社交焦虑是大学生日常社会交往中常见的心理不适,本研究对某大学365名大学生的社交焦虑程度、自尊水平以及人际归因的倾向进行测量并讨论三者间的关系,研究发现:三个因子两两之间均存在显著的相关;自尊水平、外控失败归因以及有无学干经历可以作为社交焦虑的预测因素。

目的：考察初中生传统受欺负、网络受欺负和社交焦虑的关系以及社会自我效能感在其中的中介作用。方法：采用Olweus儿童欺负问卷（初中版）、网络受欺负量表、社会自我效能感量表和社交焦虑量表对485名初中生进行调查。结果：1传统受欺负、网络受欺负和社交焦虑呈显著正相关;2社会自我效能感在传统受欺负、网络受欺负和社交焦虑之间起部分中介作用。结论：初中生受欺负既直接影响社交焦虑,同时又通过社会自我效能感对其产生间接影响。

本研究采用元分析技术探讨感恩与主观幸福感之间的关系。通过文献搜索共获得了62项研究167个独立效应量(n=31975)。异质性检验发现,选择随机效应模型比较合适;敏感性分析显示,逐步删除异质性较高研究,感恩与主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感均呈显著正相关,与消极情感呈显著负相关;亚组检验和元回归分析表明,感恩与主观幸福感关系受感恩测量工具、被试群体、文化背景的调节与影响。以上结果说明,感恩的个体主观幸福感更强,同时还要考虑感恩测量工具、被试群体和文化背景在二者关系中的作用。

本研究探讨了自尊与网络过激行为的关系,以391名大学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了社交焦虑在自尊与网络过激行为关系中的中介作用,以及该过程是否受到公我意识、私我意识水平的调节。结果发现:(1)在控制了性别、年龄后,自尊对网络过激行为具有负向预测作用;(2)社交焦虑在自尊和网络过激行为间起部分中介作用;(3)公我意识调节自尊对网络过激行为的直接作用。相对于公我意识水平高的大学生,直接效应对公我意识水平低的大学生更显著;(4)自尊对社交焦虑的作用还受到个体私我意识的调节,相对于私我意识水平低的大学生,间接效应对于私我意识水平高的大学生更显著。

自尊概念从诞生以来一直受到不同领域研究者的广泛关注。但在诸多研究和理论的推进之下,对于其概念内涵与外延的界定并没有达成统一,与相关概念之间也存在一定程度的混淆与误用。研究以历史为线索,对自尊概念发展进程中最具影响力的几种观点进行了总结与评述,并对相关概念进行了比较与辨析。在此基础上,研究还对现阶段自尊研究的热点话题——真实自尊的概念进行了梳理,明确了其与虚假自尊或过分追求的自尊之间的本质差异,即自尊的权变性与条件性,以期为后续实证研究的展开提供依据。

A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and mental health of Chinese college students.Analysis of 30 studies (N = 14673) met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The result of meta-analysis showed : self-esteem had medium negative correlation to the factors of SCL-90, and self-esteem had significant effect on mental health. There was a higher significant correlation between self-esteem and depression, anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. moderator analyses revealed that geographical distribution have significant moderating effects on these relationship between self-esteem and the factors of SCL-90. The results suggest that self-esteem is an important influencing factor to mental health.In particular, self-esteem is also predictive significantly to depression, anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity of mental health.

目的 探索社交焦虑与大学生自尊、自我接纳的关系。方法 以“交往焦虑量表（ＩＡＳ）”、“自尊量表（ＳＥＳ）”和“自我接纳问卷（ＳＡＱ）”，对４８７名大学新生进行调查分析。结果 ＩＡＳ有５个条目和阳性率在４０以上，ＩＡＳ与ＥＳＳ、ＳＡＱ呈显著性负相关（Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论 大学生在社交方面存在一定程度的社交焦虑，自尊与自我接纳是影响大学生社交世的重要因素之一。

目的:探究自尊、负向评价恐惧与社会支持对大学生社交焦虑发生机制的影响。方法:采用社交互动焦虑量表、自尊量表、领悟社会支持量表与简版负向评价恐惧量表对290名大学生进行测量。结果:1大学生社交焦虑与自尊、领悟社会支持均存在负相关(r=-0.27,-0.12;P0.05),社交焦虑与负向评价恐惧存在正相关(r=0.48,P0.001);2大学生社交焦虑的发生机制符合有调节的中介模型,即负向评价恐惧在自尊与社交焦虑间起部分中介作用,而这种中介效应受到领悟社会支持的调节(γ=-0.20,P0.001)。结论:1自尊水平越低且负向评价恐惧越高的大学生,更有可能引发社交焦虑,但这种中介效应受到了社会支持的调节;2提高自尊水平和降低负向评价恐惧是缓解大学生社交焦虑的主要途径,增加社会支持不仅能通过降低负向评价恐惧来间接缓解社交焦虑,还能对社交焦虑的改善直接发挥作用。

探讨了高职生自尊、拒绝敏感性、人际信任与社交焦虑之间的关系。采用自尊量表、社交焦虑量表、修订后的拒绝敏感性量表和人际信任量表测量了720名在校高职学。结果显示拒绝敏感性与社交焦虑呈正相关(r=0.23,P0.01),与自尊、人际信任呈负相关(r=-0.15,r=-0.29,P0.01);人际信任与自尊呈正相关(r=0.22,P0.01),与社交焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.26,P0.01);自尊与社交焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.17,P0.01);拒绝敏感性在自尊与社交焦虑之间发挥着部分中介作用,当拒绝敏感性进入回归方程时,自尊对社交焦虑的预测效应显著下降,从-0.17降为-0.13(t=-3.64,P=0.001),人际信任在自尊与社交焦虑之间发挥着部分中介作用,当人际信任进入回归方程时,自尊对社交焦虑的预测效应显著下降,从-0.17降为-0.12(t=-3.14,P=0.001);通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了拒绝敏感性和人际信任是自尊与社交焦虑关系中的中介变量。结论:自尊通过拒绝敏感性和人际信任的中介作用影响社交焦虑。

统计推断在科学研究中起到关键作用,然而当前科研中最常用的经典统计方法——零假设检验(Null hypothesis significance test,NHST)却因难以理解而被部分研究者误用或滥用。有研究者提出使用贝叶斯因子(Bayes factor)作为一种替代和(或)补充的统计方法。贝叶斯因子是贝叶斯统计中用来进行模型比较和假设检验的重要方法,其可以解读为对零假设H_0或者备择假设H_1的支持程度。其与NHST相比有如下优势:同时考虑H_0和H_1并可以用来支持H_0、不"严重"地倾向于反对H_0、可以监控证据强度的变化以及不受抽样计划的影响。目前,贝叶斯因子能够很便捷地通过开放的统计软件JASP实现,本文以贝叶斯t检验进行示范。贝叶斯因子的使用对心理学研究者来说具有重要的意义,但使用时需要注意先验分布选择的合理性以及保持数据分析过程的透明与公开。

