Acta Psychologica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (8): 919-932.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00919
• Reports of Empirical Studies • Previous Articles
XIONG Chengqing1,2, XU Jiaying1, MA Danyang1, LIU Yongfang1()
Received:
2020-10-10
Published:
2021-08-25
Online:
2021-06-25
Contact:
LIU Yongfang
E-mail:yfliu@psy.ecnu.edu.cn
Supported by:
XIONG Chengqing, XU Jiaying, MA Danyang, LIU Yongfang. (2021). The effect of opponent’s emotional facial expressions on individuals’ cooperation and underlying mechanism in prisoner’s dilemma game. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(8), 919-932.
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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00919
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Player 2 | |||||||||||
Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | ||
Player 1 | Transfer | 10/10 | 0/15 | 12/12 | 0/18 | 14/14 | 0/21 | 16/16 | 0/24 | 18/18 | 0/27 |
Keep | 15/0 | 5/5 | 18/0 | 6/6 | 21/0 | 7/7 | 24/0 | 8/8 | 27/0 | 9/9 |
Table 1 Payoff matrix of two-player Prisoner’s dilemma game
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Player 2 | |||||||||||
Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | Transfer | Keep | ||
Player 1 | Transfer | 10/10 | 0/15 | 12/12 | 0/18 | 14/14 | 0/21 | 16/16 | 0/24 | 18/18 | 0/27 |
Keep | 15/0 | 5/5 | 18/0 | 6/6 | 21/0 | 7/7 | 24/0 | 8/8 | 27/0 | 9/9 |
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 1.62 | a1 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.11 | C′1 | 0.55* | 0.24 | 2.26 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.35 | 0.34 | -1.01 | a2 | -0.68* | 0.34 | -1.99 | c′2 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.65 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | B | 0.74*** | 0.05 | 14.33 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 2.22*** | 0.26 | 8.46 | im | 2.86*** | 0.26 | 10.98 | iy | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
R2 = 0.043 | R2 = 0.034 | R2 = 0.559 | ||||||||||
F(2, 177) = 4.01, p = 0.020 | F(2, 177) = 3.09, p = 0.048 | F(3, 176) = 74.23, p < 0.001 |
Table 2 The mediating effect model of emotional facial expressions on individuals’ cooperation behaviors
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 1.62 | a1 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.11 | C′1 | 0.55* | 0.24 | 2.26 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.35 | 0.34 | -1.01 | a2 | -0.68* | 0.34 | -1.99 | c′2 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.65 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | B | 0.74*** | 0.05 | 14.33 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 2.22*** | 0.26 | 8.46 | im | 2.86*** | 0.26 | 10.98 | iy | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
R2 = 0.043 | R2 = 0.034 | R2 = 0.559 | ||||||||||
F(2, 177) = 4.01, p = 0.020 | F(2, 177) = 3.09, p = 0.048 | F(3, 176) = 74.23, p < 0.001 |
Figure 2. Participants’ cooperative behaviors in different decision modes when faced with opponents with different emotional facial expressions Note. The error line indicated the standard error, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Participants’ expected cooperation of opponents with different emotional facial expressions under different decision modes. Note. The error line indicated the standard error, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation(Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.93 | a1 | -0.05 | 0.39 | -0.14 | c′1 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 1.52 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.32 | 0.40 | -0.80 | a2 | -0.77 | 0.41 | -1.87 | c′2 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.85 |
Decision modes (W) | c3 | 1.39** | 0.40 | 3.48 | a3 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 1.46 | c′3 | 0.96** | 0.27 | 3.52 |
D1 × W | c4 | -0.13 | 0.56 | -0.23 | a4 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.21 | c′4 | -0.21 | 0.38 | -0.56 |
D2 × W | c5 | -1.68** | 0.57 | -2.92 | a5 | -1.30* | 0.58 | -2.23 | c′5 | -0.74 | 0.39 | -1.88 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | b | 0.73*** | 0.05 | 14.55 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 1.88*** | 0.28 | 6.73 | im | 2.91*** | 0.28 | 10.27 | iy | -0.23 | 0.24 | -0.98 |
R2 = 0.22 | R2 = 0.18 | R2 = 0.64 | ||||||||||
F(5, 179) = 10.11, p < 0.001 | F(5, 179) = 7.87, p < 0.001 | F(6, 178) = 53.63, p < 0.001 |
