建立本土化的中国情绪图片系统( CAPS)以适应情绪研究的需要。方法: 筛选出 852 幅图片组成 CAPS, 46 名中国大学生对 CAPS 图片的愉悦度、 唤醒度和优势度进行了自我报告的 9 点量表评分。结果: 在 CAPS 评分中, 唤醒度评分结果的一致性最高, 愉悦度和优势度评分结果的标准差大于唤醒度的标准差。散点图显示, CAPS 在愉悦度和唤醒度上评分分布较为广泛。结论: 国际情绪图片系统( IAPS)具有较好的国际通用性, 但仍由于文化、 个性等因素存在差异, 因此编制本土化的中国情绪图片系统是有必要的

Being happy and finding life meaningful overlap, but there are important differences. A large survey revealed multiple differing predictors of happiness (controlling for meaning) and meaningfulness (controlling for happiness). Satisfying one needs and wants increased happiness but was largely irrelevant to meaningfulness. Happiness was largely present oriented, whereas meaningfulness involves integrating past, present, and future. For example, thinking about future and past was associated with high meaningfulness but low happiness. Happiness was linked to being a taker rather than a giver, whereas meaningfulness went with being a giver rather than a taker. Higher levels of worry, stress, and anxiety were linked to higher meaningfulness but lower happiness. Concerns with personal identity and expressing the self contributed to meaning but not happiness. We offer brief composite sketches of the unhappy but meaningful life and of the happy but meaningless life.

Previous research with both animal and subjects has shown that startle reflex magnitude is potentiated in an aversive stimulus context, relative to responses elicited in a neutral or appetitive context. In the present experiment, the same pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral picture stimuli were repeatedly presented to subjects. Startle reflex was assessed in each stimulus context and was compared with the patterns of heart rate, electrodermal, and facial corrugator muscle responses. All systems showed initial differentiation among affective picture contents and general over trials. The startle reflex alone, however, continued to differentiate among pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures throughout the presentation series. These results suggest that (a) the startle probe reflex is relatively uninfluenced by stimulus novelty, (b) the startle modulatory circuit (identified with amygdala-reticular connections in ) varies systematically with affective valence, and (c) the modulatory influence is less subject to than is the obligatory startle pathway or responses in other somatic and autonomic systems.

Adaptation level theory suggests that both contrast and habituation will operate to prevent the winning of a fortune from elevating happiness as much as might be expected. Contrast with the peak experience of winning should lessen the impact of ordinary pleasures, while habituation should eventually reduce the value of new pleasures made possible by winning. Study 1 compared a sample of 22 major lottery winners with 22 controls and also with a group of 29 paralyzed accident victims who had been interviewed previously. As predicted, lottery winners were not happier than controls and took significantly less pleasure from a series of mundane events. Study 2 indicated that these effects were not due to preexisting differences between people who buy or do not buy lottery tickets or between interviews that made or did not make the lottery salient. Paraplegics also demonstrated a contrast effect, not by enhancing minor pleasures but by idealizing their past, which did not help their present happiness.

According to the hedonic treadmill model, good and bad events temporarily affect happiness, but people quickly adapt back to hedonic neutrality. The theory, which has gained widespread acceptance in recent years, implies that individual and societal efforts to increase happiness are doomed to failure. The recent empirical work outlined here indicates that 5 important revisions to the treadmill model are needed. First, individuals' set points are not hedonically neutral. Second, people have different set points, which are partly dependent on their temperaments. Third, a single person may have multiple happiness set points: Different components of well-being such as pleasant emotions, unpleasant emotions, and life satisfaction can move in different directions. Fourth, and perhaps most important, well-being set points can change under some conditions. Finally, individuals differ in their adaptation to events, with some individuals changing their set point and others not changing in reaction to some external event. These revisions offer hope for psychologists and policy-makers who aim to decrease human misery and increase happiness. Copyright 2006 APA, all rights reserved.

