The changes in cooperation among strangers in China: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of social dilemmas (1999~2019)

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01159

Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (9): 1159-1175.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01159

• Special Issue on Prosocial Behavior (Part Ⅰ) • Previous Articles Next Articles

The changes in cooperation among strangers in China: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of social dilemmas (1999~2019)

YUAN Mingliang¹, WU Junhui²^,³, JIN Shuxian⁴, LIN Jing⁵, KOU Yu⁵(), PAUL A. M. Van Lange⁶

¹Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
²CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
³Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RH, United Kingdom
⁵Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
⁶Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands

Published:2024-09-25 Online:2024-06-25
Contact: KOU Yu, E-mail: kouyu@bnu.edu.cn.

Abstract

YUAN Mingliang, WU Junhui, JIN Shuxian, LIN Jing, KOU Yu, PAUL A. M. Van Lange. (2024). The changes in cooperation among strangers in China: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of social dilemmas (1999~2019). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(9), 1159-1175.

Variable	Model 1				Model 2
Variable	b	SE	95% CI	β	b	SE	95% CI	β
Time	0.018^*	0.008	[0.002, 0.035]	0.12	0.024^**	0.009	[0.007, 0.041]	0.16
Dilemma type^a					0.16	0.10	[-0.04, 0.36]	0.14
% male					0.31	0.27	[-0.22, 0.84]	0.09
Repetitions^b
Mixed					-0.26	0.21	[-0.67, 0.15]	-0.07
Repeated					0.02	0.07	[-0.12, 0.16]	0.01
Group size					-0.21	0.12	[-0.45, 0.03]	-0.14
K index					0.73^**	0.24	[0.25, 1.21]	0.17
Communication^c
Mixed					0.12	0.29	[-0.45, 0.69]	0.02
Communication					0.83^**	0.26	[0.33, 1.34]	0.18
Sanctions^d
Mixed					0.00	0.14	[-0.28, 0.27]	-0.01
Sanctions					0.44^***	0.10	[0.24, 0.64]	0.27
Periods^e					0.00	0.11	[-0.22, 0.22]	0.01
Model statistics
Q_model(df)	4.83 (1)^*				55.97 (12)^***
Q_residual(df)	19146.79 (300)^***				13487.52 (289)^***
R²	0.01				0.12
τ²(level 2)	0.23				0.18
τ² (level 3)	0.05				0.07
I²(level 2)	82.10				69.47
I²(level 3)	16.56				28.65

Variable	Model 1				Model 2
Variable	b	SE	95% CI	β	b	SE	95% CI	β
Time	0.018^*	0.008	[0.002, 0.035]	0.12	0.024^**	0.009	[0.007, 0.041]	0.16
Dilemma type^a					0.16	0.10	[-0.04, 0.36]	0.14
% male					0.31	0.27	[-0.22, 0.84]	0.09
Repetitions^b
Mixed					-0.26	0.21	[-0.67, 0.15]	-0.07
Repeated					0.02	0.07	[-0.12, 0.16]	0.01
Group size					-0.21	0.12	[-0.45, 0.03]	-0.14
K index					0.73^**	0.24	[0.25, 1.21]	0.17
Communication^c
Mixed					0.12	0.29	[-0.45, 0.69]	0.02
Communication					0.83^**	0.26	[0.33, 1.34]	0.18
Sanctions^d
Mixed					0.00	0.14	[-0.28, 0.27]	-0.01
Sanctions					0.44^***	0.10	[0.24, 0.64]	0.27
Periods^e					0.00	0.11	[-0.22, 0.22]	0.01
Model statistics
Q_model(df)	4.83 (1)^*				55.97 (12)^***
Q_residual(df)	19146.79 (300)^***				13487.52 (289)^***
R²	0.01				0.12
τ²(level 2)	0.23				0.18
τ² (level 3)	0.05				0.07
I²(level 2)	82.10				69.47
I²(level 3)	16.56				28.65

Societal indicators	10 years prior		5 years prior		Current year
Societal indicators	b	β	b	β	b	β
Economic conditions
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita	0.20^**	0.16	0.17^**	0.16	0.19^*	0.14
Social security rate	4.12^**	0.17	2.35^**	0.17	1.82^**	0.16
Urbanization level	0.02^**	0.16	0.02^**	0.16	0.02^**	0.16
Social population mobility/relational mobility
Proportion of population separated from households	7.06^***	0.25	2.33^***	0.21	2.32^**	0.19
Proportion of personnel in the tertiary industry	3.99^**	0.19	2.89^**	0.15	2.12^**	0.18
Average number of trips taken by residents	0.35^**	0.16	0.16^**	0.16	0.10^**	0.16
Social connectedness
Percentage of people living alone	7.53^**	0.20	4.47^**	0.21	2.97^*	0.13
Divorce rate	0.37^**	0.18	0.19^**	0.16	0.16^**	0.16
Higher education level	0.19^**	0.17	0.21^*	0.12	0.48^*	0.13
Internet penetration rate	1.24^*	0.14	0.69^**	0.18	0.55^*	0.14

Societal indicators	10 years prior		5 years prior		Current year
Societal indicators	b	β	b	β	b	β
Economic conditions
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita	0.20^**	0.16	0.17^**	0.16	0.19^*	0.14
Social security rate	4.12^**	0.17	2.35^**	0.17	1.82^**	0.16
Urbanization level	0.02^**	0.16	0.02^**	0.16	0.02^**	0.16
Social population mobility/relational mobility
Proportion of population separated from households	7.06^***	0.25	2.33^***	0.21	2.32^**	0.19
Proportion of personnel in the tertiary industry	3.99^**	0.19	2.89^**	0.15	2.12^**	0.18
Average number of trips taken by residents	0.35^**	0.16	0.16^**	0.16	0.10^**	0.16
Social connectedness
Percentage of people living alone	7.53^**	0.20	4.47^**	0.21	2.97^*	0.13
Divorce rate	0.37^**	0.18	0.19^**	0.16	0.16^**	0.16
Higher education level	0.19^**	0.17	0.21^*	0.12	0.48^*	0.13
Internet penetration rate	1.24^*	0.14	0.69^**	0.18	0.55^*	0.14

The changes in cooperation among strangers in China: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of social dilemmas (1999~2019)

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