Rural left-behind children as a special group is came as a result of the social transformation period in China.This article studied 242 rural left-behind children's personality development in Yushan country,Jiangxi province by the Y-G Personality Test,Student Group Thematic Apperception Test(G-TAT) and S-K Kraepelin Psychological Test.A comparative research of personality trait differences between rural left-behind children and normal children was made and the causes of the differences were analyzed in the light of parent-child relationship.

留守儿童是指父母双方流动到其他地区，孩子留在户籍所在地并因此不能和父母双方共同生活在一起一年以上的十六岁以下的未成年儿童，是我国在新时期出现的特殊儿童群体。他们的出现已引起社会广泛的关注和争论。他们的发展到底如何?他们有什么特点呢?他们是不是问题儿童?这是家长、教育者和社会所关心的话题。 为了全面了解留守儿童的人格特征，本研究采用了问卷测验(Y-G性格测验)、投射测验(G-TAT团体主题统觉测验)、作业测验(S-K克雷佩林心理测验)三种不同的测验工具对江西玉山县242名留守儿童和非留守儿童人格特征进行调查分析，结果表明：留守儿...

Objective:To explore the relationship between different types of relationships(opposite-sex peer relation-ships,same-sex peer relationships,parent-child relationships,teacher-student relationship) and depression,and the im-pacts of self-esteem and gender on the relationship were also examined.Methods:A sample of 1614 adolescents complet-ed the interpersonal scale(IRS),the short version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D-13) and theRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSES).Results:1Self-esteem played not only a mediating,but also a moderating role,be-tween the different types of relationships and adolescent depression.2In the mediation model of self-esteem,gender mod-erated the relationship between parent-child relationship and adolescent depression,and the relationship between teacher-student relationships and adolescent depression.Conclusion:Interpersonal relationship exerts direct effects and indirecteffects through self-esteem on depression in adolescents.Further,gender has a moderating effect on this mediating relation-ship.

This study examined self-esteem as a moderator of the influence of perceived stress and coping...

Objective: To develop a Family Adversity Inventory for Parent-absent Children in Chinese rural area.Methods: 72 original items were developed based on literature analysis and interviews.The inventory was then administered to 1085 rural children from Hunan Province.Factor analysis,correlation analysis and variance analysis were conducted.Finally,51 items were left.Results: EFA result indicated there were disadvantages in parental care,family atmosphere,material life,life care,family ability to cope with events,learning management,supervision,communication,permission,mood of primary guardian,command and coercion,harsh punishment in parent-absent children family.The fit index was as follows: 2/df=2.131,NFI=0.960,RFI=0.956,IFI=0.978,TLI=0.976,CFI=0.978,RMSEA=0.046.12 dimensions of family adversity were negatively correlated with total well-being,positive feeling and positively correlated to negative feeling,depression,loneliness and problem behavior.Parent-absent children in different care-taking modes scored higher than parent-present children.Cronbach coefficients of the 12 subscales ranged from 0.504 to 0.871 and re-test reliability coefficients ranged from 0.614 to 0.815.Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the scale are satisfactory.

目的:编制适用于留守儿童的家庭处境不利问卷。方法:基于文献分析和访谈结果,形成问卷的70个初始项目。以1085名农村儿童为被试,通过因素分析、相关分析和方差分析,形成由51个项目构成的最终问卷。结果:最终问卷由缺少父母关爱、家庭气氛冷清、物质生活差、生活照顾不周、应对能力差、学习管理不善、监管不力、缺少沟通、放任、监护人心情差、命令强迫、严厉惩罚等12个维度构成;模型的拟合指数为:χ2/df=2.131,NFI=0.960,RFI=0.956,IFI=0.978,TLI=0.976,CFI=0.978,RMSEA=0.046;各维度与总体幸福感、积极情感呈负相关,与消极情感、抑郁、孤独、问题行为呈正相关;不同监护类型留守儿童在各维度上的得分显著高于父母监护的一般儿童;各维度的Cron-bachα系数在0.504-0.871之间,重测信度在0.614-0.815之间。结论:自编问卷的信效度基本达到测量学要求。

