本文采用跨学科分析方法,探讨贫困群体面临的收入性稀缺,从心理学视角来分析贫困人员的"稀缺"心态,从重要性和急迫性两个方面对比"获取当前收入"和参加社会保障制度对贫困群体的心理影响,深入探究贫困群体由于稀缺心态导致"管窥"现象、减少"带宽",降低认知能力和执行控制力,退出或不参加社会保障制度的原理,提出设计符合需要的"自我满足标准";灵活设计激励机制,将社会保障纳入"管子"视野内;完善提供机制;构建滚动缴存机制和建立阶段性渐进式退出机制,避免"稀缺陷阱"等措施建议,以提高贫困群体对社会保障制度的参与率和利用率,最终达到加强对贫困群体保障的目标。

"邻避"现象作为一个世界性难题,一直难以得到解决.近年来随着我国公民环境意识与权力意识的提升,邻避事件频发,这不仅严重影响了社会稳定与繁荣,而且也阻碍了社会经济的发展.学术界关于邻避事件的研究主要集中在邻避项目选址与决策研究、公众的邻避心理感知、邻避行动的产生、邻避型群体性事件的产生以及邻避型群体性事件的治理五个方面.基于对国内外学者相关研究的梳理,发现现有研究中存在三点不足:缺乏对我国民众邻避心理产生机制的梳理、缺乏邻避型群体性事件演进机制的全过程分析,缺少邻避事件治理的系统性方案.未来相关研究应该加强基于社会心理学视角的邻避事件研究,强化邻避行动产生的整体机制研究以及对于邻避事件的系统性治理框架的研究.

一、“精神贫困”实质是“个体失灵” 在本文中，我们将“精神贫困”定义为贫困人口缺乏志向、信念消极和行为决策不理性，从而影响其脱贫的行为现象。本文研究的贫困人口是指有劳动能力的人，而非老弱病残等丧失劳动能力的人。

决策研究人们如何进行判断与选择。本书展现了作者近20年来在行为决策领域所做的研究。所讲故事的脉络为：决策公理/原则、生存/进化法则、决策模型/理论、历史文化经验等一一教导我们“应该”如何做决策；而我们表征、比较选项的种种方式左右着我们“实际”怎样做决策。

理解并有效评估我国的城镇化建设对推进我国长期可持续发展至关重要。然而,人们对城镇化的评估结果却似乎与其所采用的评估方法(客观指标或主观指标)有关。通过对以往研究的综述,该研究发现,尽管评估地区的客观指标(如,文盲率)随着城镇化程度的升高而阶梯状改善,但是民众的主观指标却并没有随着中国城镇化水平的提高而上升。城市居民和农村居民在住地依恋的得分上大致相当,而原本预期得分介于两者之间的城镇居民则在住地依恋的得分上最低,该研究称这一\"V形\"现象为\"城镇位错效应\"。进一步的文献综述与调查分析显示,民众的住地依恋主要受到人口统计学指标、人际关系与物理环境的影响。建议在城镇化的评估中,结合使用客观指标与主观指标。

The description invariance principle, which is one of the axioms of normative economic theory, requires that equivalent descriptions of a problem yield the same preference ordering. However, several studies have revealed that people often violate the invariance principle in real world decision-making. This action is known as preference-framing effects in decision-making. We reviewed new findings on the framing effect in the field of risky and intertemporal decision-making. We presented the framing effect research with a verbal as well as graphical frame. We also introduced compensatory models (e.g., prospect theory) and non-compensatory models (e.g., equate-to-differentiate model) as the psychological mechanism. This review encourages future researchers to extend the study of framing effects.

党的十八届三中全会审议通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》，把“推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”作为全面深化改革的总目标，首次将“创新社会治理体制”写入党的纲领性文件，并明确提出要坚持系统治理、依法治理、综合治理和源头治理。近年来，全国各地在加强和创新社会管理中，已在从单一社会管理向多元社会治理转变上探索出了不少好经验、好做法，但距离社会治理创新的高标准、新要求还有不小距离，必须进一步审视现状、厘清问题。积极探索更精细、更科学、更富效益的社会治理新模式。提升社会治理精细化水平，就是当前和今后一个时期创新社会治理、提高社会治理水平的发展趋势和必然路径，需要着力研究和探索。

空气污染会对神经系统、脑功能及认知功能造成损害,且伤害多集中于儿童、老年人、慢性病患者等易感人群。空气污染会降低主观幸福感,导致焦虑、抑郁情绪,甚至增加自杀风险。不同的污染源影响认知与心理健康的生理机制是不同的。除生理机制外,空气污染也会通过媒体表征间接地对个体或群体产生心理影响,且影响的严重性程度与社会脆弱性和心理韧性有关。未来研究需进一步探索空气污染损害神经系统和认知功能的发病机理,空气污染对中国民众心理健康的具体影响及在不同社会群体上的不平等性,并针对特定人群发展有效的心理干预措施。