目的 探讨大学生在社交焦虑中高、低分组间的性格、自尊、认知性情绪调节策略选择的差异,以及不同的自尊水平、性格和认知性情绪调节策略对社交焦虑的预测作用. 方法 540名大学生,完成自我意识量表-社交焦虑分量表、艾森克个性问卷、自尊量表及认知性情绪调节问卷.结果 被试社交焦虑得分在性别上没有显著差异,在性格的内外向、稳定程度及部分认知性情绪调节策略因子上存在显著差异.高、低社交焦虑组大学生在自尊、性格特征 两维度的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)；在认知性情绪调节策略上,自我责难、沉思、重新关注计划、积极重新评价、理性分析、灾难化、责怪他人等策略上 存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).相关分析发现,大学生的社交焦虑与自尊、人格特征内外向维度呈显著的负相关(r=-0.34、 -0.46,P＜0.001),而与性格特征情绪稳定性维度呈显著的正相关(r=0.38,P＜0.001).多元回归分析显示,内外向、情绪稳定性、自 我责难策略及重新关注计划策略进入方程的预测变量中.结论 不同性别的社交焦虑表现并无明显差异,而高社交焦虑人群表现出内向不稳定的性格特征且低自尊,倾向于选择理性分析的积极策略,沉思、自我责难、灾难化及责 怪他人的消极策略.内向不稳定的性格特征、对自我责难和重新关注计划的认知性情绪调节策略的选择倾向,可以显著增加社交焦虑发生的可能性.

目的 探讨大学生寝室人际信任、自尊与社交焦虑的关系,为高校开展大学生心理辅导提供指导依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,在东部、中部和西部三大经济地带共抽取13所高校665名大学生;采用社交焦虑量表（IAS）、大学生寝室人际信任量表、自尊量表（SES）对其进行问卷调查。结果 不同年级大学生自尊和寝室人际信任得分差异有统计学意义（F值分别为8.448,10.520,P值均〈0.01）。是否独生子女和不同家庭居住地大学生行为信任得分差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-2.274,-2.211,P值均〈0.05）。不同家庭居住地大学生品质信任得分差异有统计学意义（t=-2.157,P〈0.05）。是否学生干部得分和不同家庭居住地大学生社交焦虑得分差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-3.929,-3.045,P值均〈0.01）。社交焦虑得分与自尊和行为信任得分均呈负相关（r值分别为0.283,0.339,P值均〈0.01）。逐步回归分析发现,自尊与寝室人际信任中的行为信任对社交焦虑的解释度均达到统计学水平（B值分别为-0.492,-0.170,P值均〈0.01）。结论 大学生自尊水平和行为信任水平与社交焦虑水平存在一定程度的关联。

[目的]探讨少年儿童领悟社会支持、自尊和儿童社交焦虑的关系。[方法]采用领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表和儿童社交焦虑量表对308名兵团少年儿童进行问卷调查,利用回归分析来研究变量之间的关系。[结果]少年儿童社交焦虑评分在年级(F=3.645,P0.05)上差异有统计学意义;儿童社交焦虑与领悟社会支持、自尊呈负相关(r=-0.136/r=-0.351,P0.05);领悟社会支持、自尊对儿童社交焦虑起负向预测作用(P0.05);自尊在领悟社会支持与儿童社交焦虑之间起到完全中介作用(中介效应值为28.2%)。[结论]领悟社会支持对儿童社交焦虑的影响完全是通过自尊的中介作用实现的。

采用Rosenberg自尊量表、拒绝敏感性量表、不确定感忍耐性量表、社交焦虑量表对563名大学生进行问卷调查。结果表明:自尊负相关于拒绝敏感性、无法忍受不确定性和社交焦虑,拒绝敏感性正相关于无法忍受不确定性和社交焦虑,无法忍受不确定性正相关于社交焦虑;拒绝敏感性和无法忍受不确定性在自尊与社交焦虑间起着中介作用。这表明,自尊不仅可以直接影响社交焦虑,而且可以通过拒绝敏感性和无法忍受不确定性的中介作用间接影响社交焦虑。

为了探讨青少年外显自尊、内隐自尊、无法忍受不确定性与社交焦虑的关系,本研究采用Rosenberg自尊问卷、无法忍受不确定性问卷、社交回避及苦恼问卷和自尊IAT测量了191名大学生。结果表明:(1)外显自尊与无法忍受不确定性、社交焦虑呈显著负相关,无法忍受不确定性与社交焦虑呈显著正相关;(2)外显自尊对无法忍受不确定性具有直接的预测作用,内隐自尊调节着外显自尊对无法忍受不确定性的预测作用;(3)中介调节作用分析发现,当无法忍受不确定性进入回归方程时,外显自尊×内隐自尊对社交焦虑的预测作用不显著,而无法忍受不确定性对社交焦虑的预测作用显著。这表明,外显自尊×内隐自尊对社交焦虑的预测作用是通过无法忍受不确定性这一中介变量实现的。

探讨移动互联网时代大学生手机依赖对其主观幸福感的影响,以及社交焦虑的中介作用机制。采用手机依赖量表、社交焦虑量表(IAS)和Campbell幸福感量表对江苏高校大学生进行施测,收回有效问卷598份。数据分析结果表明:(1)大学生手机依赖在性别和年级上存在显著差异;(2)大学生手机依赖倾向对主观幸福感有显著的负向预测作用,对社交焦虑有显著的正向预测作用;(3)社交焦虑对主观幸福感具有显著的负向预测作用,且社交焦虑在手机依赖与主观幸福感之间起中介作用。由此可见,手机依赖不仅可以直接导致大学生主观幸福感降低,而且也能够通过导致社交焦虑进一步影响主观幸福感。

目的：探讨青少年自尊与自我概念清晰性以及社交焦虑的关系。方法：采用自尊量表、自我概念清晰性量表和社交焦虑量表对644名青少年进行了测量调查。结果：①高自尊组青少年的自我概念清晰性得分显著高于低自尊组（t=-6.21,P〈0.01）,低自尊组青少年的社交焦虑得分显著高于高自尊组（t=7.62,P〈0.01）;②自尊与自我概念清晰性呈显著正相关（r=0.30,P〈0.01）,自尊和自我概念清晰性均与社交焦虑呈显著负相关（r=-0.32,-0.35,P〈0.01）;③自我概念清晰性在自尊与社交焦虑之间起显著中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为41.6%。结论：青少年自尊、自我概念清晰性和社交焦虑三者之间密切相关,自我概念清晰性在自尊和社交焦虑之间起显著的中介作用。