ABSTRACT Tested the hypothesis that children would report that different social-network members provide different social provisions, using 199 5th6th grade White children. Ss completed network of relationships inventories, which assessed 10 qualities of their relationships with mothers, fathers, siblings, grandparents, friends, and teachers. Consistent with R. S. Weiss's (1974) theory (i.e., that individuals seek specific social provisions or types of social support in their relationships with others), Ss reported seeking different provisions from different individuals. Mothers and fathers were turned to most often for affection, enhancement of worth, a sense of reliable aid, and instrumental aid. Next to parents, grandparents were turned to most often for affection and enhancement of worth, and teachers were turned to most often for instrumental aid. Friends were the greatest source of companionship, and friends and mothers received the highest ratings of intimacy. Ss also reported having more power in their relationships with other children than in those with adults. Conflict was perceived as occurring most often in sibling relationships. Ss were most satisfied with their relationships with mothers, and they thought their relationships with mothers and fathers were the most important. Bases for children's differentiations of their relationships and implications for understanding social networks are discussed. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Using survey data of 3812 rural children in grades 4 to 9 in Henan and Shanxi Provinces,this article examines depression,self-esteem,subjective well-being,behavioral problems,future-related stress and interpersonal relationships among children left behind by their rural-to-urban migrant parents compared to those living in non-migrant families.After using propensity score matching techniques to control for selection effects,we find significant negative effects of both parents migrating on their children's subjective well-being.Also we find leftbehind children with one parent migrating experienced greater future-related stress than non-left-behind children.

以河南和陕西两省3812名4~9年级农村学生为研究样本,考察其在抑郁、自尊、问题行为、幸福感、未来压力感知及人际关系方面的社会适应状况,并运用倾向值匹配方法探讨了父母外出务工对其产生的影响。结果发现,在倾向值匹配之前,双亲外出务工的留守儿童在未来压力感知、抑郁和幸福感3方面的适应状况均比非留守儿童差,在师生关系上得分高于非留守儿童;单亲外出务工的留守儿童感知到的未来压力及抑郁水平也显著高于非留守儿童。经过倾向值匹配处理后,双亲外出留守儿童的幸福感仍显著低于非留守儿童,单亲外出留守儿童的未来压力感知也高于非留守儿童,但其他方面的差异不再显著。研究结果提示对于留守与非留守儿童存在的社会适应差异不能完全归咎于父母的外出务工状态。

Left-behind children (LBC) are those who continue to live in their hometown after one or both parents have left for occupational opportunities elsewhere. In this study, we examined the relationship between the age of the children at separation from parents (age), the duration of separation (time), and the behavioral and emotional status of the children. Participants (268 LBC and 228 non-LBC) in China completed the Youth Self Report (YSR), Depression Self-rating Scale for Children, and Children Loneliness Scale. The results showed that LBC scored higher than the non-LBC on loneliness, behavior problems, and several YSR subscales. There was no main effect of age and time on loneliness or behavior problems, but there was an interaction effect of age and time on several YSR subscales. Our findings extend those of existing studies on the effects of parent-child separation in the LBC scenario.

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to explore bidirectional associations between teens self-regulation and maternal and paternal parenting styles (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive-indulgent) over one year. As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, 489 teens ages 11-16 (51% female, 70% European American, 69% in two-parent households) and their parents completed questionnaires on two occasions. Analyses revealed high temporal stability of parenting and self-regulation over time. No cross-lagged effects emerged in either authoritative parenting model. Bidirectional effects were observed in the maternal authoritarian parenting model only. Child effects on parenting were revealed in both permissive-indulgent parenting models. The interpretation of these findings and their implications for future research are delineated in the discussion.