正医患社会心态的概念界定与内容维度医患社会心态是一定时期内社会中多数成员或较大比例的社会成员所普遍共享的关于医患关系的基本认知、情绪情感、态度立场和价值观念,它是医方或患方做出归因、判断和行为决策的重要影响变量。其中,医方包括医疗机构、医务工作者(医师、护士及医疗机构管理人员)和医学教育工作者,患方则包括患者及其亲属、监护人或代理人等利益群体。像儿童医院、儿科门诊或重症监护病房中的医患信任,往往并不产生于患者与医方之间,而是

新古典理论的自闭倾向早已遭人诟病,去过程化、去动机化并且和社会性的制度不接洽的理性演绎模型确实可能需要对此负很大的责任。但是,行为经济学挥舞着"不现实性"的大棒对主流的新古典经济学进行批判是否就真的能够导向更经验、更科学的经济学?行为经济学强调引入心理学知识来使经济学建立在更现实的基础上的做法同其批判的新古典理论一样,都采取的是一种本能的、不加反思的态度对待如何抽象的问题,无非是一个更看重形式化的逻辑,而另一个更看重经验现实。有必要将行为经济学对于新古典正统的挑战看成是一场经济学内部的对话的展开。其最终的目的是使经济学家们对于经济学应有的学科定位、经济学和其他相邻学科尤其是人的行为的理论之间的界限、什么是适合于经济学的任务的关于人的抽象等达到更高程度的自觉。目前行为经济学表面上繁荣恰恰是以回避对这些基础性的问题进行思考为代价的。

考察了中国17个城市的4231名市民对SARS疫情信息认知的理性和非理性特征,初步建立了中国民众在SARS危机事件中风险认知的心理行为预测模型。调查结果发现:(i)负性信息,特别是与民众自身关系密切的信息,更易引起他们的高风险评价,导致非理性的紧张或恐慌;而治愈信息、政府的防范措施等正性信息更能降低个体风险认知水平,使民众保持理性的应对行为,增进其心理健康;(ii)民众风险认知因素空间分布图的结果表明,SARS病因处于不熟悉和难以控制一端,“愈后对身体的影响”和“有无传染性”处于不熟悉一端,需要特别关注;(iii)中国民众在SARS危机中的心理行为预测模型初步得到了验证,即SARS疫情信息是通过风险认知影响个体的应对行为与心理健康的,风险评估、心理紧张度、应对行为和心理健康是有效的预测指标。

本书以20世纪改变人类状况的大型项目频出错误为着眼点，分析极端现代主义独裁主义国家规划中的各种失败，揭示其遭遇失败的共同条件。

老年精准扶贫对于当今我国应对扶贫、脱贫及老龄问题都具有特殊的意义。从整体上看,目前的扶贫方式、主体性取向及政策设计与老年精准扶贫的特殊需求存在脱节,使老年精准扶贫面临一定现实困境。积极老龄化政策理念为应对这一困境在理论研究和政策设计上提供了新的视野和思路,包括将老年人扶贫需求的精细识别与分层应对作为老年精准扶贫的策略框架,将促进老年人的主体性参与作为老年精准扶贫的关键路径,同时重构相关制度为老年精准扶贫提供根本的制度保障。

当前国内愈演愈烈的邻避困境背后,是地方管理者固守的“邻避管控”传统思维,将邻避看作社会发展的负面现象,采用自上而下的“灭火式”管理方式.伴随当今城市转向内涵式发展,公共设施建设引发的邻避现象将成为现代城市治理的常态问题.基于“增长联盟——社群联盟”的分析视角,本文认为,邻避现象实际上是增长联盟和社群联盟基于各自的利益诉求,从邻避设施建设、心理效应形成、利益诉求表达、决策参与到集体行动等阶段展开的互动博弈.要化解邻避困境,必须实现向“邻避治理”的转型,遵循现代治理理念,完善多元主体平等协商机制,构建公平正义的邻避问题处理机制,实现邻避设施建设中风险与收益、整体与局部的均衡协调发展.

社会许可(Social License to Operate-SLO)是指企业与当地社区共同参与项目实施全过程中重大问题的决策,并就项目开发所涉及的相关问题达成一致意见,最终由当地社区赋予或确认企业从事项目开发的社会资格或社会权利的一种社会行为.本文论述了社会许可的定义、内涵以及在矿业领域社会许可的表现形式和意义,认为在我国矿业领域推行社会许可是十分必要的:它不仅是促进我国绿色矿山建设的有力手段,而且会对我国矿业的健康发展将起到积极的推动作用.