本研究主要目的是探究大学生自尊与社会焦虑、人际信任之间的相互关系,为提高大学生自尊,缓解社交焦虑,培养人际互信提供实证依据。方法是采用自尊量表(SES)、交往焦虑量表(IAS)和人际信任量表(ITS)对250名在校全日制大学生方便样本进行测量。最后,本研究发现:1.自尊、社交焦虑在性别、年级、生源地各水平上没有统计学差异;人际信任在性别、年级各水平存在显著差异。2.自尊与社交焦虑存在显著负相关(p0.01);自尊与人际信任存在显著正相关(p0.01);社交焦虑、人际信任不显著负相关(p0.05)。3.社交焦虑、人际信任对自尊有良好预测作用。因此,我们认为自尊与社交焦虑、人际信任有紧密联系,并互相影响。

目的:探索大学生依恋关系、自尊与社交焦虑之间的关系,为改善大学生社交焦虑、促进心理健康水平提供参考。方法:采用亲密关系经历量表、自尊量表以及交往焦虑量表调查588名大学生的依恋回避和依恋焦虑程度、自尊水平以及社交焦虑程度,并利用皮尔逊积差相关和线性回归分析变量间关系。结果:(1)大学生依恋回避、依恋焦虑得分与社交焦虑得分呈显著正相关(r=0.22,P<0.01;r=0.35,P<0.01),自尊得分与依恋回避得分、依恋焦虑得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.29,P<0.01;r=-0.27,P<0.01)。社交焦虑与自尊水平呈负相关(r=-0.38,P<0.01)。(2)自尊在依恋回避、依恋焦虑和社交焦虑的中介作用显著,且自尊在依恋回避与社交焦虑之间呈完全中介作用,自尊对社交焦虑有反向预测作用(β=-0.70,t=-8.87,P<0.001),自尊在依恋焦虑与社交焦虑中呈部分中介作用,且自尊对社交焦虑有反向预测作用(β=-0.62,t=-8.14,P<0.001)。结论:自尊在大学生依恋关系与社交焦虑中存在中介作用,高自尊可以缓冲大学生高的依恋回避、依恋焦虑对社交焦虑的影响。

元分析通过综合实证研究结果,积累证据,去伪存真,在研究与实践中有着非常重要 的作用.元分析所用方法种类繁多,其选择对研究的质量影响较大,当前元分析报告迅猛增 长使得其质量更应多加关注.为规范元分析流程,提升报告质量,生物医学(如由医疗卫生 领域专家国际性小组制定的 PRISMA)及心理学(如美国心理学会推荐的 MARS)领域中 均制定了元分析报告标准.然而,这类标准开放度不够而且没有中国数据支撑.结合心理学 的特点以及最近开放科学的趋势,本文拟提出更具有开放性与透明性的元分析报告标准,共 包括 7 部分 30 个条目.基于该标准的方法与结果报告部分的条目,本文对 2017 年国内心理 学期刊上发表的元分析报告进行评估.结果发现:已有元分析报告存在方案预注册信息缺乏, 研究方法与结果部分内容的混淆,数据来源与分析过程开放性不够等问题.本文提出的元分 析报告标准,既可以帮助研究者实施元分析,又有助于提升国内元分析研究的质量.

Abstract:Objective To systematically review the total status and various features of psychological resilience in the Chinese college students,and to provide basis for specificating research methods of psychological resilience.Methods The studies published before September 12,2013 were searched in Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBMdisc),VIP database,CNKI database,Wanfang　database,PubMed and Embase database.The cross-sectional studies about the status of psychological resilience in the college students were included.Two reviewers performed screening,quality assessment and data extraction independently,and reached a consensus after cross-check and discussion.Meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.1 in the college students with different genders,grades,majors,residences and only-child or not. Results A total of 31 studies with 19 285 college students were included in the analysis.The status of psychological resilience was at a good level.The Meta-analysis results showed the psychological resilience score of the boys was higher than that of the girls［OR(95%CI)：0.11(0.03,0.19),P

目的:探讨中学生心理素质与社交焦虑的关系,以及自尊和评价恐惧在其中的中介作用。方法:采取整群分层随机抽样选取全国七省市1459例中学生,采用中学生心理素质量表(简化版)(BPSQM)、自尊量表(SES)、简式负向评价恐惧量表(BFNES)、正向评价恐惧量表(FPES)和社交回避与苦恼量表(SAD)分别对中学生的心理素质、自尊、负向评价恐惧、正向评价恐惧和社会焦虑水平进行测量,采用结构方程模型的Bootstrap法对自尊和评价恐惧在心理素质与社交焦虑间的中介作用进行检验。结果:相关分析显示,BPSQM得分与SES得分正相关(r=0.52,P0.01)、与BFNES、FPES、SAD得分(r=-0.19--0.34,Ps0.01)负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01);结构方程模型检验中介效应表明,SES得分在BPSQM得分与SAD得分的关系中起部分中介作用,SES得分和BFNES得分在BPSQM与SAD得分关系中起链式中介作用,SES得分和FPES得分在BPSQM得分与SAD得分关系中起链式中介作用,模型拟合指数良好。结论:中学生心理素质与社交焦虑关系密切,自尊和评价恐惧在心理素质和社交焦虑之间发挥中介作用。