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigated gender and age differences on domains of stress, self-esteem and depressive symptoms, as well as the association between those domains using a sample of Norwegian adolescents (N = 1,239). The data was analysed using Pearson product moment correlation, t-tests, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. The results showed significant differences between genders. Girls scored higher on five of seven stressor domains comprising peer pressure, home life, school attendance, school/leisure conflict and school performance as well as depression, while boys scored significantly higher on self-esteem. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that higher stress from school performance and school attendance related significantly to more depressive symptoms in both genders. Additionally, stress of home life significantly related to more depressive symptoms in girls, whereas stress of peer pressure was significant in association with depressive symptoms in boys. A strong, inverse association was found between self-esteem and depression controlled for stress, especially in girls. Self-esteem was not found to be a moderator of any stressor-depression interactions. In conclusion, the results give support for the significant role of stress and self-esteem on the experience of depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Objective To analyze the relationship between parental rearing styles and personality traits of juvenile delinquent,it can guide juveniles' parents to adapt better rearing styles,and promote the level of mental health.Methods Randomly 160 male delinquent juvenile(study group)and 170 normal juveniles were tested with EMBU and EPQ.Results ①The differences of the score in parental rearing style in affective(FA1,MA1),punishment(FA2,MA4),denial(FA5)and care(FA6,MA2)are very significant(P0.01);②The differences of the personality traits in P and N are very significant(P0.01);③The correlations between parental rearing styles and personality trait of juvenile delinquent are very significant(P0.01)in affective(FA1,MA1),denial(FA5,MA3)and punishment(FA2,MA4).Conclusion The difference of parental rearing styles between two groups is very significant,and the correlations between mail factors in parental rearing styles and the personality traits of juvenile delinquent are very significant.

This study investigated the relationship of childhood adversity and adult sleep quality in 327 college students (91 males), with a mean age of 18.9 years (SD = 2.1) and also examined whether neuroticism significantly mediated the observed association. Regression findings indicate that the relationship between childhood adversity and adult sleep quality is significant, and that there is a stronger association in men. Furthermore, a bootstrapping approach to testing the significance of the indirect effect (i.e., mediation) indicated that neuroticism mediated this relationship in both men and women. These data suggest that otherwise healthy young adults with a history of childhood adversity are at increased risk for sleep disturbance. Neuroticism may represent a potential target for change in future insomnia interventions, particularly in adults with a history of childhood adversity.

There is a considerable literature linking aspects of experienced parenting to later personality disorders. Because dimensionally measured personality disorders are associated with variations in normal personality traits, it is important to understand the contribution of parenting experienced in childhood to later normal personality traits. In this report, 742 community-based individuals, subjects from the Hopkins Epidemiology of Personality Disorders Study, were assessed for normal personality traits, as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and for parental behavior experienced as children, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The PBI dimensions were significantly, but moderately, correlate with measures of normal personality, the strongest associations being with the NEO-PI-R factors, neuroticism and conscientiousness, and with the TCI factors, self-directedness and harm avoidance. Subjects who reported lower parental care and higher parental intrusiveness were more likely to be higher in neuroticism, lower in conscientiousness, lower in self-directedness, and higher in harm avoidance. Also, trends emerged suggesting both parent-specific and gender-specific differences in the relationship between the PBI dimensions and normal adult personality traits. As variations in normal personality traits are associated with dimensionally measured personality disorders, it is conceivable that the role of parenting in later personality disorder may be mediated by associations between parenting and normal personality traits.

Neuroticism and self-esteem, two commonly used personality constructs, are thought to reflect a person's underlying vulnerability to major depression. The relative strength of these predictors is not known.Information was gathered on 2163 individual women from an epidemiological sample of female female twin pairs. Neuroticism was assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and global self-esteem by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Major depression (DSM-III-R criteria) and stressful life events were also assessed. The personality constructs were studied in relation to major depression by logistic regression and structural equation modelling.Both cross-sectionally and prospectively, examined individually, neuroticism was a stronger predictor of risk for major depression than was self-esteem. When examined together, the predictive power of neuroticism remained substantial, while that of self-esteem largely disappeared. The same pattern of findings was obtained when a subset of subjects who had recently experienced stressful life events was analysed. By trivariate twin modelling, we found that the covariation of self-esteem, neuroticism and major depression was due largely to genetic factors. When self-esteem was the 'upstream' variable, a substantial genetic correlation remained between neuroticism and major depression. By contrast, when neuroticism was the 'upstream' variable, the genetic correlation between self-esteem and major depression disappeared.The personality construct of neuroticism is a substantially better index of a woman's underlying vulnerability to major depression than is self-esteem. These findings suggest that overall emotionality or emotional reactivity to the environment reflects risk for depression better than does global self-concept.