Table 3 The moderated mediating effect model of emotional facial expressions on individuals’ cooperation behaviors
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation(Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.93 | a1 | -0.05 | 0.39 | -0.14 | c′1 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 1.52 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.32 | 0.40 | -0.80 | a2 | -0.77 | 0.41 | -1.87 | c′2 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.85 |
Decision modes (W) | c3 | 1.39** | 0.40 | 3.48 | a3 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 1.46 | c′3 | 0.96** | 0.27 | 3.52 |
D1 × W | c4 | -0.13 | 0.56 | -0.23 | a4 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.21 | c′4 | -0.21 | 0.38 | -0.56 |
D2 × W | c5 | -1.68** | 0.57 | -2.92 | a5 | -1.30* | 0.58 | -2.23 | c′5 | -0.74 | 0.39 | -1.88 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | b | 0.73*** | 0.05 | 14.55 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 1.88*** | 0.28 | 6.73 | im | 2.91*** | 0.28 | 10.27 | iy | -0.23 | 0.24 | -0.98 |
R2 = 0.22 | R2 = 0.18 | R2 = 0.64 | ||||||||||
F(5, 179) = 10.11, p < 0.001 | F(5, 179) = 7.87, p < 0.001 | F(6, 178) = 53.63, p < 0.001 |
Figure 4. Participants’ cooperative behaviors under different time pressures when faced with opponents with different emotional facial expressions. Note. The error line indicated the standard error, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 5. Participants’ expected cooperation of opponents with different emotional facial expressions under different time pressures. Note. The error line indicated the standard error, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | -0.25 | 0.36 | -0.70 | a1 | -0.45 | 0.37 | -1.21 | c′1 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.56 | 0.38 | -1.49 | a2 | -1.00 | 0.39 | -2.58 | c′2 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.63 |
Time pressure (W) | c3 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.85 | a3 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.54 | c′3 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.67 |
D1× W | c4 | 1.35* | 0.54 | 2.48 | a4 | 1.37* | 0.56 | 2.44 | c′4 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.97 |
D2 × W | c5 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.57 | a5 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.75 | c′5 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.02 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | b | 0.73*** | 0.04 | 16.23 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 2.06 | 0.24 | 8.56 | im | 2.53 | 0.25 | 10.24 | iy | 0.23 | 0.20 | 1.14 |
R2 = 0.12 | R2 = 0.13 | R2 = 0.61 | ||||||||||
F(5, 212) = 5.94, p < 0.001 | F(5, 212) = 6.19, p < 0.001 | F(6, 211) = 55.00, p < 0.001 |
Table 4 The moderated mediating effect model of emotional facial expressions on individuals’ cooperation behaviors
Variables | Equation 1 | Equation 2 | Equation 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | Dependent variable: Expectations of opponents’ cooperation(M) | Dependent variable: Participants’ cooperation (Y) | ||||||||||
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | ||||
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D1) | c1 | -0.25 | 0.36 | -0.70 | a1 | -0.45 | 0.37 | -1.21 | c′1 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
Opponents’ emotional facial expressions (D2) | c2 | -0.56 | 0.38 | -1.49 | a2 | -1.00 | 0.39 | -2.58 | c′2 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.63 |
Time pressure (W) | c3 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.85 | a3 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.54 | c′3 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.67 |
D1× W | c4 | 1.35* | 0.54 | 2.48 | a4 | 1.37* | 0.56 | 2.44 | c′4 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.97 |
D2 × W | c5 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.57 | a5 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.75 | c′5 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.02 |
Expectations of opponents’ cooperation (M) | b | 0.73*** | 0.04 | 16.23 | ||||||||
Constant | iy | 2.06 | 0.24 | 8.56 | im | 2.53 | 0.25 | 10.24 | iy | 0.23 | 0.20 | 1.14 |
R2 = 0.12 | R2 = 0.13 | R2 = 0.61 | ||||||||||
F(5, 212) = 5.94, p < 0.001 | F(5, 212) = 6.19, p < 0.001 | F(6, 211) = 55.00, p < 0.001 |
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