当前我国城市化进程不断加快，大量公共基础设施的建设势在必行。由于社会意识形态发生变化，政府在一定程度上仍采取封闭式决策模式，公众的切身利益就会受到侵蚀，在利益诉求渠道不畅的情况下，受邻避情结的影响，极易引发邻避运动。分析中国式邻避运动的显著特征与演进逻辑，运用负外部性、集体行动逻辑等理论从社会意识形态、政治、经济、制度以及心理5个层面对我国邻避运动的多元形成机理进行深入探析，以期对中国式邻避运动的缓解与治理提供借鉴。

在社会大转型的背景下,中国社会心理学应该关注社会转型下的现实问题,而研究转型社会的心理问题,应该采取宏观的社会心态的研究范式。本文分析了当前社会心态研究特点和社会心态对转型社会研究的现状和存在的问题,梳理了社会心态研究可以借鉴的历史学、社会学和心理学遗产;在此基础上,提出了转型社会的社会心态研究范式,分析了社会心态的分析水平和学科边界扩展问题,提出了社会心态的结构和测量方法。作者进一步提出,社会转型本身也是社会心态研究的核心对象,社会心态研究是一种社会发展研究的学科方向。

通过总结近年来社会心态的研究,本文从风险社会的角度分析了当前社会心态中存在的风险和不确定性。包括人口流动、社会流动、社会不公平、社会情绪和社会价值观中的风险和不确定性。加强对这些不确定性的分析,将有助于认识和理解社会心态中的风险,从而才可能找到规避和化解社会心态的措施和策略。这也是社会学研究责无旁贷的责任。

1986年中国的社会心态研究开始出现,到2016年经历了三个阶段：第一个阶段是从1986年到1995年的起步阶段,第二个阶段是从1996年到2005年的积累阶段,第三个阶段是从2006年开始至今的崛起阶段。经过30年的发展,社会心态的研究范式基本形成,社会心态定位于转型社会下社会心理的宏观研究。社会心态的基本理论资源来自经典社会学、社会心理学以及当代的社会表征理论、社会认同理论和共享现实理论等。目前社会心态的概念和结构具有一定共识,但对于结构和机制的探讨还远未完成。未来社会心态的研究走向将以当下的社会治理为研究对象,在学科发展上将从关注社会转型到关注社会发展,也就是迈向一种发展的社会心理学。

环境信访是中国公民环境利益表达的重要途径,也是其参与环境治理的重要通道,引导公民有序进行环境信访对于加强生态文明建设、深化环境治理、维护社会稳定具有重要意义。本研究从环境信访的参与主体——公民入手,基于社会心理学中规范激活理论的连续模型,构建了公民环境信访影响因素的理论模型,并运用AMOS20.0对S市9个行政区500位市民的问卷调研结果进行实证分析,探究公民环境信访行为的社会心理影响因素。研究结果表明:规范激活理论的连续模型能够较好地解释中国公民的环境信访行为,其中环境信访结果认知正向影响环境信访责任归属,公民的个体规范需要通过责任归属得以激活,从而影响公民环境信访行为意向。因此,政府可以通过环保知识的宣传教育和完善环境信访相关法律法规来提升公民环保意识和环境信访责任归属感,同时可以通过环保政策法规的宣传、畅通环境信访渠道以及对公民环境信访行为的有效处理来促进公民对环境信访行为积极意义的认知,从而推动公民有序进行环境信访。

民意（公众意见）是政治学、社会学、传播学和心理学等诸多学科共同关注的问题，但不同学科都有各自的学科研究兴趣、目标以及不同的研究方式。在传统政治学研究中，对民意的关注和研究是一个重要传统，其中民意被视为民主理论的起点和基石。现代政治学中的民意研究已由政治学的传统研究主题发展为一个独立的研究领域，并在被作为规范研究主题的同时获得了经验研究的重要特征。其中，民意的多元化界定及民意的分布等构成了最为核心的问题领域。在今天可以被概括为“民意至上”的民粹主义社会氛围中，民意的力量以及民意对政府及其决策的影响都达到了最高点，民意应被置于政治学的学科透镜下得到更为全面和客观的检视，在治理理性的观照下实现其政治与社会资源价值。

局部繁荣下的贫困问题已成为当今世界面临的最大挑战,理解贫困以及与贫困有关的心理模型和决策过程、并促进人类的幸福与公正,是心理学家的一项重要使命。文章旨在阐明心理学在理解贫困和减贫工作中的角色,并对贫困心理学的研究思路、贫困归因的测量方法及其影响因素作一介绍。最后,在总结成就与问题的基础上,建议未来的贫困心理学应对特殊的目标群体做更多关注,并发展更可靠的测量方法,挖掘更多影响贫困心理的人格、社会因素。