Low self-esteem and depression are strongly related, but there is not yet consistent evidence on the nature of the relation. Whereas the vulnerability model states that low self-esteem contributes to depression, the scar model states that depression erodes self-esteem. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the models are specific for depression or whether they are also valid for anxiety. We evaluated the vulnerability and scar models of low self-esteem and depression, and low self-esteem and anxiety, by meta-analyzing the available longitudinal data (covering 77 studies on depression and 18 studies on anxiety). The mean age of the samples ranged from childhood to old age. In the analyses, we used a random-effects model and examined prospective effects between the variables, controlling for prior levels of the predicted variables. For depression, the findings supported the vulnerability model: The effect of self-esteem on depression (beta = -.16) was significantly stronger than the effect of depression on self-esteem (beta = -.08). In contrast, the effects between low self-esteem and anxiety were relatively balanced: Self-esteem predicted anxiety with beta = -.10, and anxiety predicted self-esteem with beta = -.08. Moderator analyses were conducted for the effect of low self-esteem on depression; these suggested that the effect is not significantly influenced by gender, age, measures of self-esteem and depression, or time lag between assessments. If future research supports the hypothesized causality of the vulnerability effect of low self-esteem on depression, interventions aimed at increasing self-esteem might be useful in reducing the risk of depression.

Teenagers relationships with parents and friends undergo many changes during their adolescence. Friendship becomes increasingly important. However, researchers have found that support and warmth from parents still play an important role in fostering healthy socioemotional development for adolescents. Although lots of studies have explored the main effect of parental and friendship support on adolescent adjustments, few have examined the interaction between the two. It should be noted that at least three relationship patterns have been discovered according to existing research: an enhancement pattern, a compensation pattern and an independence pattern. But no consistent conclusion about these interaction patterns has been achieved, which is probably due to different emotional problems, ages and genders in different studies. So this study adopted the Chinese modified versions of the Network of Relationships Inventory, Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Loneliness Scale, and Children Depression Inventory, and specially focused on the interaction patterns between parental support and friendship support on adolescent loneliness and depression and their applicability to different stages and genders with a sample of 391 Chinese adolescents (211 boys and 180 girls) from grade 7 (early adolescence) and 10 (middle adolescence). The main findings were as follows. (1) On one hand, middle adolescents perceived significantly lower parental support and friendship quality than early adolescents did, but no significant difference was found in loneliness and depression. On the other hand, girls perceived obviously higher friendship support than boys did, and no other significant difference was observed between genders. (2) Friendship support was the better predictor for adolescent loneliness, whereas parental support was the better predictor for adolescent depression. (3) During early adolescence, parental support and friendship support had significant interactions in loneliness and depression while the specific interacting patterns were different. High level of parental support enhanced the positive effect of high friendship support on reducing loneliness (an enhancement pattern), whereas high friendship support compensated the negative effect of low level of parental support (a compensation pattern); High parental support and high friendship support enhanced each other in the positive effect on reducing depression (an enhancement- each-other pattern). (4) Contrasted to early adolescents, there was no significant interaction between parental support and friendship support on middle adolescent depression (an independence pattern). These interacting patterns of boys were similar to those of girls. It suggests that the effects of family and peers on adolescent emotional adjustments take several types of patterns, which can be applied to different adjustment problems and development stages.

