高水平足球裁判员判罚决策的优势及神经机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1391

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 足球裁判员的判罚决策不仅关乎着比赛的程序公平, 还对比赛结果有着重要影响。本研究结合决策的感知、多线索处理、决策形成三阶段模型及功能性近红外脑成像技术, 通过比较国家级及以上、一级和三级足球裁判员对不同犯规程度时判罚决策的行为及神经活动差异, 尝试揭示高水平足球裁判员判罚决策的行为及神经活动特点。结果发现, 相比于一级和三级裁判员, 国家级及以上裁判员在面对较轻犯规程度时, 其判罚决策的正确率更高; 该群体在在战术影响和最终判罚决策中表现出更广泛的前额叶−枕叶协同激活模式。此外, 国家级裁判的判罚正确率与特定脑区激活存在相关性：侵犯等级决策中, 中度犯规时双侧前额叶及前扣带回激活更强; 战术影响决策中, 枕叶与额下回参与程度随犯规程度变化; 最终判罚时, 重度犯规激活双侧枕叶多个亚区。研究表明, 高水平足球裁判员的判罚决策优势可能源于前额叶−枕叶激活反映的高效的感知与多线索处理的整合能力, 为裁判员选拔与培训提供了神经科学依据。

关键词: 足球裁判员, 判罚决策, 犯规程度, 决策类型, 功能性近红外光谱成像技术

Abstract:

The appropriateness of referees' decision-making in sports not only concerns the procedural fairness of the game process but also significantly affects the outcome of the match. Therefore, enhancing the quality and efficiency of referees' decision-making on the field is an urgent practical issue that needs to be addressed. This study attempts to provide insights from basic research into the resolution of this question by clarifying the behavioral manifestations and neural mechanisms of high-level football referees' decision-making. Considering the special requirements of football match rules, which is that the final decision-making is manifested as a comprehensive decision of “degree of infringement + tactical impact,” this study comprehensively considers three types of decisions in the experimental tasks: “degree of infringement,” “tactical impact,” and the comprehensive “final decision (degree of infringement + tactical impact).”

A total of 129 football referees at the national level and above, as well as first and third-level referees. They were recruited to perform decision-making tasks with 114 trials of 8 s foul videos (4 s vista +4 s close-up). A mixed experimental design was adopted in this study with three factors: 3 (referee level: national and above, first level, third level) × 3 (decision type: degree of infringement, tactical impact, final decision) × 4 (degree of foul: none, mild, moderate, severe). In this design, referee level is a between-subjects variable, while decision type and degree of foul are within-subjects variables. Decision-making behavior indicators were recorded, and functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to synchronously collect Hemoglobin Oxygen (HbO) during the decision-making tasks.

After conducting the experiment with the designed tasks and data collection methods, the following differences and relationships in referees' decision-making processes were discovered. 1) The reaction time for decision-making regarding tactical impact was longer than that for the severity of the infringement and the final decision for referees of all levels. National-level and above football referees had higher decision-making accuracy for “none” and “light” foul severity across all decision types compared to first and third-level referees, which corresponds to the activation of the left precuneus. 2) National-level and above referees showed different brain activation patterns compared to referees of other levels during decision-making: under the condition of tactical impact, there was stronger activation in the left superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and right middle occipital gyrus; under the condition of infringement severity, there was stronger activation in the superior frontal gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus. 3) National-level and above referees had a greater association between correct decision-making in tactical impact and final decision-making and the prefrontal and occipital brain regions.

Based on the above-mentioned research findings, we can draw the following inferences about the characteristics and mechanisms of high-level football referees' decision-making. 1) Decision-making for “none” and “light” foul severity is a primary advantage for high-level football referees. 2) High-level football referees exhibit stronger activation in corresponding brain regions when making decisions on infringement severity and tactical impact, confirming the role of the referee's experience level and the three-stage decision-making model in football refereeing decisions. 3) High-level referees have a close relationship with the prefrontal and occipital cortices during tactical impact and final decision-making, leading to a cautious and efficient decision-making process.