The present study explored how life satisfaction changes before and after childbirth among first-time parents from a nationally representative, longitudinal study of Germans. Life satisfaction increased before pregnancy to a peak just after birth and then returned to the baseline level within 2 years postpartum. The 2 members of the same couple reacted and adapted to childbirth in similar ways, suggesting that something about the event itself (rather than the individuals' personality) affects individual differences in these responses. However, some personality characteristics (including neuroticism and openness) did moderate reaction and adaptation effects.

Affective adaptation is the psychological processes that cause an affective response to weaken after one or more exposures to a stimulus.In those theories that illustrate the psychology mechanism and procedure of affective adaptation,AREA model is the most influential theory.The AREA model holds that people attend to self-relevant,unexplained events,react emotionally to these events,explain or reach an understanding of the events,and thereby adapt to the events,then attend less and have weaker emotional reactions to them.Lots of empirical studies concerning negative events and positive events supported the AREA model.The development of this field needs to deeply investigate the variables that facilitate or impede affective adaptation,cross-cultural research,the precision of the temporal localization of the adaptation trajectory and happiness interventions.

Abstract We review the phenomenon of hedonic decline, whereby repeated exposure to a stimulus typically reduces the hedonic response (e.g., enjoyment). We first discuss the typical trajectory of hedonic decline and the common research paradigms used to study it. We next discuss the most popular theories regarding general mechanisms widely believed to underlie hedonic decline. We then propose a taxonomy to organize these various general theories and to incorporate more recent work on top-down, self-reflective theories. This taxonomy identifies three general classes of antecedents to hedonic decline: physiological feedback, perceptual changes, and self-reflection. For each class, we review the supporting evidence for specifically identified antecedents and recent developments on how each antecedent influences hedonic decline. Our review focuses especially on more recent work in the growing area of self-reflection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology Volume 69 is January 4, 2018. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Background Personality is suggested to be a major risk factor for depression but large-scale individual participant meta-analyses on this topic are lacking. Method Data from 10 prospective community cohort studies with 117,899 participants (mean age 49.0 years; 54.7% women) were pooled for individual participant meta-analysis to determine the association between personality traits of the five-factor model and risk of depressive symptoms. Results In cross-sectional analysis, low extraversion (pooled standardized regression coefficient (B) = -.08; 95% confidence interval = -0.11, -0.04), high neuroticism (B =.39; 0.32, 0.45), and low conscientiousness (B = -.09; -0.10, -0.06) were associated with depressive symptoms. Similar associations were observed in longitudinal analyses adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms (n = 56,735; mean follow-up of 5.0 years): low extraversion (B = -.03; -0.05, -0.01), high neuroticism (B =.12; 0.10, 0.13), and low conscientiousness (B = -.04; -0.06, -0.02) were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms at follow-up. In turn, depressive symptoms were associated with personality change in extraversion (B = -.07; 95% CI = -0.12, -0.02), neuroticism (B =.23; 0.09, 0.36), agreeableness (B = -.09; -0.15, -0.04), conscientiousness (B = -.14; -0.21, -0.07), and openness to experience (B = -.04; -0.08, 0.00). Conclusions Personality traits are prospectively associated with the development of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms, in turn, are associated with changes in personality that may be temporary or persistent.

Previous research has described patterns of adaptation of cardiovascular responses across prolonged or recurring stress. However, despite important implications for the study of reactivity, relatively little research has directly examined the antecedents or consequences of this adaptation. We present data showing that neuroticism, a personality trait associated with dispositional appraisals of stress, is associated with reductions in HR, CO, and TPR responses across stress exposures. Comparisons of reactivity curves suggest blunted initial stress responses among persons with high neuroticism, and higher initial responses followed by greater decreases among persons with low neuroticism. The data also suggest an association between adaptation of cardiovascular responses and myocardial hemodynamic responding. Such findings shed new light on previous studies detecting healthful correlates of short-term stress responding, and highlight the relevance of adaptation to future cardiovascular reactivity research.