Parental warmth and control have been two major focuses of parenting research in the West.Similar work has also been carried out in China.The cross-cultural comparisons seem to suggest that Chinese parents are not as warm as Western parents and,to some extent,are also more controlling than Western parents.Whereas culture has been used as a convenient explanation for these differences,we believe that Chinese parents and Western parents may have different conceptualizations about warmth and,to a lesser degree,control.In the present study,we focused on warmth and tested the hypothesis that,whereas Western parents,as well as the instrument used to measure parenting,emphasize emotional or psychological warmth,Chinese parents might distinguish between motional and physical warmth. The latter refers to parental behaviors and actions directed at improving the child's physical or material well-being.We constructed parenting questionnaire items that were aimed to differentiate among emotional,health-oriented physical,and material-oriented physical warmth.The sample was taken from two primary schools and one secondary school in Beijing and one primary and one secondary school in Shanghai.Primary school grades 2,3 and 4 and secondary school grade 2 students and their parents were included in the sampling.The total number of students approached was 1040,of whom 905 had complete data from both the students and their parents and were included in the analyses.Of the 905 students,49.2% were female and 50.8% were from secondary schools.The average age of students was 11.09(SD=2.90).Among the 905 parents,73.52% were mothers.The average age of parents was 39.26(SD=4.74).The Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire(PSDQ) were administered to the parents.Of interest were the nine items that targeted emotional support and warmth.In addition to the PSDQ,parents were also given 23 self-constructed items of which 8 were related to emotional warmth(e.g.,"I'll spend time to keep my child company"),9 were related to health-oriented physical warmth(e.g.,"I am concerned with my child's diet"),and 6 were related to material-oriented physical warmth(e.g.,"I will make sure that my child has a good material life").Various child variables were also obtained.Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses support the three-factor-model.The three factors were emotional warmth,health-oriented physical warmth,and material-oriented physical warmth.The average factor loading was 0.62.Most of the goodness of fit statistics was satisfactory.On all three factors,parents of primary school children had higher scores than parents of secondary school students.The three warmth factors showed both similar and different correlations with such child outcome variables as academic achievement,peer acceptance,and self-concept.For example,emotional warmth was more strongly correlated with child outcome variables than physical warmth and health-oriented physical warmth was least correlated with child social outcome variables.The different warmth dimensions were also more strongly correlated with child outcome variables for primary than secondary school children.However,all the correlations were moderate.These findings lend some support to our hypothesis that Chinese parents and children conceptualize parental warmth differently than what have been reported in the Western literature.Chinese parents emphasize both physical and emotional support of their children even though the former may not be felt by children as much as and thus has less effect on child social outcomes than the latter.

Parental Bonding Instrument,Self-Esteem Scale,General Self-Efficacy Scale,General Trust Scale,Perceived Social Support Scale,Indices of General Affect and Well-Being were used to assess 765 college students,and the possible effect mechanism of parenting style on subjective well-being was explored.The results indicated as follows:College students in China perceived significantly more maternal care than paternal care,and the male perceived significantly more parental overprotection than the female;there were significant correlation between parental rearing patterns and self-esteem,self-efficacy,general trust,perceived social support,and subjective well-being;there were no significant differences between influence of maternal rearing and influence of paternal rearing on general trust,perceived social support,and subjective well-being,but comparing with paternal care,maternal care had significantly greater effects on self-esteem and self-efficacy;compared with self-efficacy and general trust,self-esteem and perceived social support were main influence factors of subjective well-being;self-esteem and perceived social support were mediator factor between paternal and maternal rearing and subjective well-being.

目的:探讨农村留守儿童对于留守烦恼的认知评价状况及其与抑郁、孤独之间的关系.方法:从河南省某乡镇抽 取207名农村留守儿童,以儿童抑郁、孤独和留守烦恼的认知评价量表为研究工具进行测查.结果:①双亲外出儿童对留守烦恼的消极评价高于单亲外出儿童;② 对留守烦恼的消极评价越高,儿童的抑郁和孤独水平越高;③对于留守烦恼的积极评价越高,儿童的抑郁和孤独水平越低,但是双亲外出儿童的积极评价不能显著降 低其抑郁水平.结论:农村留守儿童关于留守烦恼的认知评价对其孤独的预测力高于抑郁;认知评价对抑郁和孤独的预测力因留守类别的不同而有所差异.