目的:了解高校女生体型认知的现状,探讨其体型及体型认知与社交回避、社交苦恼、自尊和外向性的关系。方法:根据体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)将苏州某高校6个学院18~23岁女生分为体质量超重和体质量标准两组,然后采用分层随机抽样法共抽取148名女生(体型超重组30人,体型标准组118人),根据样本对自身体型是否满意,将样本进一步划分为体型超重-自认肥胖组(按照医学标准体型偏胖BMI22.9,且自认为体型偏胖者)(n=30)、体型标准-自认肥胖组(按照医学标准体型标准BMI22.9,但主观认为自己偏胖者)(n=78)、体型标准-自认满意组(按照医学标准体型标准BMI22.9,且主观上满意自身体型者)(n=40)。用社交回避及苦恼量表(Social Avoidance and Distress Scale,SAD)、自尊量表(self-esteem scale,SES)及向性检查卡进行调查。结果:(1)体型超重-自认肥胖组、体型标准-自认肥胖组和体型标准-自认满意组尝试减肥和因体型受挫的比率分别为83.3%、70.5%、42.5%和96.7%、76.9%、27.5%;(2)体型标准-自认肥胖组SAD的社交苦恼维度得分大于体型标准-自认满意组[(6.55±2.58)vs(5.15±3.28),P0.05],体型超重-自认肥胖组SES得分和外向性指数小于体型标准-自认满意组[(28.90±4.30)vs(31.38±4.72),(99.08±18.82)vs(111.16±24.33),均P0.05];(3)BMI值与高校女生的社交回避、社交苦恼、自尊及外向性指数均无统计学意义(r=-0.00,0.01,0.10,-0.08,均P0.05),SES得分与社交回避、社交苦恼得分呈正相关(r=0.25,0.31,均P0.01),外向性指数得分与社交回避、社交苦恼及SES得分负相关(r=-0.48,0.41,-0.38,均P0.01)。结论:高校女生中对自身体型持非理性认知者比例较高,尝试减肥行为是普遍存在的现象;实际的体型与女生在社交以及自尊方面的表现无关,女生对自身体型的认知与她们在社交、自尊及外向性方面的表现有关。

以往攻击性和自尊之间关系的研究结论存在很大分歧。为了综合以往研究,明确两者之间的整体关系,分析造成分歧的原因,81项原始研究进入了元分析。结果显示：（1）攻击性和自尊呈中等程度的负相关。（2）自尊的不同结构与不同类型的攻击性呈现不同的相关模式。攻击性与外显自尊和内隐自尊呈负相关;攻击性与自尊稳定性和相倚性呈正相关（3）年级和攻击性量表类型的调节效应显著。攻击性与高自尊异质性之间的关系是将来研究的重点。

目的 探讨外显自尊、内隐自尊与社交焦虑的关系.方法 采用自尊量表SES,内隐联想测验(IAT)以及社交焦虑量表(IAS)对88名大学生进行施测.结果 大学新生社交焦虑与外显自尊和内隐自尊均有显著关系;外显自尊和独生子女状况对社交焦虑有更好的预测作用.结论 大学新生社交焦虑和自尊有关,在咨询和治疗中更应帮助来访者重建自信,提高自尊水平.

探究大学生社交焦虑与自尊、孤独感之间的相互关系,为缓解大学生社交焦虑,提高个人自尊,降低孤独感提供实证依据。采用社交焦虑量表、自尊量表和孤独感量表对285名在校全日制大学生进行测量。本研究发现：1社交焦虑、自尊、孤独感水平在性别、年级上差异无统计学意义。2自尊与社交焦虑呈负相关（P〈0.01）;自尊与孤独感呈负相关（P〈0.01）;社交焦虑与孤独感呈正相关（P〈0.01）。3自尊、孤独感水平对社交焦虑有良好的预测作用。本研究认为社交焦虑与自尊、孤独感水平有紧密联系,并有预测作用。

目的探讨初一新生内隐、外显自尊状况与社交焦虑的关系。方法对50名初一新生施测内隐联想测验（IAT），同时填答自尊量表（SES）和社交焦虑量表（IAS）。结果内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离程度（ZIAT—ZSES）与社交焦虑有显著正相关。外显自尊与社交焦虑存在显著负相关。结论内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度对社交焦虑有重要影响，外显自尊对社交焦虑有缓冲作用。

目的:了解自尊、拒绝敏感性、人际信任和社会焦虑的关系.方法:采用Rosenberg自尊问卷、拒绝敏 感性问卷、信任问卷和交往焦虑问卷测量了411名大学生.结果:自尊与人际信任呈正相关(r=0.147,P=0.003),与拒绝敏感性 (r=-0.238,P<0.001)和社会焦虑(r=-0.170,P<0.001)呈负相关;人际信任与拒绝敏感性 (r=-0.206,P<0.001)和社会焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.224,P<0.001);拒绝敏感性与社会焦虑呈正相关 (r=0.223,P<0.001).分层回归分析表明,当拒绝敏感性进人回归方程时,自尊对人际信任的预测效应从0.147降为0.104,自尊 对社会焦虑的预测效应从-0.170降为-0.124.结论:自尊以拒绝敏感性为部分中介影响着人际信任和社会焦虑.

为考察情感平衡、问题行为、心理韧性与性别之间的关系,本研究采用情感平衡量表、问题行为量表和中学生心理韧性量表对529名初中留守儿童进行调查.结果发现,初中留守儿童情感平衡、问题行为、心理韧性两两相关显著;情感平衡不仅可以直接预测个体的问题行为,还可以通过心理韧性间接预测问题行为,性别在情感平衡与问题行为之间发挥着调节作用.

运用问卷测验法和深入访谈法相结合 ,调查大学生自尊获得方式和自尊受损后的应对方式上的性别差异。结果表明 :1 .大学生自尊获得方式有他人认同、他人自居、社会性比较、自我外部显现、自我内部确证五类 ,类别及其子类均存在一定程度上的性别差异 ;2 .在自尊受损后的应对方式上 ,男女大学生表现出较为显著的性别差异 ;3 .社会文化是影响大学生自尊获得方式及应对方式的主要因素。

目的:探讨医学新生社交焦虑与父母教养方式、自尊的关系,为学生心理健康辅导提供理论依据。方法:采用交往焦虑量表(IAS)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、自尊量表(SES)对333名医学新生进行调查。结果:医学新生社交焦虑与父母教养方式的父母情感温暖和理解、自尊水平呈负相关关系(P0.01),与母亲的过度干涉、过度保护、母亲的拒绝否认、母亲的偏爱被试呈正相关关系(P0.05)。结论:父母教养方式和自尊水平对医学新生的社交焦虑有一定的影响。

为探讨无法忍受不确定性与自尊在消极完美主义人格与社交焦虑之间的中介作用,研究采用近乎完美量表、交往焦虑量表、自尊量表和无法忍受不确定性量表对365名大学生进行问卷调查。结果表明:(1)消极完美主义、社交焦虑和无法忍受不确定性两两之间呈显著正相关,自尊与消极完美主义、社交焦虑、无法忍受不确定性呈显著负相关;(2)无法忍受不确定性和自尊在消极完美主义与社交焦虑间都起到部分中介作用,且消极完美主义对社交焦虑的间接效应显著。因此,消极完美主义通过无法忍受不确定性和自尊的中介作用来影响社交焦虑。

