厌而避额外之“利”；喜而趋额外之“害”

心理科学进展 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (1): 9-17.

厌而避额外之“利”；喜而趋额外之“害”

李纾;毕研玲;苏寅;饶俪琳

(¹中国科学院心理研究所, 北京 100101)
(²中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100039)

收稿日期:2010-12-09 修回日期:1900-01-01 出版日期:2011-01-15 发布日期:2011-01-15
通讯作者: 李纾

An Additional Gain Can Make You Feel Bad and An Additional Loss Can Make You Feel Good

LI Shu;BI Yan-Ling;SU Yin;RAO Li-Lin

(¹ Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)
(² Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)

Received:2010-12-09 Revised:1900-01-01 Online:2011-01-15 Published:2011-01-15
Contact: LI Shu

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 趋利避害是生物的本能。《管子·禁藏》云：夫凡人之情, 见利莫能勿就, 见害莫能勿避。“两利相权取其重, 两害相权取其轻”是规范性决策理论的一基本原则。本研究以金钱作为奖赏或惩罚刺激, 检验人们能否理性地遵循“价值最大化”原则。在实验中, 主试以检查硬币生产年代的数目为由, 让被试逐枚地感受两个金钱序列：10元硬币序列(由20枚五角硬币组成)和10.3元硬币序列(由20枚五角硬币和3枚一角硬币组成),随后评定获得(或损失)各金钱序列的高兴(或不高兴)程度, 并从中选择一金钱序列(与硬币等值的金钱)作为其奖赏(或惩罚)。实验为2 (3枚一角硬币在序列首vs. 3枚一角硬币在序列尾)´2(先检查10元硬币序列vs. 先检查10.3元硬币序列)´2(损失vs. 获得)三因素设计, 每种条件随机分配15名商学院学生被试。结果表明, 被试倾向选择获益少(10元)和损失多(-10.3元)的金钱序列; 且获益大(10.3元)时高兴程度小, 损失小(-10元)时不高兴程度大。这一结果意味着：“聊”并不胜于“无”，反而是“无”胜于“聊”。其中, 伴随着违背价值最大化原则所产生的情感亦有悖逻辑。负性情感的引发一般有其“逻辑正确”的原因(如, 无惠而不乐); 而引发本研究负性情感的原因实属“逻辑错误”(如, 惠多而不乐)。这种不曾被定义而类似于“冤”的情感不仅见于个人，也见于民族、国家间的持续交往, 值得进一步研究。

关键词: 价值最大化, 效用最大化, 回顾性评价, 额外的小获益/损失, 冤

Abstract: Triggered by an observation that adding an additional small gain/loss can devalue an overall positive/negative evaluation, this research explores whether a monotonically increasing relationship between utility and value could be robust enough to survive a retrospective evaluation of monetary stimuli. Participants reviewed pairs of options that included one option that was a total of ￥10 (20 ´ 50￠ coins) and another that was a total of ￥10.3 (20 ´ 50￠ plus an additional 3 ´ 10￠), and then were asked to rate how pleasant if receiving an option’s equivalent reward and how unpleasant if receiving the same amount of fine. A significant majority of participants preferred the smaller/larger option and rated it more pleasant/less unpleasant. This implies that ‘a little is not better than nothing’, but rather that ‘nothing can be better than a little’. A resentment-like feeling as a cause of the observed violation of a monotonically increasing relationship between monetary value and utility is also discussed.

Key words: value maximization, utility maximization, retrospective evaluation, additional small gain/loss, resentment-like feeling

李纾;毕研玲;苏寅;饶俪琳. (2011).

厌而避额外之“利”；喜而趋额外之“害”

. 心理科学进展 , 19(1), 9-17.

LI Shu;BI Yan-Ling;SU Yin;RAO Li-Lin. (2011). An Additional Gain Can Make You Feel Bad and An Additional Loss Can Make You Feel Good. , 19(1), 9-17.