The widening gap in societal and economic development between urban and rural communities and the relaxation of migration restrictions in China since the 1980s have led large numbers of rural laborers to leave their countryside homes in search of better job opportunities in urban areas. As a result of this wave of migration, millions of children were left behind by their migrant parent in rural communities, in the care of the nonmigrant parent, the children’s grandparents or other relatives, even some are left to care for themselves. Long-term and long-distance family separation and lack of face-to-face communications characterize the interactions between migrant parent(s) and their left-behind offspring, and this relative absence of parental affection puts left-behind children at a disadvantage compared with children from nonmigrant families. Although left-behind children were reported to have a higher probability of risk for maladjustment than their peers from nonmigrant families, literatures suggest that there are considerable variations in the adaptations of left-behind children; while some children are at a high risk for delays in adaptive functioning, some do not experience adaptive problems, and still some even show positive development. A key issue with important preventive and theoretical implications in the study of left-behind children involves the identification of potentially protective processes that support positive adaptation in children from migrant families. The present study was designed to examine the moderate effects of parental cohesion and children’s cultural beliefs about adversity on the relationship between peer rejection/acceptance and adaptive functioning by comparing left-behind children with children from nonmigrant families. A total of 424 rural children were recruited from a rural area in Henan province of China, including 76 children from two-parent-migrant families, 133 children from father-migrant families, and 215 children from nonmigrant families. Peer rejection and acceptance, children’s aggression and school disengagement were measured by peer rating. The participants also completed self-report measures of parental cohesion, Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity and loneliness. The results showed that peer rejection was positively associated with children’s aggression, loneliness and school disengagement, while peer acceptance was negatively associated with children’s loneliness and school disengagement. Father-child cohesion, mother-child cohesion and positive beliefs about adversity predicted lower levels of children’s loneliness. Moreover, father-child cohesion and mother-child cohesion respectively moderated the relationship between peer acceptance and children’s loneliness. Specifically, at lower levels of parental cohesion, peer acceptance was negatively associated with children’s loneliness, but such association was not significant at higher levels of parental cohesion. Additionally, the moderation effect of parental cohesion on the relationships between peer rejection and children’s aggression and between peer rejection and school disengagement varied according to the status of parental migration (two-parent migrant families and nonmigrant families). Compared with children from nonmigrant families, higher levels of father-child cohesion and mother-child cohesion better attenuated the relationship between peer rejection and the external problems among children from two-parent migrant families. These findings did not support the hypothesis that migrant parent serves as the by-stander in left-behind children’s development, and highlight the importance of parental cohesion and peer acceptance for the positive adaptations of left-behind children. The implications of these findings for interventions directed at left-behind children were also discussed.

Those children left in the rural areas while their parents have gone out to look for a job in city are typical representatives of a socio-economically disadvantaged group. The present survey has found that these children have experienced problems of various degrees in personal safety, learning, morality and psychological development. Their teachers have reported that they have, compared with others, more troubles in daily performance, learning, moral behavior and emotion. The self-reports from these students have also shown that they have significantly poorer interpersonal relations and self-confidence than those who live with their parents, but more remarkable in loneliness, social anxiety and academic adaptation. The relevant education of their psychological development therefore demands assortment of all possible measures.

作为低社会经济地位儿童的典型代表,父母外出打工的农村留守儿童在人身安全、学习、品行、心理发展等方面都存在不同程度的问题.教师认为农村留守儿童在一般表现、学习、品行和情绪感受上比父母在家儿童的问题严重.学生的自我报告表明,留守儿童的心理问题主要是在人际关系和自信心方面显著地不如父母都在家的儿童,而在孤独感、社交焦虑和学习适应方面与其他儿童没有显著的差异.与留守儿童心理发展相关的教育问题需要多方面措施的配合.