The influence of the growth mindset of socioeconomic status on academic and career engagement among college students

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0447

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REN Xiaoyun, DUAN Jinyun, ZHANG Qian. (2025). The influence of the growth mindset of socioeconomic status on academic and career engagement among college students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(3), 447-462.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0447

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2025/V57/I3/447

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1 Descriptives and correlations between variables (Study 1)

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 Gender	?	?
2 Age(year)	20.33	1.30	?0.03
3 School	0.71	0.45	0.08	0.07
4 Grade	2.20	0.59	?0.04	0.74^***	0.06
5 Major	0.68	0.47	0.26^***	?0.06	?0.01	?0.04
6 Intelligence growth mindset	4.41	1.03	?0.03	?0.05	?0.08	?0.03	0.08
7 Family subjective SES	4.17	1.53	?0.05	0.07	0.03	0.09	?0.06	?0.01
8 Time orientation	3.19	0.81	?0.02	?0.02	0.09	0.01	0.02	0.06	0.42^***
9 SES growth mindset	5.27	1.12	?0.02	0.04	0.07	0.03	?0.001	0.25^***	0.01	0.15^**
10 Academic engagement	5.07	1.04	0.09	0.01	0.07	?0.01	0.06	0.17^**	?0.09	0.05	0.44^***
11 Career engagement	4.14	0.75	?0.10	0.02	0.06	0.07	?0.07	0.04	0.32^***	0.37^***	0.35^***	0.04

Table 1 Descriptives and correlations between variables (Study 1)

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 Gender	?	?
2 Age(year)	20.33	1.30	?0.03
3 School	0.71	0.45	0.08	0.07
4 Grade	2.20	0.59	?0.04	0.74^***	0.06
5 Major	0.68	0.47	0.26^***	?0.06	?0.01	?0.04
6 Intelligence growth mindset	4.41	1.03	?0.03	?0.05	?0.08	?0.03	0.08
7 Family subjective SES	4.17	1.53	?0.05	0.07	0.03	0.09	?0.06	?0.01
8 Time orientation	3.19	0.81	?0.02	?0.02	0.09	0.01	0.02	0.06	0.42^***
9 SES growth mindset	5.27	1.12	?0.02	0.04	0.07	0.03	?0.001	0.25^***	0.01	0.15^**
10 Academic engagement	5.07	1.04	0.09	0.01	0.07	?0.01	0.06	0.17^**	?0.09	0.05	0.44^***
11 Career engagement	4.14	0.75	?0.10	0.02	0.06	0.07	?0.07	0.04	0.32^***	0.37^***	0.35^***	0.04

Table 2 The mediated moderation tests (Study 1)

Path	Academic engagement	Career engagement
SES growth mindset × time orientation (B_XM→Y)	?0.11^(0.12^)	0.08^(0.09^*)
Family subjective SES → time orientation (B_W→M)	0.23^*(0.22^*)	0.23^*(0.22^*)
Mediated moderation effect (B_W→MB_XM→Y)	?0.03^(?0.03^)	0.02^(0.02^)
95% CI	[?0.06, ?0.003] ([?0.06, ?0.004])	[0.01, 0.04] ([0.01, 0.04])

Table 2 The mediated moderation tests (Study 1)

Path	Academic engagement	Career engagement
SES growth mindset × time orientation (B_XM→Y)	?0.11^(0.12^)	0.08^(0.09^*)
Family subjective SES → time orientation (B_W→M)	0.23^*(0.22^*)	0.23^*(0.22^*)
Mediated moderation effect (B_W→MB_XM→Y)	?0.03^(?0.03^)	0.02^(0.02^)
95% CI	[?0.06, ?0.003] ([?0.06, ?0.004])	[0.01, 0.04] ([0.01, 0.04])

Table 3 Descriptives and correlations between variables (Study 2b)