Key words: football referees, foul decision making, foul level, decision type, functional near-infrared spectroscopy

中图分类号:

B849

水祎舟, 车翔, 赵治豪, 张禹, 李杰, 刘晨涛, 密思雨, 万炳军, 游旭群. (2025). 高水平足球裁判员判罚决策的优势及神经机制. 心理学报, 57(8), 1391-1413.

SHUI Yizhou, CHE Xiang, ZHAO Zhihao, ZHANG Yu, LI Jie, LIU Chentao, MI Siyu, WAN Bingjun, YOU Xuqun. (2025). Performance and cognitive neuromechanisms of high-level football referees' foul decision-making. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(8), 1391-1413.

图/表 16

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裁判等级	国家级及以上¹ (N = 54)	一级²(N = 36)	三级³(N = 39)	差异检验(方差分析)
年龄(年)	30.01 ± 5.67	24.19 ± 5.25	20.61 ± 1.76	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
裁判年限(年)	9.26 ± 5.27	4.89 ± 3.13	0.95 ± 1.03	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
年均执法场次(次)	42.96 ± 36.30	49.64 ± 42.73	5.39 ± 10.86	p < 0.001 (1或2 > 3)
裁判生涯总执法场次(次)	381.02 ± 433.81	204.28 ± 180.29	13.54 ± 36.47	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
执裁比赛层次在所在级别样本占比(%)
中国足球协会职业联赛	57.41 ± 49.91	-	-	-
中国足球协会业余联赛	57.41 ± 49.91	47.22 ± 50.63	5.13 ± 22.35	-
全国青少年联赛	79.63 ± 40.65	8.33 ± 28.03	2.56 ± 16.01	-
校园足球联赛	74.07 ± 44.23	80.56 ± 40.14	51.28 ± 50.64	-

裁判等级	国家级及以上¹ (N = 54)	一级²(N = 36)	三级³(N = 39)	差异检验(方差分析)
年龄(年)	30.01 ± 5.67	24.19 ± 5.25	20.61 ± 1.76	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
裁判年限(年)	9.26 ± 5.27	4.89 ± 3.13	0.95 ± 1.03	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
年均执法场次(次)	42.96 ± 36.30	49.64 ± 42.73	5.39 ± 10.86	p < 0.001 (1或2 > 3)
裁判生涯总执法场次(次)	381.02 ± 433.81	204.28 ± 180.29	13.54 ± 36.47	p < 0.001 (1 > 2 > 3)
执裁比赛层次在所在级别样本占比(%)
中国足球协会职业联赛	57.41 ± 49.91	-	-	-
中国足球协会业余联赛	57.41 ± 49.91	47.22 ± 50.63	5.13 ± 22.35	-
全国青少年联赛	79.63 ± 40.65	8.33 ± 28.03	2.56 ± 16.01	-
校园足球联赛	74.07 ± 44.23	80.56 ± 40.14	51.28 ± 50.64	-