目的:探讨大学生内隐、外显自尊状况与社交焦虑的关系,为大学生心理健康辅导提供理论依据。方法:选择新乡医学院在校大学生67名,对其施测内隐联想测验(IAT),测评其内隐自尊水平;并分别采用Leary交往焦虑量表(IAS)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)评价大学生社交焦虑水平和外显自尊水平。结果:筛选出有效被试58名,有效率为86.6%。大学生外显自尊与社交焦虑水平存在显著的负相关(r=-0.427,P0.01),内隐自尊与社交焦虑无显著相关,内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度(ZIAT-ZSES)与社交焦虑水平之间有显著正相关(r=0.375,P0.01)。结论:大学生内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度对社交焦虑有重要影响,外显自尊对社交焦虑有缓冲作用。可以通过提高大学生外显自尊水平对社交焦虑进行干预。

目的：探讨大学生自我和谐、自尊与社交焦虑的关系。方法：采用自我和谐量表量表、大学生自尊量表、大学生社会焦虑量表对366名大学生进行施测。结果：（1）大学生自我灵活性在是否担任学生干部上存在显著差异（t=3.221，P〈0.001），其余均不存在显著差异；（2）大学生自我和谐、自尊与社交焦虑相关显著（r=0.379和0.126，P〈0.05）。（3）大学生自我和谐、自尊对社交焦虑有显著的预测的作用（R2=0.224）。（4）自尊是自我和谐和社交焦虑起作用的中介变量。结论：自尊在大学生自我和谐和社交焦虑的关系中起重要调节作用。

目的 探讨本科护生交往焦虑及其与自尊和人际归因的相关性,为指导护生克服交往焦虑提供参考.方法 采用自尊量表、多维度-多归因因果量表、交往焦虑量表对本科护生进行问卷调查.结果 本科护生交往焦虑评分为43.20±8.28,随年级升高而增加;交往焦虑与自尊呈显著负相关(P＜0.01),与人际归因中的能力、背景及运气因子呈显 著正相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 护理教育及管理者需因人施教,引导护生正确把握自尊弹性,改善消极的人际归因模式,进而克服交往焦虑.

目的:研究4~6年级小学生自尊、社交焦虑与孤独感的关系。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对四川省某城镇小学4~6年级385名在校学生实施问卷调查,采用自尊量表(SES)、儿童社交焦虑量表(SASC)、儿童孤独量表(CLS)对小学生进行问卷调查。结果:1儿童的孤独感与社交焦虑及两因子呈显著正相关(r=0.481,0.400,0.378;P均0.01),与自尊水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.400,P0.01);2自尊在害怕否定评价和孤独感间起到了中介调节作用。结论:自尊可以部分调节4~6年级小学生在体验到社交焦虑时产生孤独感后的负性影响。

以259名大学生为对象,采用问卷法调查了大学生一般撒谎行为和 风险情境下的撒谎行为,并探讨了社交焦虑、自尊水平两个变量对撒谎行为的影响.结果发现:(1)在个体差异上,大学男生自我报告有更多的一般撒谎行为和风 险撒谎行为,文科女生比理科女生报告更多一般撒谎行为,撒谎行为在年级上不存在统计学上的显著差异.(2)一般撒谎行为和风险情境下撒谎行为正相关. (3)社交焦虑程度高的个体较少撒谎行为,高自尊的个体更多撒谎行为;社交焦虑和自尊对一般撒谎行为和风险撒谎行为有预测作用.

目的:考查中小学学生社交焦虑状况并探究社交焦虑与自我效能、自尊之间的关系。方法:应用一般自我效能感量表、自尊量表和社交焦虑量表,对成都地区4所中小学的924名学生进行测查。结果:中小学学生社交焦虑水平的性别差异不显著,但年级差异显著,五年级学生的社交焦虑水平显著高于其他年级;自我效能、自尊与社交焦虑之间显著负相关;自尊在自我效能与社交焦虑之间起完全中介作用。结论:自我效能通过自尊间接影响社交焦虑。

本文以某医学院学生为研究对象,用自尊量表（SES）和交往焦虑量表（IAS）对某医学院大 学生进行调查分析,结果表明：恋爱中大学生的自尊得分显著高于非恋爱中大学生,而社交焦虑得分则显著低于非恋爱中大学生;心理自尊与社交焦虑呈现显著的负 相关。结论是自尊心理与社交焦虑相互影响,密切相关。

以北京市2所重点校和2所普通校的717名初高中生为被试,采用问卷调查中学生情绪智力和创造性倾向发展特点及二者的关系。结果发现:(1)中学生的情绪智力存在性别差异,表现为女生在情绪感知、情绪理解、情绪管理3个维度得分显著高于男生;在情绪感知、情绪理解和情绪管理维度还存在学校和年级的交互作用;(2)中学生在创造性倾向的自信心维度存在性别和年级的交互作用;(3)情绪智力与创造性倾向显著相关。进一步的回归分析发现,情绪感知、情绪理解和情绪运用显著正向预测创造性倾向,情绪管理显著负向预测创造性倾向。情绪智力对创造性倾向总分的预测力为26%,其中情绪感知和情绪管理对创造性倾向的解释力最大。

为了探讨大学生交往焦虑水平与自尊水平的关系，以及交往焦虑和自尊水平在性别、年级、是否为独生子女等变量上的特点，采用自尊量表SES与交往焦虑量表IAS对学生进行施测，数据输入SPSS16.0统计软件进行独立样本t检验、方差分析和Pearson积差相关。结果表明：大学生的交往焦虑水平与自尊水平存在显著的正相关；大学生的交往焦虑水平在性别、是否是独生子女以及年级上不存在显著差异；大学生的自尊水平在性别变量上不存在显著性差异，而在被试是否为独生子女和年级变量上存在显著差异。说明自尊水平是影响大学生焦虑水平的重要变量，两者之间的关系可作进一步研究。

采用手机成瘾量表、社交焦虑量表和公正世界信念量表对湖北省某高校647名大学生进行调查，考察了大学生社交焦虑对手机成瘾的影响，以及公正世界信念在其中起到的调节作用。结果发现：（1）大学生的社交焦虑与手机成瘾之间存在显著正相关；（2）公正世界信念在社交焦虑与手机成瘾的关系中起调节作用，随着公正世界信念的提升，社交焦虑与手机成瘾的关系逐渐减弱，并最终消失。

目的探讨自尊在大学生自我接纳与社交焦虑之间的中介作用机制,为改善大学生社交焦虑状况提供参考。方法采用自我接纳问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表中文修订版和社交回避与苦恼量表,对吉林省3所大学947名大学生进行测评,应用SPSS 13.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果大学生社交焦虑得分在性别、民族、生源地、学校类型、年级等人口学变量上差异均有统计学意义。社交焦虑与自尊、自我接纳呈负相关(r值分别为-0.418,-0.445,P值均0.01),自尊与自我接纳呈正相关(r=0.592,P0.01)。自尊与自我接纳均对社交焦虑有负向预测作用(β值分别为-0.24,-0.30,P值均0.01)。结论大学生自尊在自我接纳与社交焦虑间起部分中介作用。

探索大学生述情障碍在手机成瘾倾向与人际适应性间的中介作用.用手机成瘾倾向量表、人际适应性问卷和多伦多述情障碍量表对472名大学生施测.结果 发现:(1)手机成瘾倾向及各因子与人际适应性呈显著负相关,与述情障碍呈显著正相关;述情障碍与人际适应性呈显著负相关.(2)在中介模型中,大学生手机成瘾倾向对人际适应性的直接效应不显著,通过述情障碍对人际适应性的间接效应显著.这说明大学生述情障碍在手机成瘾倾向对人际适应性的影响中起完全中介作用.