群体性事件中的群体之所以形成，有其客观的事件基础，也有组成群体之个体的心理特性使然。加强和推进社会的心理建设，是预防、抑制以及治理群体性事件的重要社会方略。

The panic induced by the sudden risk events is much more harmful than the risk events themselves. When risk events come, the extent of public rationality is an important foundation to cope with crisis. This article proposes the concept of public rationality, explains definition and its construct, and influence factors. Taking SARS as an example, this article also analysis the nature and characteristics of risk communization, and the possible ways and related conditions for risk communication to influence public rationality. This article provides the theory foundation to make an inclusion on SARS risk crisis, to study the psychological system in coping with risk events in order to promote the research and practice in risk communication field.

近年来中国公共政策形成过程受到各方高度关注.相关研究文献也很多.本文在系统梳理国内外解释政府决策理论的基础上,将其分为三种视角,分别是“利益权力视角”、“理性学习视角”和“理念视角”.这三种竞争性视角都为观察政府决策提供了具有洞察力的理论透镜.文章进一步考察了它们在中国研究中的应用,发现前两种视角已经普遍被吸收到解释中国政府决策的研究中,而相比之下基于理念视角的分析则少之又少.这也使得政治文化、意识形态、政策理念等对决策产生深刻影响的因素并没有得到足够的重视.同时,政治权威作为意识形态等理念的操控者,其在决策过程中的显著作用也没有得到足够的阐释.

Implicit prejudice is often distinct from explicit prejudice when social norms are at work. With the rise of the research on implicit cognition, researchers begin to inspect the implicit part of racial prejudice. Intervention strategies of implicit racial prejudice have become a hot topic of racial prejudice research. The intervention strategies that reduce prejudice formation include evaluative conditioning, attribution training, intergroup contact, boundary reconstruction and the guidance of moral conviction. The intervention strategies that reduce prejudice expressing include providing counter-stereotypical exemplars, interference of egalitarian goals, improving perspective taking ability, mimicry of the discriminated and inducing positive affect. In the future, the research on motivation to control prejudice needs to be enhanced. Efforts should be made to improve the effectiveness of implicit racial prejudice intervention and ecological validity of experimental paradigm need to be emphasized.

当前我国农村地区已经成为邻避型环境群体性事件的易发地和多发地,该类群体性事件已经成为影响农村地区社会稳定的主要因素之一。准确界定农村邻避型环境群体性事件的特征,对于治理该类事件意义重大。农村邻避型环境群体性事件特征表现为:冲突焦点具有不确定性和主观性、环境风险更多地由农民承担、农民多使用暴力进行非理性抗争。农村邻避型环境群体性事件的发生机理表现为:利益相关者在风险认知上的冲突、部分农民环境权受侵害、“专断-压制”型管控模式的合法性困境。由此提出的防治路径包括:进行有效的风险沟通、设置形式多样的公民参与机制、构建“参与-回应”型社会治理模式。

笔者认为科斯和弗里德曼两人对"假设真实性"问题认识的差异其实并没有那么大,甚至比他们自己认为的更小.弗里德曼对话的主要对象是列斯特,重点在于作为公理的基础假设是否应该是真实的.科斯对话的对象是"黑板经济学",交易费用是科斯解释企业存在的自变量.科斯讲的假设是关于自变量的假设,不是基础假设或关于无关变量的假设.所以科斯更强调关于自变量的假设应该是真实的,而弗里德曼则更强调关于基础假设以及无关变量的假设不一定必须是真实的.厘清上述问题有助于我们更好地讨论"理性人"假设在社会学中的适用性问题.

社会心态是一定时期内弥散在整个社会或某些社会群体中的宏观、变动和突生的社会心理态势。本文讨论了社会心态的概念界定和学科谱系，梳理了这一研究领域在社会心理学中兴起、沉匿和复兴的历史背景；结合心理学和社会学的双重视角，分析了在社会转型的特定历史时期，社会心态借由群体表征和个体认同等心理过程的形成机制；倡导通过对社会心态的分析，建立具有中国特色的社会心理学的研究范式；呼吁通过对“中国体验”这一转型期中国人社会心态的研究，在精神层面赋予中国社会的转型以完整的价值和意义。

新古典范式下的公共经济学存在理论缺陷，无法解释公共品自愿供给和公共领域合作等问题。经济学家通过采用实验经济学的研究方法对这些难题展开了大量研究，行为公共经济学由此兴起。本文将从公共品供给行为、公共选择和公共财政三个层面评述行为公共经济学的核心思想，并基于这个理论提供政策建议，以解决我国社会经济转型中公共领域存在的问题。

