持续调节后期面孔的知觉加工皮层的活动, 因而表现为诱发了相似的EPN和LPP效应。此外, 自我整合模型认为, 自我参照不仅能够增强自我相关刺激的知觉与记忆, 还能促进不同加工阶段的耦合(Sui & Humphreys, 2015; Sui & Gu, 2017), 本研究的结果为自我参照加工对面孔情绪知觉具有促进和易化作用提供了证据支持, 并且这种促进和易化作用还可能扩展至母亲参照加工, 在一定程度上扩展了自我整合模型。同时, 本研究的面孔识别背景为第三人称视角的语境, 不同于第一人称视角下与自我的直接相关, 因此本研究对第三人称视角下的“自我”与面孔情绪知觉相结合的探讨, 从认知神经科学的角度再一次证明了“自我”范畴的扩展性。
本研究与以往的一些研究相似, 都是基于单一文化背景考察自我参照与母亲参照的特点(杨红升, 朱滢, 2004; 朱湘茹 等, 2015; 张力 等, 2005; 朱滢, 张力, 2001)。 但是, 自我参照与母亲参照具有一致性的研究, 大多还是基于跨文化的比较研究(Han et al., 2013; Han & Ma, 2014), 为进一步考察母亲参照与自我参照语境条件下的面孔知觉加工特点, 今后有必要提供基于跨文化比较的证据, 进一步验证当前的研究结论。
5 结论
本研究基于他人对自我和母亲评价的视角, 探讨了不同参照语境对他人面孔情绪知觉的影响。与他人参照相比, 自我参照与母亲参照语境中的中性面孔能引起更大的EPN和LPP波幅, 而面孔情绪知觉的早期成分P1和N170在不同条件下的差异并不显著。这一结果表明, 在中国文化背景下, 母亲参照语境同样影响个体对他人面孔情绪的知觉加工; 此外, 自我参照与母亲参照语境中, 个体对面孔情绪效价、唤醒度的评定分数, 以及EPN、LPP波幅的大小均无显著差异, 表明自我参照与母亲参照对面孔情绪知觉加工的影响具有一致性。
致谢
感谢审稿专家与编委专家所提的宝贵意见, 感谢西北师范大学心理学院赵鑫教授在论文修改中提出的建设性意见。
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AbstractCulture affects the psychological structure of self and results in two distinct types of self-representation (Western independent self and East Asian interdependent self). However, the neural basis of culture–self interaction remains unknown. We used fMRI to measured brain activity from Western and Chinese subjects who judged personal trait adjectives regarding self, mother or a public person. We found that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed stronger activation in self- than other-judgment conditions for both Chinese and Western subjects. However, relative to other-judgments, mother-judgments activated MPFC in Chinese but not in Western subjects. Our findings suggest that Chinese individuals use MPFC to represent both the self and the mother whereas Westerners use MPFC to represent exclusively the self, providing neuroimaging evidence that culture shapes the functional anatomy of self-representation.]]>
The motivational hierarchy between self and mother: Evidence from the feedback-related negativity
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Self not only represents individual distinctiveness, but also internalizes and integrates with closed others, such as mother. The importance of closed others for self conception is shaped by culture difference, which could be reflected on the neural level. For instance, previous studies on Western people have observed significant difference in the activation of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) between the judgment of self and that of mother, which is a region involved in self-relevant processing. In contrast, for East Asians, there is a shared neural representation between self and mother in Chinese people. However, it remains unknown whether self and mother have the same motivational hierarchy among East Asians. Eighteen college students (22.1 ± 0.8 years of age, ranged 20~24, 10 males) participated in this study. Informed consent was obtained prior to the experiment. All had normal vision (with correction), and none had a history of neurological disease or brain injury. All of them were right-handed. The subjects were paid for their participation. The subjects were asked to finish the simple gambling task. Each trial started with a 3000 ms presentation of the a notice about the beneficiary of the ongoing bet (i.e. either ‘for yourself’, ‘for your mother’ or ‘for stranger’). The subjects were told that the stranger was someone selected from the subject pool. Each participant was paid 20 Chinese yuan for their participation. In the gambling task, there was a separate account for each beneficiary. Based on the gained points for each beneficiary, the final revenue or losses were added to the separate account. Finally, the money were put on the mother's or stranger's cell phone. The current findings replicated the well-established ERP pattern that losses evoked a larger FRN than gain in the gambling task. Also, the FRN amplitude was sensitive to the beneficiary factor. That is, the FRN was larger when the subjects made choices on behalf of themselves and their mothers than for strangers, but there was no significant difference between self and mother conditions. These ERP results provided evidence that self and mother share the same motivational hierarchy in Chinese brain.
母亲与自我具有相同的动机等级: 来自结果评价的FRN证据