左侧脑区			右侧脑区
光源, 探测器	MNI坐标 (x, y, z)	脑区(ROI)	光源, 探测器	MNI坐标 (x, y, z)	脑区(ROI)
1, 1	−18 59 40	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	16, 16	14 46 27	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
1, 2	−17 60 23	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 16	22 67 27	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 1	−23 42 36	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	16, 14	31 52 46	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 2	−22 46 21	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 14	30 55 26	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 6	−33 22 24	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	11, 14	46 29 35	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
2, 3	−38 37 20	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 14	41 35 18	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
3, 2	−30 65 14	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 15	31 61 15	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
3, 3	−33 45 8	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 15	37 44 6	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
3, 4	−30 53 3	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	14, 15	39 54 1	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
4, 4	−33 46 1	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_L)	14, 13	48 49 −2	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_R)
4, 3	−30 41 8	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 13	51 45 5	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
4, 5	−39 22 2	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_L)	12, 13	63 24 −4	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_R)
5, 6	−40 16 25	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	11, 12	55 17 31	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
5, 3	−35 22 22	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	13, 12	54 31 20	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
5, 5	−55 13 13	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	12, 12	48 9 10	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
6, 7	−40 −67 12	颞中回(Temporal_Mid_L)	10, 11	51 −75 12	颞中回(Temporal_Mid_R)
6, 8	−44 −75 28	枕上回(Occipital_Mid_L)	10, 10	44 −74 28	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_R)
7, 7	−22 −84 −1	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_L)	9, 11	28 −89 2	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_R)
7, 8	−24 −97 18	枕中回(Occipital_Mid_L)	9, 10	31 −96 18	枕中回(Occipital_Mid_R)
7, 9	−9 −95 6	枕下回(Occipital_ Inf_L)	9, 9	18 −96 7	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_R)
8, 8	−16 −91 36	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_L)	8, 10	19 −76 32	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_R)
8, 9	0 −99 24	楔叶(Cuneus_L)	1, 16	3 50 23	前扣带和旁扣带回(Cingulum_Ant_R)

左侧脑区			右侧脑区
光源, 探测器	MNI坐标 (x, y, z)	脑区(ROI)	光源, 探测器	MNI坐标 (x, y, z)	脑区(ROI)
1, 1	−18 59 40	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	16, 16	14 46 27	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
1, 2	−17 60 23	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 16	22 67 27	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 1	−23 42 36	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	16, 14	31 52 46	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 2	−22 46 21	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 14	30 55 26	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
2, 6	−33 22 24	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	11, 14	46 29 35	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
2, 3	−38 37 20	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 14	41 35 18	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
3, 2	−30 65 14	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_L)	15, 15	31 61 15	背外侧额上回(Frontal_Sup_R)
3, 3	−33 45 8	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 15	37 44 6	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
3, 4	−30 53 3	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	14, 15	39 54 1	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
4, 4	−33 46 1	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_L)	14, 13	48 49 −2	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_R)
4, 3	−30 41 8	额中回(Frontal_Mid_L)	13, 13	51 45 5	额中回(Frontal_Mid_R)
4, 5	−39 22 2	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_L)	12, 13	63 24 −4	眶部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Orb_R)
5, 6	−40 16 25	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	11, 12	55 17 31	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
5, 3	−35 22 22	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	13, 12	54 31 20	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
5, 5	−55 13 13	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_L)	12, 12	48 9 10	三角部额下回(Frontal_Inf_Tri_R)
6, 7	−40 −67 12	颞中回(Temporal_Mid_L)	10, 11	51 −75 12	颞中回(Temporal_Mid_R)
6, 8	−44 −75 28	枕上回(Occipital_Mid_L)	10, 10	44 −74 28	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_R)
7, 7	−22 −84 −1	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_L)	9, 11	28 −89 2	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_R)
7, 8	−24 −97 18	枕中回(Occipital_Mid_L)	9, 10	31 −96 18	枕中回(Occipital_Mid_R)
7, 9	−9 −95 6	枕下回(Occipital_ Inf_L)	9, 9	18 −96 7	枕下回(Occipital_Inf_R)
8, 8	−16 −91 36	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_L)	8, 10	19 −76 32	枕上回(Occipital_Sup_R)
8, 9	0 −99 24	楔叶(Cuneus_L)	1, 16	3 50 23	前扣带和旁扣带回(Cingulum_Ant_R)