近年来,学者们开始意识到新古典主义范式研究的局限性,纷纷采纳心理学和神经学知识的行为模型来研究公共经济学中的前沿问题,行为公共经济学应运而生。本文重点论述了行为公共经济学兴起的背景、主要发展路径、研究范畴及未来研究展望等问题。

Abstract Rationality is identified as the paradigm that dominated planning and related disciplines until the mid-1950s. Responses to paradigm breakdown include 'the ritual response', 'avoidance', 'abandonment', and search for a new paradigm. Each response is described and examined for its potential to yield a usable replacement. No such replacement appears imminent, but a contingent approach within the framework of a new meta-theory of decision making may offer the best prospects.-from Author

This paper presents three initial stylized facts from the Vehicle Ownership and Alternatives Survey (VOAS), a nationally representative survey that elicits consumers' beliefs about gasoline prices and the relative energy costs of autos with different fuel economy ratings. First, American consumers devote little attention to fuel costs when purchasing autos. Second, consistent with a cognitive bias called "MPG Illusion," consumers underestimate the fuel cost differences between low-MPG vehicles and overestimate the differences between high-MPG vehicles. Third, Americans' mean and median expected future gas prices were above current prices and predictions of the futures market at the time of the survey. Although it is often argued that misperceived energy costs justify policies to encourage the sale of energy efficient durable goods, these results show that misperceptions and expectations that differ from market information could either increase or decrease energy efficiency.

Economics has typically been the social science of choice to inform public policy and policymakers. In the current paper we contemplate the role behavioral science can play in enlightening policymakers. In particular, we provide some examples of research that has and can be used to inform policy, reflect on the kind of behavioral science that is important for policy, and approaches for convincing policy-makers to listen to behavioral scientists. We suggest that policymakers are unlikely to invest the time translating behavioral research into its policy implications, and researchers interested in influencing public policy must therefore invest substantial effort, and direct that effort differently than in standard research practices.

Governments are increasingly adopting behavioral science techniques for changing individual behavior in pursuit of policy objectives. The types of “nudge” inter

DESCRIPTION Public policy designed to promote greater college enrollment rates has often been justified as a means to reduce income inequalities, yet there is very little evidence that higher college attainment is associated with less inequality. Economic theory at best suggests that the relationship between college attainment and inequality is ambiguous. An overview of some of the unintended consequences of public policies designed to promote greater enrollment is described. One such consequence is that the growth in college completion, which is at least partially attributable to public policy, may have actually contributed to rising income inequality. We hypothesize the existence of a U-shaped relationship between college attainment and income inequality, and using panel data for the 50 U.S. states over the period 1970-2004 provide empirical evidence in support of the curve. Prior to the mid 1990 , increases in attainment were associated with less inequality for most states. Rapid growth in attainment since then has moved most states to the right of the inflection point such that attainment gains are associated with more inequality in most states.

No abstract is available for this item.

The establishment of desirable social norms is an integral part of a well-functioning civil society. While recent evidence has demonstrated that social comparison can affect behavior in a variety of contexts, it is not clear what type of comparative social information is most effective. Using a large-scale field experiment to study driving practices, we sent text messages containing different types of social information to drivers in Tsingtao, China. We find two types of social information to be particularly effective in reducing traffic violations: the driving behavior of those similar to oneself and the driving behavior of those with high-status cars. Our results indicate that the combination of descriptive norms with social status is a cost-effective yet powerful intervention for establishing better driving behavior in emerging markets.

The debate about behavioral economics – the incorporation of insights from psychology into economics – is often framed as a question about the foundational assu

Abstract Summary: On September 15, 2015, President Obama signed Executive Order 13707 titled “Using Behavioral Science Insights to Better Serve the American People.” The order directs federal agencies to integrate behavioral insights into their policies and programs and formally establishes the Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (SBST). Originally launched in 2014, SBST translates insights from behavioral science research into improvements in federal policies and programs. In its first annual report, SBST detailed results from projects that drew on behavioral insights to promote retirement security, expand college access and affordability, connect workers and small businesses with economic opportunities, improve health outcomes, and increase program integrity and government efficiency. The results of SBST projects offer important lessons for bringing a behavioral perspective to federal policy. The executive order provides a framework for future policy applications.

Behavioral economics is changing our understanding of how economic policy operates, including tax policy. In this paper, we consider some implications of behavioral economics for tax policy, such as how it changes our understanding of the welfare consequences of taxation, the relative desirability of using the tax system as a platform for policy implementation, and the role of taxes as an element of policy design. We do so by reviewing the logic of specific features of tax policy in light of recent findings in areas such as tax salience, program take-up, and fiscal stimulus.