Affective adaptation is a psychological processes that causes a weak affective when exposures to a repetitive and successive stimulus. Empirical researches suggested that the adaptation to positive and negative emotions is asymmetric in speed and degree. We explain the mechanism of asymmetric affective adaptation from views of evolutionary psychology, cognitive psychology and positive psychology. There are many questions should be further explored:(1) The different adaptation between affective well-being and cognitive well-being;(2) The moderate effect of personality traits in affective adaptation process;(3) Investigate the interventions of affective adaptation;(4) Promote the precision of the temporal localization of the adaptation trajectory.

Affective adaptation is a psychological processes that causes a weak affective when exposures to a repetitive and successive stimulus. Empirical researches suggested that the adaptation to positive and negative emotions is asymmetric in speed and degree. We explain the mechanism of asymmetric affective adaptation from views of evolutionary psychology, cognitive psychology and positive psychology. There are many questions should be further explored: (1) The different adaptation between affective well-being and cognitive well-being; (2) The moderate effect of personality traits in affective adaptation process; (3) Investigate the interventions of affective adaptation; (4) Promote the precision of the temporal localization of the adaptation trajectory.

情绪反应习惯化对个体的生存和适应具有重要的作用.为了研究大脑对不同情绪强度的正性和负性刺激的情绪习惯化,本研究设计2个实验条件,对极端正性(HP)、中等正性(MP)和中性图片以及极端负性(HN)、中等负性(MN)和中性图片的事件相关电位进行记录.使用双选择oddball范式,要求被试按不同的键做标准刺激和偏差刺激的分类任务.结果显示,重复呈现图片时,被试对HP刺激的唤醒度评定显著降低;在正性条件下,当重复呈现情绪刺激时N1潜伏期缩短;HP和MP刺激诱发的P3波幅随正性刺激的重复呈现显著降低,且下降的程度相似.与此相反,负性条件下,在上述所有指标上均未观察到显著的情绪习惯化效应.这提示,在自动化加工阶段和受控加工阶段,无论强度如何,正性刺激诱发的情绪反应都出现了显著的习惯化效应,而各种强度的负性刺激诱发的情绪反应均未出现习惯化效应;刺激的情绪强度对该习惯化效应无显著影响.

We use data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study to investigate the extent to which: (1) five personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability/neuroticism, extraversion, and openness) moderate the effect of late-life spousal loss on depressive symptoms; (2) these patterns vary based on the expectedness of the death; and (3) the patterns documented in (1) and (2) are explained by secondary stressors and social support. Widowed persons report significantly more depressive symptoms than married persons, yet the deleterious effects of loss are significantly smaller for highly extraverted and conscientious individuals. The protective effects of personality traits, however, vary based on the expectedness of the death. Extraversion is protective against depression only for persons who had forewarning of the death. Extraverts may be particularly good at marshalling social support during prolonged periods of spousal illness. We discuss the ways that extraversion and conscientiousness may buffer against bereavement-related stressors.

Eudaimonic theories of well-being assert the importance of achieving one’s full potential through engaging in inherently meaningful endeavors. In two daily diary studies, we assessed whether reports of engagement in behaviors representative of eudaimonic theories were associated with well-being. We also examined whether eudaimonic behaviors were more strongly related to well-being than behaviors directed toward obtaining pleasure or material goods. In both studies, eudaimonic behaviors had consistently stronger relations to well-being than hedonic behaviors. Data also provided support for a temporal sequence in which eudaimonic behaviors were related to greater well-being the next day. Overall, our results suggest that “doing good” may be an important avenue by which people create meaningful and satisfying lives.

Abstract Emotions are traditionally considered to be brief states that last for seconds or a few minutes at most. However, due to pioneering theoretical work of Frijda and recent empirical studies, it has become clear that the duration of emotions is actually highly variable with durations ranging from a few seconds to several hours, or even longer. We review research on determinants of emotion duration. Three classes of determinants are identified: features related to the (a) emotion-eliciting event (event duration and event appraisal), (b) emotion itself (nature of the emotion component, nature of the emotion, and emotion intensity), and (c) emotion-experiencing person (dispositions and emotion regulatory actions). Initial evidence on the psychological and neural mechanisms that underlie their effects is discussed.