行为指标	决策类型		侵犯等级 (M ± SE, 95% CI)		战术影响 (M ± SE, 95% CI)		最终判罚 (M ± SE, 95% CI)
行为指标	犯规程度	裁判等级	侵犯等级 (M ± SE, 95% CI)		战术影响 (M ± SE, 95% CI)		最终判罚 (M ± SE, 95% CI)
正确率(%)	无	国家级及以上	59.72 ± 3.90	[52.00~67.45]	55.09 ± 3.96	[47.27~62.92]	55.09 ± 4.32	[46.54~63.64]
		一级	39.58 ± 4.78	[30.12~49.05]	34.72 ± 4.84	[25.14~44.31]	31.94 ± 5.29	[21.47~42.42]
		三级	44.87 ± 4.59	[35.78~53.96]	41.03 ± 4.65	[31.82~50.24]	40.38 ± 5.08	[30.32~50.45]
	轻	国家级及以上	61.73 ± 2.79	[56.20~67.26]	71.91 ± 3.49	[65.01~78.82]	62.04 ± 3.79	[54.54~69.53]
		一级	48.84 ± 3.42	[42.07~55.62]	61.57 ± 4.27	[53.12~70.03]	61.11 ± 4.64	[51.93~70.29]
		三级	37.18 ± 3.29	[30.67~43.69]	36.11 ± 4.10	[27.99~44.23]	45.51 ± 4.46	[36.69~54.33]
	中	国家级及以上	64.51 ± 2.53	[59.51~69.51]	76.08 ± 2.41	[71.31~80.85]	69.60 ± 2.46	[64.73~74.47]
		一级	57.87 ± 3.10	[51.75~64.00]	68.75 ± 2.95	[62.91~74.59]	61.34 ± 3.02	[55.38~67.31]
		三级	56.20 ± 2.97	[50.31~62.08]	71.37 ± 2.83	[65.76~76.98]	61.54 ± 2.90	[55.81~67.27]
	重	国家级及以上	48.89 ± 2.83	[43.29~54.49]	69.44 ± 2.98	[63.55~75.34]	55.14 ± 2.34	[50.51~59.77]
		一级	40.83 ± 3.47	[33.97~47.69]	56.11 ± 3.65	[48.89~63.33]	47.07 ± 2.87	[41.40~52.74]
		三级	23.85 ± 3.33	[17.25~30.44]	66.41 ± 3.51	[59.47~73.35]	34.05 ± 2.75	[28.60~39.49]
反应时(s)	无	国家级及以上	1.89 ± 0.10	[1.69~2.08]	2.23 ± 0.12	[1.99~2.47]	2.09 ± 0.11	[1.88~2.31]
		一级	2.27 ± 0.12	[2.03~2.50]	2.48 ± 0.15	[2.19~2.78]	2.41 ± 0.13	[2.15~2.68]
		三级	1.95 ± 0.11	[1.73~2.18]	2.30 ± 0.14	[2.02~2.59]	2.13 ± 0.13	[1.87~2.38]
	轻	国家级及以上	2.22 ± 0.10	[2.03~2.41]	2.63 ± 0.10	[2.42~2.83]	2.45 ± 0.11	[2.24~2.66]
		一级	2.40 ± 0.12	[2.16~2.63]	2.81 ± 0.13	[2.56~3.06]	2.50 ± 0.13	[2.24~2.75]
		三级	2.27 ± 0.12	[2.04~2.49]	2.76 ± 0.12	[2.52~3.00]	2.25 ± 0.12	[2.00~2.50]
	中	国家级及以上	2.13 ± 0.09	[1.94~2.31]	2.33 ± 0.10	[2.12~2.53]	2.11 ± 0.09	[1.94~2.29]
		一级	2.24 ± 0.11	[2.01~2.47]	2.57 ± 0.13	[2.32~2.82]	2.25 ± 0.11	[2.04~2.47]
		三级	2.16 ± 0.11	[1.95~2.38]	2.35 ± 0.12	[2.11~2.59]	2.14 ± 0.10	[1.93~2.34]
	重	国家级及以上	2.13 ± 0.09	[1.95~2.31]	2.48 ± 0.09	[2.30~2.67]	2.11 ± 0.08	[1.94~2.28]
		一级	2.22 ± 0.11	[1.99~2.44]	2.61 ± 0.11	[2.39~2.83]	2.17 ± 0.10	[1.96~2.37]
		三级	2.08 ± 0.11	[1.87~2.30]	2.31 ± 0.11	[2.09~2.53]	2.03 ± 0.10	[1.83~2.23]