为探讨评价恐惧在自尊与社交焦虑间的作用,本研究采用正向评价恐惧量表、负向评价恐惧量表、自尊量表、社交互动焦虑量表,以大学生作为研究对象进行问卷调查,得到655份有效问卷。研究结果表明:(1)正向评价恐惧量表在本研究大学生样本中具有良好的信、效度。(2)正向评价恐惧、负向评价恐惧在自尊与社交焦虑间起着部分中介作用,中介效应值为47.17%,即自尊一方面直接影响社交焦虑,另一方面通过负向评价恐惧、正向评价恐惧影响社交焦虑。

目的:了解中学生交往焦虑、人际归因方式和外显自尊的状况,探讨交往焦虑、人际归因方式和外显自尊三者之间的关系以及外显自尊在人际归因方式和交往焦虑间的中介作用。方法:采用分层整群抽样法,随机抽取安徽省蚌埠市4所中学2626名中学生,采用交往焦虑量表、人际归因量表和外显自尊量表进行问卷调查。结果:中学生人际归因方式得分男生高于女生(P0.01);外显自尊得分初中生高于高中生(P0.01)。人际总归因方式及各维度与交往焦虑之间呈正相关关系(P0.01);外显自尊与交往焦虑之间呈负相关关系(P0.01)。外显自尊在人际归因方式对交往焦虑的影响中起部分中介作用,中介作用大小约为34.62%,中介效应占总效应比例为52.61%。结论:引导中学生改善消极的人际归因方式,正确把握自尊弹性,可缓解和降低中学生的交往焦虑水平。

目的探索4～6年级小学生社交焦虑情况及与自尊和自我意识的关系。方法分层随机抽取重庆市主城区的3所小学校（重点、普通及农民工小学各1所）的568名在校4—6年级小学生，采用儿童社交焦虑量表（SASC）、Piers—Harris儿童自我意识量表、自尊量表（SES）对小学生进行问卷调查。结果①小学生总社交焦虑及两大因子得分显著高于中国城市常模（P〈0．01）；②女生的社交焦虑总分及害怕否定评价[（4．84±4．26）分，（3．08±2．91）分）]高于男生[（4．12±3．95）分，（2．54±2．63）分，P〈0．05]；随年级的增高，六年级学生害怕否定评价的得分[（3．22±2．82）分]高于五年级[（2．53±2．76）分，P〈0．01]和四年级[（2．54±2．68）分，P〈0．05]；农民工小学、单亲家庭和收入相对低的家庭者社交焦虑得分较高，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；③小学生总社交焦虑及两大因子与其自尊水平呈显著正相关（r=0．305，0．282，0．270），与自我意识及各因子呈不同程度的负相关（r=-0．202～-0．511），相关均达到显著性（P〈0．01）；④小学生害怕否定评价能被自我意识中的焦虑和合群解释占25．5％；社交回避及苦恼能被自我意识中的焦虑、合群和智力与学校情况解释占20．4％；总的社交焦虑能被自我意识中的焦虑和合群解释占28．2％。结论4～6年级小学生有较高的社交焦虑水平；不同性别、年级、学校、家庭结构、家庭月收入的小学生社交焦虑水平存在差异，其社交焦虑与自我意识和自尊水平密切相关。

To examine the relationships between self-esteem, body-esteem, emotional intelligence, and social anxiety, as well as to examine the moderating role of weight between exogenous variables and social anxiety, 520 university students completed the self-report measures. Structural equation modeling revealed that individuals with low self-esteem, body-esteem, and emotional intelligence were more likely to report social anxiety. The findings indicated that obese and overweight individuals with low body-esteem, emotional intelligence, and self-esteem had higher social anxiety than others. Our results highlight the roles of body-esteem, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence as influencing factors for reducing social anxiety.

61Relations between SA-severity and social-rank self-evaluations (SEs) were tested.61Social-rank SEs were measured both explicitly and implicitly.61SA-severity is associated with explicit social-rank SEs.61SA-severity is associated with the interaction between explicit and implicit social-rank SEs.

Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Raw (unstandardized) mean difference D Standardized mean difference, d and g Response ratios Summary points

Social skills training is a long-standing intervention for adolescents with social anxiety, while self-esteem is often ignored. However, there is little evidence suggesting that those with social anxiety require social skills training or interventions associated with self-esteem. The aim of the research was to investigate whether social skills and self-esteem varied between three groups of adolescents (mean age02=0214.53; SD02=021.60). Clustering the social anxiety scores resulted in a comparison group and two groups above the social anxiety cutoff: a socially anxious/shy (SA/Shy) group and an elevated social anxiety group. It was expected that there would be lower social skills and self-esteem scores associated with the socially anxious group, compared with other groups. The results were as anticipated for total and components of self-esteem (except home self-esteem). Contrary to expectations, between-group differences for social skills factors were not found. Results are interpreted in

Abstract AIMS: The social causation hypothesis suggests that the stress in connection with a depressing social position results in the development of mental disorders. This study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying the link between family socioeconomic status (SES) and social anxiety in Chinese emerging adults. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was given to a representative sample (N090009=090009717) of undergraduate students (17-23090009years old) at three universities in China. Correlational and structural equation modeling analyses were employed to test the hypothesized three-path effect of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation (FNE) as mediators between family SES and social anxiety. RESULTS: Findings suggest the following: (1) the emerging adults belonging to families with low SES are at an increased risk of social anxiety, and (2) lower family SES caused lower self-esteem, which, in turn, serves to enhance the levels of FNE, thereby increasing social anxiety. CONCLUSION: In addressing the prevention and treatment of social anxiety, we conclude that preventive efforts toward improving self-esteem may help reduce social anxiety in individuals with low family SES. 0008 The Author(s) 2014.