Behavioral Economics and Its Applications by Peter Diamond, Hannu Vartiainen, B. Douglas Bernheim, Antonio Rangel, Sendhil Mullainathan, Christine Jolls, Truman F. Bewley, Richard G. Frank, Colin F. Camerer, Ulrike Malmendier. Read Behavioral Economics and Its Applications now at Questia.

Default options exert an influence in areas as varied as retirement program design, organ donation policy, and consumer choice. Past research has offered potential reasons why no-action defaults matter: (a) effort, (b) implied endorsement, and (c) reference dependence. The first two of these explanations have been experimentally demonstrated, but the later has received far less attention. In three experiments we produce default effects and demonstrate that reference dependence can play a major role in their effectiveness. We find that the queries forniilated by defaults can produce differences in constructed preferences and further that manipulating queries can also mitigate default effects. The experimental context involves two environmentally consequential alternatives: cheap, inefficient incandescent light bulbs, and expensive, efficient compact fluorecent bulbs. Within this context we also measure the impact of each potential rationale for a default effect.

Drug addiction reflects abnormal operation of normal neural circuitry. More than physical dependence, addiction represents changes in the brain that lead to inc

We review recent findings regarding the psychology of decisionmaking in contexts of poverty, and consider their application to public policy. Of particular interest are the oft‐neglected psychological and behavioral consequences of economic scarcity coupled with financial instability. The novel framework highlights the psychological costs of low and unstable incomes, and how these can transform small and momentary financial hurdles into long‐lasting poverty traps. Financial instability, we suggest, not only has obvious economic ramifications for well‐being, but it also creates the need for constant focus and attention, and can distract from the very opportunities otherwise designed to alleviate the effects of poverty. We describe a variety of public policy strategies that emerge from this perspective that are not readily apparent in conventional theories that permeate the design of social programs.

Two studies examined unconscious racial stereotypes of decision makers in the juvenile justice system. Police officers (Experiment 1) and juvenile probation officers (Experiment 2) were subliminally exposed to words related to the category Black or to words neutral with respect to race. In a presumably unrelated task, officers read 2 vignettes about a hypothetical adolescent who allegedly committed either a property crime (shoplifting from a convenience store) or an interpersonal crime (assaulting a peer). The race of the offender was left unstated and the scenarios were ambiguous about the causes of the crime. Respondents rated the hypothetical offender on a number of traits (e.g., hostility and immaturity) and made judgments about culpability, expected recidivism, and deserved punishment. They also completed a self-report measure of conscious attitudes about race. As hypothesized, officers in the racial prime condition reported more negative trait ratings, greater culpability, and expected recidivism, and they endorsed harsher punishment than did officers in the neutral condition. The effects of the racial primes were not moderated by consciously held attitudes about African Americans. The implications of the findings for racial disparity in the juvenile justice system and for changing unconscious stereotypes were discussed.

Abstract Top of page Abstract A Reemerging Call for Integrating Public Administration and Psychology Recent Developments in the Use of Psychology in Public Administration The Role of Psychology in Neighboring Disciplines Behavioral Public Administration: Theory and Methods An Agenda for Developing a Behavioral Public Administration Acknowledgments Funding Authors Note References Biographies Behavioral public administration is the analysis of public administration from the micro-level perspective of individual behavior and attitudes by drawing on insights from psychology on the behavior of individuals and groups. The authors discuss how scholars in public administration currently draw on theories and methods from psychology and related fields and point to research in public administration that could benefit from further integration. An analysis of public administration topics through a psychological lens can be useful to confirm, add nuance to, or extend classical public administration theories. As such, behavioral public administration complements traditional public administration. Furthermore, it could be a two-way street for psychologists who want to test the external validity of their theories in a political-administrative setting. Finally, four principles are proposed to narrow the gap between public administration and psychology .

ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to open up new forms of intervention against everyday...

61We present results from two large-scale natural field experiments that tested the effect of social norm messages on tax compliance.61Using administrative data from more than 200,000 individuals in the United Kingdom, we show that including social norms and public services messages in standard reminder letters increases payment rates for overdue tax.61Descriptive norms appear to be more effective than injunctive norms. This result offers a rare example of social norm messages affecting tax compliance behavior in a real world setting. The field experiments accelerated the collection of tax revenue at little cost.