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 Gender	?	?
2 Age(year)	20.04	1.44	?0.04
3 Grade	2.63	0.86	0.07	0.63^***
4 Major	0.46	0.50	0.15^*	?0.02	0.09
5 Family subjective SES	5.47	1.63	?0.02	0.09	0.07	0.002
6 Time orientation	2.87	0.50	?0.08	0.05	0.03	?0.02	0.27^***
7 SES growth mindset	0.49	0.50	0.06	?0.07	?0.02	0.003	?0.08	0.01
8 Academic intention	4.97	0.69	0.01	?0.01	0.02	0.05	?0.09	0.05	0.47^***
9 Academic behavioral tendency	0.47	0.50	0.04	0.02	?0.01	0.02	?0.01	0.01	0.43^***	0.42^***
10 Career intention	3.74	0.90	?0.08	0.05	0.05	?0.01	0.26^***	0.19^**	0.36^***	0.12	0.11
11 Career behavioral tendency	0.38	0.49	?0.04	0.09	0.12	0.04	0.15^*	0.11	0.40^***	0.10	0.10	0.50^***

Table 3 Descriptives and correlations between variables (Study 2b)

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 Gender	?	?
2 Age(year)	20.04	1.44	?0.04
3 Grade	2.63	0.86	0.07	0.63^***
4 Major	0.46	0.50	0.15^*	?0.02	0.09
5 Family subjective SES	5.47	1.63	?0.02	0.09	0.07	0.002
6 Time orientation	2.87	0.50	?0.08	0.05	0.03	?0.02	0.27^***
7 SES growth mindset	0.49	0.50	0.06	?0.07	?0.02	0.003	?0.08	0.01
8 Academic intention	4.97	0.69	0.01	?0.01	0.02	0.05	?0.09	0.05	0.47^***
9 Academic behavioral tendency	0.47	0.50	0.04	0.02	?0.01	0.02	?0.01	0.01	0.43^***	0.42^***
10 Career intention	3.74	0.90	?0.08	0.05	0.05	?0.01	0.26^***	0.19^**	0.36^***	0.12	0.11
11 Career behavioral tendency	0.38	0.49	?0.04	0.09	0.12	0.04	0.15^*	0.11	0.40^***	0.10	0.10	0.50^***

Table 4 The mediated moderation tests (Study 2b)

Path	Academic engagement		Career engagement
Path	Intention	Behavioral tendency	Intention	Behavioral tendency
SES growth mindset × time orientation (B_XM→Y)	?0.50^(?0.50^)	?1.70^(?1.66^)	0.48^(0.48^)	1.42^(1.60^)
Family subjective SES → time orientation (B_W→M)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)
Mediated moderation effect (B_W→MB_XM→Y)	?0.04^(?0.04^)	?0.14^(?0.14^)	0.04^(0.04^)	0.12^(0.13^)
95% CI	[?0.10, ?0.01] ([?0.10, ?0.01])	[?0.32, ?0.03] ([?0.33, ?0.02])	[0.004, 0.10] ([0.003, 0.10])	[0.01. 0.29] ([0.02, 0.32])

Table 4 The mediated moderation tests (Study 2b)

Path	Academic engagement		Career engagement
Path	Intention	Behavioral tendency	Intention	Behavioral tendency
SES growth mindset × time orientation (B_XM→Y)	?0.50^(?0.50^)	?1.70^(?1.66^)	0.48^(0.48^)	1.42^(1.60^)
Family subjective SES → time orientation (B_W→M)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)	0.08^*(0.08^*)
Mediated moderation effect (B_W→MB_XM→Y)	?0.04^(?0.04^)	?0.14^(?0.14^)	0.04^(0.04^)	0.12^(0.13^)
95% CI	[?0.10, ?0.01] ([?0.10, ?0.01])	[?0.32, ?0.03] ([?0.33, ?0.02])	[0.004, 0.10] ([0.003, 0.10])	[0.01. 0.29] ([0.02, 0.32])

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