OBJECTIVES: To enhance our understanding of the factors that may account for increased aggression in socially anxious individuals, this study examined associations among emotion-driven impulse control difficulties, social anxiety, and dimensions of aggression (i.e., hostility, anger, physical aggression, verbal aggression). METHOD: Individuals (N = 107; 73.8% male; Mage = 40.8 years) receiving residential substance abuse treatment participated in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Social anxiety symptoms were significantly positively correlated with emotion-driven impulse control difficulties, anger, and hostility, but not verbal or physical aggression. Separate models for each aggression facet were examined to test the direct and indirect paths. Bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect path from social anxiety symptoms to each facet of aggression through emotion-driven impulse control difficulties (ps <.05). CONCLUSION: Results highlight the potential utility of targeting emotion-driven impulse control difficulties to decrease aggression among socially anxious individuals. 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Describes the development of a scale to assess individual differences in self-consciousness. Construction of the scale involved testing the 38 initial items with 130 female and 82 male undergraduates. A principal components factor analysis of the data yielded 3 factors accounting for 43% of the variance: Private Self-Consciousness, Public Self-Consciousness, and Social Anxiety. The final version of the scale, which contained 23 items, was administered to several groups of undergraduates (N = 668) to obtain norms, test-retest (2 wks), subscale correlation, and reliability data. Test-retest reliabilities were .84 for the Public Self-Consciousness scale, .79 for the Private Self-Consciousness scale, .73 for the Social Anxiety scale, and .80 for the total score. Public Self-Consciousness correlated moderately with both Private Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety, while the correlation of Private Self-Consciousness with Social Anxiety fluctuated around zero. No sex differences in scores were observed. Implications for research and therapy are discussed.

Three studies were conducted to assess the proposition that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. In Study 1, it was hypothesized that raising self-esteem would reduce anxiety in response to vivid images of death. In support of this hypothesis, Ss who received positive personality feedback reported less anxiety in response to a video about death than did neutral feedback Ss. In Studies 2 and 3, it was hypothesized that increasing self-esteem would reduce anxiety among individuals anticipating painful shock. Consistent with this hypothesis, both success and positive personality feedback reduced Ss' physiological arousal in response to subsequent threat of shock. Thus, converging evidence of an anxiety-buffering function of self-esteem was obtained.

The findings corroborate hypotheses derived from cognitive models of SAD: Automatic self-evaluations were negatively biased in individuals with SAD facing social threat and showed an inverse relationship to levels of state anxiety. However, automatic self-evaluations in individuals with SAD can be unbiased (similar to NC) in situations without social threat.

Anxiety is one of the most widely observed and extensively studied psychological concomitants of stuttering. Research conducted prior to the turn of the century produced evidence of heightened anxiety in people who stutter, yet findings were inconsistent and ambiguous. Failure to detect a clear and systematic relationship between anxiety and stuttering was attributed to methodological flaws, including use of small sample sizes and unidimensional measures of anxiety. More recent research, however, has generated far less equivocal findings when using social anxiety questionnaires and psychiatric diagnostic assessments in larger samples of people who stutter. In particular, a growing body of research has demonstrated an alarmingly high rate of social anxiety disorder among adults who stutter. Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent and chronic anxiety disorder characterised by significant fear of humiliation, embarrassment, and negative evaluation in social or performance-based situations. In light of the debilitating nature of social anxiety disorder, and the impact of stuttering on quality of life and personal functioning, collaboration between speech pathologists and psychologists is required to develop and implement comprehensive assessment and treatment programmes for social anxiety among people who stutter. This comprehensive approach has the potential to improve quality of life and engagement in everyday activities for people who stutter. Determining the prevalence of social anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who stutter is a critical line of future research. Further studies are also required to confirm the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in treating social anxiety disorder in stuttering. Educational Objectives: The reader will be able to: (a) describe the nature and course of social anxiety disorder; (b) outline previous research regarding anxiety and stuttering, including features of social anxiety disorder; (c) summarise research findings regarding the diagnostic assessment of social anxiety disorder among people who stutter; (d) describe approaches for the assessment and treatment of social anxiety in stuttering, including the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; and (e) outline clinical implications and future directions associated with heightened social anxiety in stuttering.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp1701_11

Abstract The self-report measures of social anxiety that are commonly used in social psychological and personality research confound the measurement of social anxiousness with the measurement of specific behaviors that often, but not always, accompany social anxiety. Theoretical and methodological issues regarding this problem are discussed, and two new scales are presented that measure interaction and audience anxiousness independent of specific social behaviors. Psychometric data show the scales to possess high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as strong evidence of construct and criterion validity.

Abstract The development and validation of the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) two companion measures for assessing social phobia fears is described. The SPS assesses fear of being scrutinised during routine activities (eating, drinking, writing, etc.), while the SIAS assesses fear of more general social interaction, the scales corresponding to the DSM-III-R descriptions of Social Phobia--Circumscribed and Generalised types, respectively. Both scales were shown to possess high levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. They discriminated between social phobia, agoraphobia and simple phobia samples, and between social phobia and normal samples. The scales correlated well with established measures of social anxiety, but were found to have low or non-significant (partial) correlations with established measures of depression, state and trait anxiety, locus of control, and social desirability. The scales were found to change with treatment and to remain stable in the face of no-treatment. It appears that these scales are valid, useful, and easily scored measures for clinical and research applications, and that they represent an improvement over existing measures of social phobia.

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/42492

This study aimed, first, to determine whether the intra-individual variability in positive affect was related to the intra-individual variability in career decision-making self-efficacy, and career choice anxiety. The second objective was to examine whether social support moderates the relationship between affect and these outcome variables. The third objective was to find out how career decision-making self-efficacy and career choice anxiety change according to self-esteem and future time perspective. We conducted a study using the daily diary method in which participants were asked to rate their affect or attitudes for 21 consecutive days. In total, 128 university students participated in this study. The main results were as follows. First, positive affect was associated positively with career decision-making self-efficacy and negatively with career choice anxiety. Second, social support had a synergy effect with positive affect to influence career choice anxiety. Third, self-esteem was related positively to career decision-making self-efficacy and negatively to career choice anxiety. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.

Background High incidence and morbidity rates are found among adolescents with social anxiety disorder, a severe and harmful form of social phobia. Extensive research has been conducted to uncover the...