In recent years rational choice approaches have come to be a major paradigm, perhaps the central emerging theoretical framework, within the political science profession. 1 Its proponents and practitioners can be found within virtually every subfield of research, including in the most unlikely of places, e.g. among those who think of themselves as Marxists and even in one recent book which purports to explain the development of the 1950s and 1960s civil rights movement in the United States. Many of its adherents claim that rational choice theory is the basis for a new science of politics (although a few of the leading practitioners are remarkably modest in their claims; note in this regard Fiorina and Shepsle 1982; Hardin 1982; although in contrast, see Ordeshook 1986). Most proponents, however, make a strong claim that rational choice models are the only valid basis for doing rigorous work in the social sciences. Rational choice theory is, thus, not merely posed as an alternative to other theories or as an attractive, emerging research program, but as a universally applicable, superior orientation the only one a reasonable , serious social science researcher ought to choose. 2 This chapter examines these claims, making some preliminary remarks.

Abstract We tested whether informing women about stereotype threat is a useful intervention to improve their performance in a threatening testing situation. Men and women completed difficult math problems described either as a problem-solving task or as a math test. In a third (teaching-intervention) condition, the test was also described as a math test, but participants were additionally informed that stereotype threat could interfere with women's math performance. Results showed that women performed worse than men when the problems were described as a math test (and stereotype threat was not discussed), but did not differ from men in the problem-solving condition or in the condition in which they learned about stereotype threat. For women, attributing anxiety to gender stereotypes was associated with lower performance in the math-test condition but improved performance in the teaching-intervention condition. The results suggest that teaching about stereotype threat might offer a practical means of reducing its detrimental effects.

This paper presents a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develops an alternative model, called prospect theory. Choices among risky prospects exhibit several pervasive effects that are inconsistent with the basic tenets of utility theory. In particular, people underweight outcomes that are merely probable in comparison with outcomes that are obtained with certainty. This tendency, called the certainty effect, contributes to risk aversion in choices involving sure gains and to risk seeking in choices involving sure losses. In addition, people generally discard components that are shared by all prospects under consideration. This tendency, called the isolation effect, leads to inconsistent preferences when the same choice is presented in different forms. An alternative theory of choice is developed, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights. The value function is normally concave for gains, commonly convex for losses, and is generally steeper for losses than for gains. Decision weights are generally lower than the corresponding probabilities, except in the range of low probabilities. Overweighting of low probabilities may contribute to the attractiveness of both insurance and gambling.

In 2008 after a massive earthquake jolted Wenchuan, China, we reported an effect that we termed a "Psychological Typhoon Eye": the closer to the center of the devastated area, the lower the level of concern felt by residents about safety and health. We now report on the progression of this effect and the development of new variations after the quake as well as investigating potential explanations.We conducted two sequential surveys of 5,216 residents in non-devastated and devastated areas in September-October 2008 and April-May 2009. Respondents were asked five questions to assess their concerns about safety and health. A MANCOVA showed a significant inverse effect of residential devastation level on the estimated number of medical and psychological workers needed, the estimated probability of an epidemic outbreak, and the estimated number of self-protective behaviors needed (Ps<0.001), in spite of the passage of one year. The level of post-earthquake concern decreased significantly with an increase in the residential devastation level. Additionally, we observed two variations in the "Psychological Typhoon Eye" effect, in that the respondents' concern decreased with increasing relational distance between a respondent and victims who had suffered either physical or economic damage.The previously reported effect of a "Psychological Typhoon Eye" remains robust over a 1-year period. We found that the "psychological immunization" theory did not provide a satisfactory explanation for these intriguing results. Our findings may be useful in understanding how people become resilient to threats.

On May 12, 2008, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale jolted Wenchuan, China, leading to 69,227 deaths and 374,643 injured, with 17,923 listed as missing as of Sept. 25, 2008, and shook the whole nation. We assessed the devastating effects on people's post-earthquake concern about safety and health. From June 4 to July 15, 2008, we surveyed a convenience sample of 2,262 adults on their post-earthquake concern about safety and health. Residents in non-devastated areas (Fujian and Hunan Provinces, and Beijing) and devastated areas (Sichuan and Gansu Provinces) responded to a questionnaire of 5 questions regarding safety measures, epidemic disease, medical workers, psychological workers, and medication. The ANOVAs showed a significant effect of residential devastation level on the estimated number of safety measures needed, the estimated probability of the outbreak of an epidemic, and the estimated number of medical and psychological workers needed (Ps<0.001). The post-earthquake concern decreased significantly as the level of residential devastation increased. Because of the similarity with the meteorological phenomenon of the eye of a typhoon, we dubbed these findings a “Psychological Typhoon Eye”: the closer to the center of the devastated areas, the less the concern about safety and health a resident felt. Contrary to common perception and ripple effect that the impact of an unfortunate event decays gradually as ripples spread outward from a center, a “Psychological Typhoon Eye” effect was observed where the post-earthquake concern was at its lowest level in the extremely devastated areas. The resultant findings may have implications for Chinese governmental strategies for putting “psychological comfort” into effect.

