何以近朱者赤、近墨者黑?特质激活理论的缘起、现状和未来

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00161

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

特质激活理论旨在阐明适宜的外部情境如何激活个体的内在特质, 以及这种激活如何促使潜藏的隐性特质表达出显性的行为。文章综述了特质激活理论, 剖析了其从思想诞生到基准模型, 再到拓展模型的两次飞跃, 重点阐释了情境分层、情境特征、激活后果的反馈等系统, 辨析了特质激活的内涵及其与“人-环境”匹配理论、与情境强度理论的异同, 从深化验证、拓展现有理论模型等视角提出未来研究走向。

关键词: 特质激活, 特质激活理论, 特质表达行为, 特质相关线索, 情境分层系统

Abstract:

Trait Activation Theory aims to elaborate how relevant situations could activate individuals’ internal traits, and how the activation processes trigger the implicit traits expressed as explicit behaviors. The current study articulates the emergence, the baseline and extended theoretical models of Trait Activation Theory, and specifically explains the situational taxonomies, various trait activation processes, and the activated outcomes. The essence of trait activation and its boundary were also shown through the comparison with “P-E” Fit Theory and Situational Strength Theory. Future studies could explore the current theoretical model in depth and breadth, particularly enrich the “to be activated” alternatives and the situational taxonomies.

Key words: trait activation, Trait Activation Theory, trait-expressive behavior, trait-relevant cues, situational taxonomies

中图分类号:

B849:C93

刘玉新, 陈晨, 朱楠, 张建卫, 王帅. (2020). 何以近朱者赤、近墨者黑?特质激活理论的缘起、现状和未来. 心理科学进展 , 28(1), 161-177.

LIU Yuxin, CHEN Chen, ZHU Nan, ZHANG Jianwei, WANG Shuai. (2020). How does “one takes on the attributes of one's associates”? The past, present, and future of Trait Activation Theory. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(1), 161-177.

图/表 4

图1 特质激活和特质激活理论研究发展趋势图

表1 五种情境特征的划分标准及其对“特质-行为/绩效”关系的影响一览表

情境特征划分标准	对“特质-行为/ 绩效”关系的影响	情境特征分类
情境特征划分标准	对“特质-行为/ 绩效”关系的影响	要求	干扰	限制	释放	催化
发生频次	关系的稳定性	频发	频发	频发	偶发	偶发
激活状态	关系强度	直接增强	直接增强	直接减弱	直接增强	间接影响¹
行为评估的价值	关系方向	正向	负向	正/负	正/负	正/负

图2 “特质激活理论”拓展模型图注：KSA是对个体的知识(Knowledge), 技能(Skill)和能力(Ability)的统称。资料来源：Tett, R. P., Simonet, D. V., Walser, B., & Brown, C. (2013). Trait activation theory: Applications, developments, and implications for person-workplace fit. In N. D. Christiansen & R. P. Tett (Eds.), Handbook of personality at work (pp. 71-100). New York, NY: Routledge.

图3 素质激活模型资料来源：基于Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 500-517, 作者将其与素质冰山模型(McClelland, 1973)进行了有机整合。

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