Background: Some studies have shown that anxiety is particularly frequent in the Clinical High Risk (CHR) for psychosis population. Notably, social anxiety disorder is identified as one of the most common anxiety disorders in CHR adolescents and young adults. Despite this, the frequency and the clinical significance of social anxiety in this population have been underestimated. Methods: A selective review of literature published between 2011 and 2017 on social anxiety disorder in CHR adolescents and young adults. Results: Five studies are included. In particular, three studies demonstrated that CHR adolescents and young adults have higher levels of anxiety compared to controls. Furthermore, anxiety, including social anxiety, is related to the severity of psychotic symptoms. The other studies included show inconsistent results regarding the possible relationship between social anxiety and social functioning. Conclusions: To date, the eidence concerning the comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and CHR in adolescents and young adults is not sufficient to provide clear guidelines for clinical practice. Future longitudinal studies on larger samples of the CHR adolescents and young adults are required to examine the relationship between social anxiety disorder and the presence of attenuated psychotic symptomatology.

Knowledge on associations between ultra-high risk (UHR) for developing psychosis and on non-psychotic psychopathology in help-seeking populations is limited with respect to differences between male and female patients. The present study tests the hypothesis that both social anxiety and depression are highly prevalent in an UHR population, particularly among women. From February 2008 to February 2010 baseline data were collected from help-seeking subjects (14-35 years) who were included in the Dutch Early Detection and Intervention Evaluation (EDIE-NL) trial. Two recruiting strategies were used: a two-stage screening strategy in a population of consecutive help-seeking and distressed subjects of secondary mental health services, and a referral strategy. This study included 201 patients with a mean age of 22.7 years. Of these, 102 (51%) were female, 58% of the patients met the criteria for clinical depression on the Beck Depression Inventory and 42% met the criteria for clinical social phobia on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Women showed more depression and social anxiety than men. The results support the hypothesis that UHR is associated with depression and social anxiety, particularly in women. Screening a help-seeking population with depression and anxiety may be effective in detecting patients at UHR for developing psychosis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract When studies examine true effects, they generate right-skewed p-curves, distributions of statistically significant results with more low (.01 s) than high (.04 s) p values. What else can cause a right-skewed p-curve? First, we consider the possibility that researchers report only the smallest significant p value (as conjectured by Ulrich & Miller, 2015), concluding that it is a very uncommon problem. We then consider more common problems, including (a) p-curvers selecting the wrong p values, (b) fake data, (c) honest errors, and (d) ambitiously p-hacked (beyond p < .05) results. We evaluate the impact of these common problems on the validity of p-curve analysis, and provide practical solutions that substantially increase its robustness. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Low self-esteem and depression are strongly related, but there is not yet consistent evidence on the nature of the relation. Whereas the vulnerability model states that low self-esteem contributes to depression, the scar model states that depression erodes self-esteem. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the models are specific for depression or whether they are also valid for anxiety. We evaluated the vulnerability and scar models of low self-esteem and depression, and low self-esteem and anxiety, by meta-analyzing the available longitudinal data (covering 77 studies on depression and 18 studies on anxiety). The mean age of the samples ranged from childhood to old age. In the analyses, we used a random-effects model and examined prospective effects between the variables, controlling for prior levels of the predicted variables. For depression, the findings supported the vulnerability model: The effect of self-esteem on depression (beta = -.16) was significantly stronger than the effect of depression on self-esteem (beta = -.08). In contrast, the effects between low self-esteem and anxiety were relatively balanced: Self-esteem predicted anxiety with beta = -.10, and anxiety predicted self-esteem with beta = -.08. Moderator analyses were conducted for the effect of low self-esteem on depression; these suggested that the effect is not significantly influenced by gender, age, measures of self-esteem and depression, or time lag between assessments. If future research supports the hypothesized causality of the vulnerability effect of low self-esteem on depression, interventions aimed at increasing self-esteem might be useful in reducing the risk of depression.

In this paper, we offer a clarified account of global self-esteem as consisting of self-competence and self-liking and describe a revised instrument designed to measure the two correlated dimensions. In Study 1, four measurement models representing distinct conceptions of self-esteem are compared to confirm the a priori structure of the instrument. In Study 2, multiple reporters (self, mother, father) are used to provide evidence for convergent and discriminant validity in a multitrait–multimethod context. Advantages of the two-dimensional approach to measurement are discussed.

We examined self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and social anxiety in a Chinese cultural context. Participants comprised 508 Chinese undergraduate students, who completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Interaction Anxiousness Scale. Results showed that social anxiety was negatively correlated with mindfulness and self-esteem, and that mindfulness was positively correlated with self-esteem. Mediation analysis revealed that self-esteem partially mediated the association between mindfulness and social anxiety. Thus, we suggest that mindfulness decreases social anxiety because high mindfulness fosters high self-esteem. Mindfulness practice, for example, meditation, can be used as a preventive therapy to help Chinese adults to reduce their social anxiety, and can also enhance the self-esteem of socially anxious Chinese adults.

We examined whether co-rumination with online friends buffered the link between social anxiety and depressive symptoms over time in a community sample. In a sample of 526 participants (358 girls;Mage= 14.05) followed at three time points, we conducted a latent cross-lagged model with social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and co-rumination, controlling for friendship stability and friendship quality, and adding a latent interaction between social anxiety and co-rumination predicting depressive symptoms. Social anxiety predicted depressive symptoms, but no direct links between social anxiety and co-rumination emerged. Instead, co-rumination buffered the link between social anxiety and depressive symptoms for adolescents with higher but not lower levels of social anxiety. These findings indicate that co-rumination exerted a positive influence on interpersonal relationships by diminishing the influence from social anxiety on depressive symptoms over time.

Research has shown that social anxiety generalises to sporting and athletic situations. The present study explored the applicability of the Clark and Wells model of social anxiety - and its metacognitive extension - to sport anxiety. Participants were 290 students aged 11-13 years, who completed measures of sport anxiety, social anxiety, depression and cognitive variables implicated by the model. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that performance attitudes, performance cognitions, anticipatory and post-event processing were predictive of sport anxiety, after controlling for social anxiety and depression. In addition, the association between performance attitudes and sport anxiety was stronger at higher levels of anticipatory and post-event processing. These results suggest that the Clark and Wells cognitive model - and its metacognitive extension - is applicable to children with sport anxiety.

Abstract Reports the specification of a construct of social anxiety, the subsequent development of 2 scales, and validational studies. The Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD) were given to 358 undergraduates. 3 experiments and other correlational data are presented. People high in SAD tended to avoid social interactions, preferred to work alone, reported that they talked less, were more worried and less confident about social relationships, but were more likely to appear for appointments. Those high in FNE tended to become nervous in evaluative situations, and worked hard either to avoid disapproval or gain approval. Certain convergent and discriminant relationships had been part of the construct of social anxiety, and the correlational data support these differentiations. (17 ref.)