Recent research has demonstrated that choices between gambles are systematically influenced by the way they are expressed. Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory (Kahneman, D., A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47(2) 363--391.) explains many of these "framing" effects as shifts in the point of reference from which prospects are evaluated. This paper demonstrates the applicability of the reference point concept to intertemporal choice. Three experiments demonstrate that when people choose between immediate and delayed consumption, the reference point used to evaluate alternatives can significantly influence choice. The first study elicited relative preference for immediate and delayed consumption using three methods, each of which differently framed choices between alternatives offering identical end-state consumption. The conventional discounted utility model predicts that the three methods of elicitation should yield similar estimates of time preference, but preferences were found to differ in accordance with a reference point model. The second and third studies extend and replicate the results from the first, the third using real rather than hypothetical choices.

No abstract is available for this item.

Research in behavioral public finance has blossomed in recent years, producing diverse empirical and theoretical insights. This article develops a single framework with which to understand these advances. Rather than drawing out the consequences of specific psychological assumptions, the framework takes a reduced-form approach to behavioral modeling. It emphasizes the difference between decision and experienced utility that underlies most behavioral models. We use this framework to examine the behavioral implications for canonical public finance problems involving the provision of social insurance, commodity taxation, and correcting externalities. We show how deeper principles undergird much work in this area and that many insights are not specific to a single psychological assumption.

The growing importance of public health is evidenced by its increasing responsibilities. Public health was historically known for its contribution towards reduction and control of infectious diseases through such efforts as environmental sanitation (by securing safe air and water), hygienic practices, the elimination of smallpox and polio (through immunization), and reduction of overcrowding. A...

The effects of same-race versus interracial dormitory roommate relationships were explored with regard to relationship dissolution and academic achievement (i.e., grade point average). The present investigation made use of archival data spanning two academic years at a large, relatively diverse university. Of primary interest were White and African American first-year students assigned to White or African American roommates upon their arrival on campus. Another factor that was incorporated into this analysis was whether students requested to live with their roommates or were randomly assigned. Interracial roommate relationships were more likely to dissolve than either same-race White or same-race African American relationships. Randomly assigned living situations were less successful than ones in which roommates requested to share a room. Concerning grade point average at the end of the first academic quarter, African American first-year students tended to do better in interracial living situations, whereas White first-year students' academic success was not affected by roommate race. Instead, White first-year students were more sensitive to the academic abilities of their roommates. Results are discussed with regard to the implications for intergroup contact.

The assumption that actors maximize subjective expected utility (economic rationality) supplies only a small part of the premises in economic reasoning, and that often not the essential part. The remainder of the premises are auxiliary empirical assumptions about actors' utilities, beliefs, expectations, and the like. Making these assumptions correctly requires an empirically founded theory of choice that specifies what information decision makers use and how they actually process it. This behavioral empirical base is largely lacking in contemporary economic analysis, and supplying it is essential for enhancing the explanatory and predictive power of economics.

The economic theory of the consumer is a combination of positive and normative theories. Since it is based on a rational maximizing model it describes how consumers should choose, but it is alleged to also describe how they do choose. This paper argues that in certain well-defined situations many consumers act in a manner that is inconsistent with economic theory. In these situations economic theory will make systematic errors in predicting behavior. Kanneman and Tversey's prospect theory is proposed as the basis for an alternative descriptive theory. Topics discussed are: undeweighting of opportunity costs, failure to ignore sunk costs, scarch behavior choosing not to choose and regret, and precommitment and self-control.

This study examined the effect of living with White, Asian American, Latino, or African American roommates on affective, cognitive, and behavioral indicators of prejudice among university students. We used a five-wave panel study with approximately 2000 students to examine the effect of roommate contact in two ways: First, through a field experimental test by examining prejudice as a function of living with randomly assigned roommates during the first year of university. Second, net of pre-existing attitudes, we examined the effects of voluntary roommate contact during the second and third year of university on fourth year prejudice. Consistent with contact theory, both randomly assigned and voluntary contact decreased prejudice. Also, there was generalization to other outgroups, particularly from Black roommates to Latinos, and vice versa. Finally, an interesting exception was found for contact with Asian American roommates, whether randomly assigned or voluntary, which tended to make attitudes towards other groups more negative. Potential explanations for this result are discussed.

61We examine the key predictors of public acceptance of mining at national level.61Comparisons are made between Australia, China, and Chile.61Perceptions of distributional and procedural fairness and governance were low.61Those factors' predicting power of acceptance of mining varied across countries.61Trust in the mining industry mediates the effects of those predictors on acceptance.